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Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls’ body dissatisfaction
Open accessAbstract
The tripartite influence model stipulates that appearance pressures from three sources (family, peers, traditional media) lead adolescent girls to internalize a thin appearance ideal and engage in social appearance comparisons, resulting in body dissatisfaction (Thompson et al., 1999). Social media is a modern source of appearance pressure and, increasingly, adolescent girls desire an appearance that is both thin and muscular. The current study of U.S. adolescent girls (n = 543, Mage = 15.58, 49.17% Latina, 28.18% White, 8.66% Black, 7.55% Asian, 6.45% multiracial/another race/ethnicity) incorporates social media appearance pressures and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model using structural equation modeling. Findings provided support for this adapted model: family, peers, traditional media, and social media contributed to body dissatisfaction. All appearance pressure sources were associated with appearance esteem via thin ideal internalization. Peer and social media pressures were both related to greater muscular ideal internalization, which was not significantly associated with appearance esteem. Social media was the only source of pressure associated with appearance esteem through both thin ideal internalization and body comparison. Findings highlight adolescent girls’ pressure to look both thin and muscular, as well as the role of social media as a prominent source of appearance socialization.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This study adapts the tripartite influence model by adding social media appearance pressure and muscular ideal internalization in U.S. adolescent girls (n = 543). Social media pressure uniquely related to lower appearance esteem through thin ideal internalization and body comparison, while muscular ideal internalization was linked to peer and social media pressure but not appearance esteem.
Key findings
- The final structural model showed acceptable fit, χ²(974) = 2617.78, TLI = .92, CFI = .92, RMSEA = .06, SRMR = .05; family, peer, traditional media, and social media pressures each had significant total effects on appearance esteem through the mediators (ps = .009 to .04).
- All appearance pressure sources were indirectly associated with lower appearance esteem through thin ideal internalization: family (b = −0.10, SE = 0.05, p = .02), peers (b = −0.08, SE = 0.04, p = .03), traditional media (b = −0.17, SE = 0.08, p = .04), and social media (b = −0.20, SE = 0.09, p = .02).
- Social media was the only pressure source associated with appearance esteem through both thin ideal internalization and body comparison (body comparison indirect effect b = −0.16, SE = 0.08, p = .04); social media direct paths were significant to body comparison (b = 0.37, β = .29, p = .020), thin ideal internalization (b = 0.44, β = .30, p = .007), and muscular ideal internalization (b = 0.29, β = .25, p = .023).
- Peer pressure (b = 0.25, β = .22, p < .001) and social media pressure (b = 0.29, β = .25, p = .023) were related to greater muscular ideal internalization, but muscular ideal internalization was not significantly associated with appearance esteem (b = 0.09, β = .07, p = .225).
Methods
- Cross-sectional survey data from a U.S. sample of 543 adolescent girls ages 13–18 (M age = 15.58, SD = 1.23), recruited from a large, diverse suburban high school district in Florida; 49.17% Hispanic/Latina, 28.18% White, 8.66% Black, 7.55% Asian, 6.45% multiracial/another race/ethnicity; 32.97% eligible for free or reduced-price lunch; data collected October 2019.
- Measures included SATAQ-4 family, peer, and traditional media pressure subscales; an adapted SATAQ-4 social media pressure subscale; SATAQ-4 thin and muscular ideal internalization subscales; BEECOM body comparison; and BESAA appearance esteem; current-sample α = .88–.96.
- Structural equation modeling in R with lavaan, using a measurement model followed by a structural model, full-information maximum likelihood for missing data (1.90% missing), 10,000 bootstrapped samples for indirect effects, and BMI and race/ethnicity as covariates.
Limitations
- Stated: cross-sectional data prevent assessing temporal ordering or causal structure of the mediational tripartite model.
- Stated: measures capture a dominant Eurocentric beauty ideal (e.g., thinness) and do not capture appearance ideals that may be culturally relevant to historically marginalized racial and ethnic populations, despite a sample that was nearly 50% Latina.
- Evident: the sample came from one Florida suburban school district, and the social media pressure items were adapted from traditional media items with identical wording except for “social media,” which the authors note required residual covariances between media and social media items; these features may limit generalizability and measurement specificity.
