Appearance-related cyberbullying: A qualitative investigation of characteristics, content, reasons, and effects
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore 15-year-old adolescents' experiences of appearance-related cyberbullying. Twenty-seven adolescents participated in four focus groups. The adolescents in this study perceived that it is common to be targeted in appearance-related cyberbullying, especially for girls, and that appearance-related cyberbullying is considered to be a potent strategy when attempting to hurt girls. Girls often received comments about being fat, while among boys, it was common to receive comments about looking or seeming "gay." According to the adolescents, an important reason for engaging in appearance-related cyberbullying was to attain higher social status in the peer group. The girls and boys reacted differently to appearance-related cyberbullying. Boys tended to act out or take no offence, while girls experienced lower self-esteem and feelings of depression. Findings in this study contribute to research on cyberbullying as well as to research on girls' body esteem development.
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In a qualitative study, Swedish girls reported that receiving comments attacking their weight or appearance was particularly harmful.
“In a qualitative study, Swedish girls reported that receiving comments attacking their weight or appearance was particularly harmful (Berne et al., 2014).”
From The Perfect Storm: A Developmental-Sociocultural Framework for the Role of Social Media in Adolescent Girls' Body Image Concerns and Mental Health. (2022) · cites this paper as Berne et al., 2014
While boys are not usually affected by insults based on appearance, girls who suffered from them experienced more low self-esteem and feelings of depression.
“Berne et al. (2014) found that while boys are not usually affected by insults based on appearance, girls who suffered from them experienced more low selfesteem and feelings of depression.”
From “It’s just a joke”: gender, sexuality and trivialisation in adolescent online violence such as cyberhate, cyberbullying, and online grooming (2025) · cites this paper as Berne et al. 2014
Young people in our sample commented to a greater extent on boys' sexual orientation.
“young people in our sample commented to a greater extent on boys ' sexual orientation, as previous studies have found (Berne et al. 2014).”
From “It’s just a joke”: gender, sexuality and trivialisation in adolescent online violence such as cyberhate, cyberbullying, and online grooming (2025) · cites this paper as Berne et al. 2014
Three studies incorporated vignettes or scenarios to frame group discussion.
“Three studies incorporated vignettes or scenarios to frame group discussion (Berne et al., 2014;Naruskov et al., 2012;Nocentini et al., 2010).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Berne et al., 2014
A number of studies suggested that girls were more likely to be involved in cyberbullying as victims and perpetrators.
“However, a number of studies suggested that girls were more likely to be involved in cyberbullying as victims and perpetrators (Berne et al., 2014;Jacobs et al., 2015;Smith et al., 2008).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Berne et al., 2014
Intent to harm was reported by several studies as a key element within young people's descriptions of cyberbullying.
“The intent to harm was reported by several studies as a key element within young people's descriptions of cyberbullying (Berne et al., 2014;Naruskov et al., 2012;Nocentini et al., 2010;Topcu et al., 2013;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Berne et al., 2014
Cyberbullying was portrayed as repeated victimization that is intended to harm or is perceived as harmful by the victim.
“It was portrayed as repeated victimization that is intended to harm or is perceived as harmful by the victim (Abu Bakar, 2015;Baas et al., 2013;Berne et al., 2014;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Jacobs et al., 2015;Naruskov et al., 2012;Nocentini et al., 2010;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Topcu et al., 2013;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Berne et al., 2014
Five included studies reported approval from an ethics committee.
“Five studies reported approval from an ethics committee (Berne et al., 2014;Burnham & Wright, 2012;Mishna et al., 2009;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Smith et al., 2008) while a Dutch study reported that ethical approval was deemed unnecessary by an ethics committee in the Netherlands (Jacobs et al., 2015).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Berne et al., 2014
The majority of included studies used focus groups for qualitative data collection.
“The majority of studies used focus groups for qualitative data collection (Berne, Frisén, & Kling, 2014;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Burnham & Wright, 2012;Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Naruskov, Luik, Nocentini, & Menesini, 2012;Nocentini et al., 2010;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Smith et al., 2008;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Berne et al., 2014
Several studies reported that the effect on the victim and his/her perception of the acts can be more relevant to young people in characterizing cyberbullying than the intention of the supposed aggressor.
“Several studies reported that the”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Berne et al., 2014
Jealousy was reported as a motivating factor for cyberbullying, commonly aimed at those considered popular.
“Jealousy was also reported as motivating factor, commonly aimed at those considered popular (Baas et al., 2013;Berne et al., 2014;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Jacobs et al., 2015;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Topcu et al., 2013).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Berne et al., 2014
Young people perceived cyberbullies as insecure and recognized cyberbullying acts as enhancing the self-esteem of the perpetrator.
“Young people perceived cyberbullies as insecure and recognized cyberbullying acts as enhancing the self-esteem of the perpetrator (Berne et al., 2014;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Jacobs et al., 2015).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Berne et al., 2014
Victims are intentionally targeted because of physical and social characteristics including appearance, sexuality, personality, friends (or lack of) and popularity.
“It was perceived that victims are intentionally targeted because of physical and social characteristics including appearance, sexuality, personality, friends (or lack of) and popularity (Baas et al., 2013;Berne et al., 2014;Jacobs et al., 2015;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Topcu et al., 2013;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Berne et al., 2014
Issues that begin in cyberspace can sometimes result in physical violence in the school setting.
“Conversely, some young people highlighted that issues that begin in cyberspace can sometimes result in physical violence in the school setting (Baas et al., 2013;Berne et al., 2014;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Berne et al., 2014
Repetition in cyberbullying is complicated by the potential public nature of the acts; one-time actions may have repetitive effects if executed in the public domain.
“However, repetition in cyberbullying is complicated by the potential public nature of the acts with many studies noting that”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Berne et al., 2014
Cyberspace empowers young people to disseminate damaging content easily and quickly to a large number of people, and it was deemed preferable to bully others through means of technology.
“Cyberspace empowers young people to disseminate damaging content easily and quickly to a large number of people, therefore, it was deemed preferable to bully others through means of technology (Berne et al., 2014;Topcu et al., 2013).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Berne et al., 2014
Perpetrators may share photos or say mean things about others to obtain peer rewards or a higher social status through the amusement of the wider audience.
“It was suggested that perpetrators may share photos or say mean things about others to obtain peer rewards or a higher social status through the amusement of the wider audience (Berne et al., 2014;Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Naruskov et al., 2012;Nocentini et al., 2010;Smith et al., 2008).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Berne et al., 2014
Although perpetrators of cyberbullying were often perceived as anonymous, cyberbullying commonly takes place in the context of young people's social groups and relationships.
“Many studies reported that although the perpetrators of cyberbullying were often perceived as anonymous, cyberbullying commonly takes place in the context of young people's social groups and relationships (Abu Bakar, 2015;Baas et al., 2013;Berne et al., 2014;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Nocentini et al., 2010;Topcu et al., 2013;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Berne et al., 2014
Young people indicated that everyone is equally likely to be the target of cyberbullying.
“Similarly, young people indicated that “everyone is equally likely to be the target of cyber bullying” (Berne et al., 2014;Topcu et al., 2013, p. 146).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Berne et al., 2014
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- Authors
- Berne, S., Frisén, A., & Kling, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Berne, Sofia
- Venue
- Body Image
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 527-533
- ISSN
- 1740-1445 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2092396050
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 6.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Body Image (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, adolescents, body esteem, gender differences, peer status, self-esteem, depression
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Body Image, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Peer Group, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Sex Factors, Sweden, Focus Groups, Bullying
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