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Claims the paper makes
27 Own result · 21 No full text of the sources · 13 Own interpretation · 12 Own method · 7 No basis given · 5 Partly supported · 4 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, one study found that social media use was associated with internalization of the muscular ideal for adolescent boys, but not girls (Rodgers et al., 2020).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 1.3. Adolescent Girls' Internalization of the Muscular Ideal
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Rodgers et al., 2020 source
The Discussion reports that social media use was directly related to internalization of the muscular ideal among boys, while the corresponding pathway among girls was not significant. This matches the citing sentence's association claim without implying causation. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the current results are aligned with prior work demonstrating that social appearance comparisons mediate the association between social media use and body dissatisfaction (e.g., Chang et al., 2019;Jarman, Marques, et al., 2021;Scully et al., 2020).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.1. Appearance Pressure from Social Media
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Chang et al., 2019 source
The Results report that peer appearance comparisons mediated the associations of Instagram photo browsing and editing with lower body esteem among Singapore adolescent girls. The finding supports the cited example, although the paper did not find mediation for photo posting. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jarman, Marques, et al., 2021 source
- Not matchedcites Scully et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Appearance ideals are likely promoted on social media through”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.1. Appearance Pressure from Social Media
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Carrotte et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (Overview of Fitspiration) describes thinspiration as promoting thinness, and the Discussion (Principal Findings) reports that social-media fitspiration depicts thin and athletic body ideals. The paper does not establish that the images are highly edited or influencer-created. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ghaznavi & Taylor, 2015 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In prior work, internalization of the muscular ideal has not been directly associated with adolescent girls' and boys' body dissatisfaction, but rather their likelihood to engage in muscle-building behaviors (Rodgers et al., 2020).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.2. Muscular Ideal Internalization
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Rodgers et al., 2020 source
In Findings among boys (page unavailable), the paper reports a direct pathway between muscular-ideal internalization and muscle-building behaviors and says that pathway was also in the girls’ final model. It does not report a direct pathway from muscular-ideal internalization to body dissatisfaction in either final model. The claim is supported as a description of the modeled direct pathways, not as a claim that the variables have no association of any kind. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Clinicians working with adolescent girls should assess for muscularity-oriented disordered eating behaviors, which are relatively common among both adolescent boys and girls (Eisenberg et al., 2012).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.5. Clinical Implications
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Eisenberg et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that changing eating to increase muscle size or tone was common among both boys and girls, and the Conclusions recommend that clinicians ask adolescents about muscle-enhancing behaviors. The paper does not establish that these common behaviors were disordered eating: its Conclusions say that changing eating or exercising may be beneficial, while compulsive or excessive use is cause for concern. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher social media pressure was significantly associated with higher body comparison, thin ideal internalization, and muscular ideal internalization.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 3.3. Direct and Indirect Effects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher social media pressure was significantly associated with higher body comparison, thin ideal internalization, and muscular ideal internalization.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 3.3. Direct and Indirect Effects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher body comparison and thin ideal internalization were significantly associated with lower appearance esteem, whereas muscular ideal internalization was not significantly associated with appearance esteem.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 3.3. Direct and Indirect Effects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher social media pressure was also indirectly associated with lower appearance esteem through body comparison (b = -0.16,se = 0.08, p = .04).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 3.3. Direct and Indirect Effects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher body comparison and thin ideal internalization were significantly associated with lower appearance esteem, whereas muscular ideal internalization was not significantly associated with appearance esteem.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 3.3. Direct and Indirect Effects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 27
- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Among girls specifically, thin ideal internalization mediated the association between social media use and body dissatisfaction, whereas muscular ideal internalization did not.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 1.4. Prior Studies of Social Media and the Tripartite Influence Model
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Rodgers et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says that, among girls, social-media-ideal internalization mediated the association between social media use and body dissatisfaction. The paper measures that construct separately from muscular-ideal internalization; it does not identify the mediator specifically as thin-ideal internalization. The Discussion describes the social-media-use-to-muscular-ideal pathway as nonsignificant among girls, but the Model Testing section describes a direct effect on muscular-ideal internalization, so the copy does not clearly establish the claimed contrast in mediation. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“An additional study with adolescents found social media to be a source of appearance pressure that contributed to body dissatisfaction; authors argued that social media may be an additional source of appearance pressure that resembled the original three sources in the model (de Vries et al., 2016).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 1.4. Prior Studies of Social Media and the Tripartite Influence Model
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites de Vries et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For example, Rodgers and colleagues (2020) developed a biopsychosocial model of social media use, finding that social media use was associated with body dissatisfaction via internalization of appearance ideals and social comparison among adolescent girls and boys.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 1.4. Prior Studies of Social Media and the Tripartite Influence Model
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Rodgers et al., 2020 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Unlike celebrities and models in traditional media, images on social media may appear as realistic targets of comparison, encouraging adolescents to engage in appearance comparisons with highly-idealized photos that can negatively impact their body image (see Choukas-Bradley et al., 2021).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.1. Appearance Pressure from Social Media
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Choukas-Bradley et al., 2021 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Social media literacy programs can help adolescents become informed consumers of appearance-related content on social media and may help prevent body dissatisfaction and eating disorders (McLean et al., 2017).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.5. Clinical Implications
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites McLean et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports improvements in body esteem, dietary restraint, and media-literacy scepticism after the intervention, supporting the claim that such programs may help with appearance-related content and body dissatisfaction. But the pilot studied adolescent girls only and measured eating-disorder risk factors, not whether eating disorders were prevented; it also had no follow-up assessment. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Family, peer, media, and social media each had significant total effects on appearance esteem collectively through the three mediating variables (ps = .009to .04).”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“We found that, controlling for the appearance pressure sources outlined in the tripartite influence model (family, peers, and traditional media; Thompson et al., 1999), higher social media pressure was associated with lower appearance esteem.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 3.3. Direct and Indirect Effects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present study, only appearance pressures from peers and social media, but not family or traditional media, were significantly associated with higher muscular ideal internalization.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.2. Muscular Ideal Internalization
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our sample was racially and ethnically diverse with Latina girls making up almost 50% of the sample.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.4. Limitations and Future Directions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, in isolation, the muscular ideal has been found to be associated with lower body dissatisfaction, yet this association is no longer significant when simultaneously including thin ideal internalization (Uhlmann et al., 2018).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 1.3. Adolescent Girls' Internalization of the Muscular Ideal
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Uhlmann et al., 2018 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“While this model has received widespread empirical support (see Keery et al., 2004;Rodgers et al., 2015;Shroff & Thompson, 2006), the sociocultural context of girls' appearance pressures and beauty ideals has evolved over time.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to family, peers, and traditional media, girls now receive messages about beauty ideals from social media, and appearance ideals now encourage girls to aspire to both thinness and muscularity.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to family, peers, and traditional media, girls now receive messages about beauty ideals from social media, and appearance ideals now encourage girls to aspire to both thinness and muscularity.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another study of adolescent boys and girls found that social media intensity, or the degree of importance adolescents placed on social media, was associated with body dissatisfaction via thin and muscular ideal internalization and social comparison (Jarman, Marques, et al., 2021).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 1.4. Prior Studies of Social Media and the Tripartite Influence Model
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jarman, Marques, et al., 2021 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the current study is the first to our knowledge to offer a comprehensive adaptation of the tripartite influence model that considers a fourth source of appearance pressure, social media, while simultaneously recognizing internalization of the muscular ideal as a novel appearance ideal.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 1.4. Prior Studies of Social Media and the Tripartite Influence Model
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While body image research has traditionally considered how adolescent girls and women are exposed to the thin ideal, the ideal body type for girls and women is becoming increasingly muscular, meaning that adolescent girls now feel pressured to appear thin and fit.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 1.3. Adolescent Girls' Internalization of the Muscular Ideal
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fitspiration content is popular on social media and experimental exposure to fitspiration content among young women has been shown to cause subsequently higher body dissatisfaction via social appearance comparisons (Tiggemann & Zaccardo, 2015).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 1.3. Adolescent Girls' Internalization of the Muscular Ideal
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tiggemann & Zaccardo, 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings highlight the salience of both thinness and muscularity for girls' appearance ideals and the importance of including social media appearance pressures when considering the etiology of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While this model has received widespread empirical support (see Keery et al., 2004;Rodgers et al., 2015;Shroff & Thompson, 2006), the sociocultural context of girls' appearance pressures and beauty ideals has evolved over time.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The tripartite influence model, proposed in the late 1990s with cisgender girls in mind, posits that three sources of appearance pressure-family, peers, and traditional media-cause adolescent girls to internalize a thin appearance ideal and engage in social appearance comparisons, resulting in body dissatisfaction (Thompson et al., 1999).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Thompson et al., 1999 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similar results were found in a recent longitudinal study with adolescents, such that higher social media use predicted higher social comparison over time, and in turn, lower body satisfaction (Jarman, McLean, et al., 2021).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 1.4. Prior Studies of Social Media and the Tripartite Influence Model
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jarman, McLean, et al., 2021 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current sample α for subscales = 0.89-0.95.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 2.2.2. Sources of Appearance Pressure: Family, Peers, and Traditional Media
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current sample α = 0.95.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 2.2.5. Body Comparison
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, though studied primarily among men and boys, muscle-enhancing diets and behaviors are associated with a range of adverse health consequences, including increased risk for eating disorders and depression and adverse physiological changes, such as poor lipid and glucose levels and increased blood pressure (see Cafri et al., 2005 for review).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.5. Clinical Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cafri et al., 2005 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This prior work suggests that sources of appearance pressure may have different longitudinal effects.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.4. Limitations and Future Directions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“These results are consistent with past research, which shows that media exposure is associated with internalization of the thin ideal among adolescent girls (Keery et al., 2004;Shroff & Thompson, 2006).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.3. Appearance Pressure from Family, Peers, and Traditional Media
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, although muscular ideal internalization was not associated with body dissatisfaction in the current study, the rising popularity of the muscular ideal among adolescent girls could have negative consequences that are not yet well-understood.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.5. Clinical Implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current sample α = 0.96.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 2.2.3. Source of Appearance Pressure: Social Media
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Indeed, initial work with Australian adolescents suggests that, over time, social media use predicts lower body satisfaction via social comparison, but not thin ideal or muscular ideal internalization (Jarman, McLean, et al., 2021).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.4. Limitations and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jarman, McLean, et al., 2021 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sources of appearance pressure were measured using the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire -4 (SATAQ-4; Schaefer et al., 2015), a measure of appearance pressures that demonstrates good reliability and validity for use with adolescent girls (Yamamiya et al., 2016).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 2.2.2. Sources of Appearance Pressure: Family, Peers, and Traditional Media
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yamamiya et al., 2016 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One prior study of Australian adolescents found that appearance pressure from mothers and female friends predicted girls' disordered eating behaviors 16 months later, whereas appearance pressures from the media and fathers did not (McCabe & Ricciardelli, 2004).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.4. Limitations and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCabe & Ricciardelli, 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Longitudinal studies with adolescent girls using the tripartite influence model as a framework have found that internalization of the appearance ideal transmitted by the media predicts body dissatisfaction eight months later (Rodgers et al., 2015), yet other research has found that longterm exposure to thin ideal media is not associated with body dissatisfaction, except among girls who exhibit”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.4. Limitations and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rodgers et al., 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given theoretical relevance, BMI and race/ethnicity (Latina as reference group; dummy codes for White, Black, Asian, multiracial/other race/ethnicity) were added as predictors of all paths, which significantly improved model fit and thus were retained in the model, Δχ 2 (200) = 354.62,p < .001.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 3.2. Structural Model
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without the use of longitudinal data, we cannot assess the temporal ordering of the model and thus inferences about the causal structure of the model cannot be made.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.4. Limitations and Future Directions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed, research suggests that muscularity ideals seem to be emerging among women (Bozsik et al., 2018) and therefore may be more likely to be held and transmitted among peer groups, not yet having been adopted by traditional media or parental sources of pressure.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.2. Muscular Ideal Internalization
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bozsik et al., 2018 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Rather than being exposed to muscularity-related content solely from peers, many adolescents may also view such content from celebrities and influencers on social media (Bell et al., 2021), thereby increasing the collective internalization of the muscular ideal across the peer group.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.2. Muscular Ideal Internalization
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bell et al., 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Some work also suggests that Black and Latina girls desire a curvier appearance than their White peers (Romo et al., 2016;Schooler & Daniels, 2014), suggesting that girls of color may have their own unique appearance ideals.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.4. Limitations and Future Directions
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current sample α for thin ideal subscale = 0.88, for muscular ideal subscale = 0.91.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 2.2.4. Internalization of Appearance Ideals
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across all variables included in the final model, only 1.90% of data were missing.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 2.2.7. Data Analytic Plan
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, results highlight that both muscular and thin body ideals are communicated to adolescent girls, in part via social media, though the thin ideal appears more relevant to girls' body dissatisfaction.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 5. Conclusion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“yet other research has found that longterm exposure to thin ideal media is not associated with body dissatisfaction, except among girls who exhibit heightened initial body image concerns (Stice et al., 2001).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.4. Limitations and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Stice et al., 2001 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Research suggests that engaging with photos on social media may promote internalization of unrealistically thin body ideals, resulting in worsened body image (Jarman, Marques, et al., 2021).”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.1. Appearance Pressure from Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jarman, Marques, et al., 2021 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The associations outlined in the tripartite influence model may unfold across adolescent development, making longitudinal data necessary to capture these relationships.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.4. Limitations and Future Directions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current sample α = 0.90.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 2.2.6. Appearance Esteem
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present findings highlight that traditional media and social media each exert unique influence on adolescent girls' thin ideal internalization.”
§ Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction > 4.3. Appearance Pressure from Family, Peers, and Traditional Media
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The adapted social media pressure subscale validly measures social media appearance pressure.
“For the current study, items from the (traditional) media subscale of the SATAQ-4 (Schaefer et al., 2015) were adapted to ask about pressure from social media, creating a new, fourth subscale that consisted of 4 items.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample of adolescent girls from a Florida school district is representative of U.S. adolescent girls.
“The current study represents a subset of data from a U.S. sample of 543 adolescent girls (ages 13-18, M age = 15.58;SD age = 1.23), recruited from a large, diverse suburban high school district in Florida as part of an overarching study assessing social media use, character development, and wellbeing among adolescents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Researchers have yet to examine longitudinally how social media appearance pressures differ from other sources of appearance pressures (e.g., mass media, parents).
“Importantly, researchers have yet to examine longitudinally how social media appearance pressures differ from other sources of appearance pressures (e.g., mass media, parents).”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentχ²(791) = 3550.47reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ 2 (791) = 3550.47,p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(769) = 2118.9reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ 2 (769) = 2118.90,p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(776) = 2348.28reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ 2 (776) = 2348.28,p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(974) = 2617.78reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ 2 (974) = 2617.78,p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
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Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000–2018 period: a systematic literature review
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Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tylka, T. L., Rodgers, R. F., Calogero, R. M., Thompson, J. K., & Harriger, J. A. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.01.004 · Cited by 129
Abeele, M. V., Vandebosch, H., Koster, E. H. W., Leyn, T. D., Gaeveren, K. V., Vicente, D. D. S., Bruyssel, S. V., van Timmeren, T., Marez, L. D., Poels, K., et al. (2023) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1093/ct/qtad016 · Cited by 97
Landor, A. M., Winter, V. L. R., Thurston, I. B., Chan, J., Craddock, N., Ladd, B. A., Tylka, T. L., Swami, V., Watson, L. B., & Choukas‐Bradley, S. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101674 · Cited by 85
Self-citationScheiber, R., Diehl, S., & Karmasin, M. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.106522 · Cited by 67
Ladwig, G., Tanck, J. A., Quittkat, H. L., & Vocks, S. (2024) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101749 · Cited by 60
Hampton, K. N., & Shin, I. (2022) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393221117466 · Cited by 35
“…frommore nuanced arguments about the mechanisms through which differentiated use of new media may be damaging, such as girl’s body dissatisfaction (Roberts et al., 2022), or even beneficial, such as social support (Lu & Hampton, 2017) or the vicarious joy and comfort one receives as a result of…”
BackgroundKakar, V., Fardouly, J., Rapee, R. M., Guo, M., Arman, S., & Niazi, E. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101633 · Cited by 42
Chinese TikTok (Douyin) challenges and body image concerns: a pilot study
Hu, S., Gan, J., Shi, V., & Krug, I. (2023) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-023-00829-5 · Cited by 38
“[79] adapted the model to include social media as a fourth source of influence and found that appearance pressures from social media lead to appearance comparison and thin-ideal and muscular-ideal internalisation.”
BackgroundLadd, B. A., Maheux, A. J., Roberts, S. R., & Choukas‐Bradley, S. (2022) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.09.008 · Cited by 32
Self-citationGanson, K. T., Nguyen, L., Ali, A. R. H., Hallward, L., Jackson, D. B., Testa, A. M., & Nagata, J. M. (2023) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101736 · Cited by 23
Yao, L.-S., Niu, G., & Sun, X. (2024) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101813 · Cited by 23
Paraskeva, N., Haywood, S., Hasan, F., Nicholls, D., Toledano, M. B., & Diedrichs, P. C. (2024) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101753 · Cited by 17
The Power of Social Media: Stigmatizing Content Affects Perceptions of Mental Health Care
Competiello, S. K., Bizer, G. Y., & Walker, D. C. (2023) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051231207847 · Cited by 22
“…the potentially harmful effects of social media on disordered eating and body image dissatisfaction (e.g., Harriger et al., 2022; Logrieco et al., 2021; Roberts et al., 2022), suicidal ideation (e.g., Spitzer et al., 2023), and overall subjective well-being (e.g., Brooks, 2015), among others.”
BackgroundCoen, J. D., Verbeken, S., & Goossens, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1228860 · Cited by 18
Vankerckhoven, L., Claes, L., Raemen, L., Palmeroni, N., Eggermont, S., & Luyckx, K. (2024) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-024-02058-8 · Cited by 17
“Cross-sectional studies have shown that internalizing appearance ideals was associated with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors in female adolescents (Roberts et al., 2022) and male (emerging) adults (Tylka & Tracy, 2011).”
Stieger, S., Graf, H. M., Riegler, S. P., Biebl, S., & Swami, V. (2022) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.09.009 · Cited by 15
Fit for Whom? Gendered Impacts of the Fit Ideal on Body Image and Behavior
Louw, R., Donovan, C. L., Uhlmann, L., Ganson, K. T., & Piatkowski, T. M. (2025) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-025-01622-1 · Cited by 13
“Notably, this finding highlights the evolving influence of social media on both men (Griffiths et al., 2018) and women (Roberts et al., 2022), which is not only perpetuating traditional ideals but also amplifying newer, fitness-oriented body standards across genders.”
InfluentialInfluence of social media on developing body image dissatisfaction and eating disorders
Górska, D., Świercz, K., Majcher, M., Sierpień, M., Majcher, M., Pikulicka, A., Karwańska, A., Kulbat, A., Brzychczy, P., & Kulbat, M. (2023) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2023.22.01.005 · Cited by 12
Wang, X., Mo, Q. L., Chen, H., & Klein, V. (2024) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-024-01511-z · Cited by 13
“In particular, recent research has indicated that the predominant ideal for women is a lean, toned, and curvaceous physique (Bozsik et al., 2018; Cunningham et al., 2022; Roberts et al., 2022).”
He, J., Wang, Z., Chen, X., Barnhart, W. R., Pan, Z., Cui, S., Yim, S. H., Zhang, J., Chen, G., & Ji, F. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101952 · Cited by 10
Burnell, K., Fox, K. A., Maheux, A. J., & Prinstein, M. J. (2024) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-024-00311-2 · Cited by 17
Self-citationWang, L., Tan, M., Fan, L., Xue, Y., Li, Y., Zhou, S., & Gu, C. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05135-6 · Cited by 10
“Studies have found that adolescent girls are more likely to internalize a thin appearance ideal and engage in social appearance comparisons, resulting in more body dissatisfaction (Roberts et al., 2022; Skowron-ski et al., 2022).”
Let’s talk about body neutrality: content analysis of #bodyneutrality on TikTok
Mancin, P., Vall‐Roqué, H., Grey, W., Griffiths, S., & Bonell, S. (2024) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-024-01163-0 · Cited by 13
Iannattone, S., Cerea, S., Lauriola, M., Matera, C., Nerini, A., & Bottesi, G. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101861 · Cited by 9
Iannattone, S., Cerea, S., Lauriola, M., Ghisi, M., & Bottesi, G. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101892 · Cited by 10
Paquette, M., Bőthe, B., Dion, J., Girouard, A., & Bergeron, S. (2023) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-023-02679-3 · Cited by 14
“According to the tripartite model of body image, peers, parents, and media (i.e., traditional and social media) factors work together to influence how people think they should look to be attractive (Papp et al., 2013; Roberts et al., 2022; Rodgers et al., 2015; Shroff & Thompson, 2006).”
MethodChua, S. N., Craddock, N., Rodtanaporn, W., Or, F., & Austin, S. B. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.010 · Cited by 15
Paddock, D. L., Bell, B. T., & Cassarly, J. A. (2024) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101839 · Cited by 8
Tanguay, C., Barbeau, K., Lavigne, G. L., & Carbonneau, N. (2025) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2025.107890 · Cited by 12
“In adolescence, parents and peers are powerful socializing agents for communicating societal ideals and norms surrounding body size, shape, and weight, and eating behavior (Barbeau et al., 2022; Chow & Tan, 2018; Roberts et al., 2022).”
InfluentialStacked ensemble model for analyzing mental health disorder from social media data
Agarwal, D., Singh, V. K., Singh, A. K., & Madan, P. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-17395-2 · Cited by 8
Góngora, V. C. (2023) · Psychology Society & Education · doi:10.21071/pse.v15i2.15798 · Cited by 11
“Numerosos estudios más actuales han encontrado mecanismos similares con el uso de redes sociales (Roberts et al., 2022).”
BackgroundSchönhals, K., Quittkat, H. L., Voges, M. M., Ladwig, G., Holtmann, F., & Vocks, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1390063 · Cited by 8
Gesto, C. D., Benucci, S. B., Policardo, G. R., & Maheux, A. J. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101969 · Cited by 9
Self-citationGahler, H., Zeng, J., Yan, K., Terán, L., Dajches, L., & Aubrey, J. S. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101626 · Cited by 7
Tong, Y., Xi, C., Cui, J., Na, Z., & Xiling, W. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241287282 · Cited by 7
“…viewing of all three target groups were positively associated with concern about appearance, and these positive relationships were mediated by comparison, which was in accordance with previous studies under social comparison theory (Jung et al., 2022; Mink & Szymanski, 2022; Roberts et al., 2022).”
Fan, L., Zuo, Y., & Yang, K. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104953 · Cited by 8
Testing the tripartite influence model on body image among pregnant women
Gesto, C. D., Preston, C., Nerini, A., Matera, C., & Grano, C. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101947 · Cited by 9
Influence of TikTok on Body Satisfaction Among Generation Z in Indonesia: Mixed Methods Approach
Ariana, H., Almuhtadi, I., Natania, N. J., Handayani, P. W., Bressan, S., & Larasati, P. D. (2024) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/58371 · Cited by 6
“…studies have explored the influence of appearance, family, peer, and media pressures on body dissatisfaction among teenage girls (eg, work by Roberts et al [9]), there has been a notable absence of specific attention to the impact of social media activities or aspects on body dissatisfaction.”
InfluentialSulistyo, P. T. S., Sukamto, M. E., & Ibrahim, N. (2022) · Psikohumaniora Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi · doi:10.21580/pjpp.v7i2.10637 · Cited by 16
“According to a study by Roberts et al. (2022), social media was the only source of appearance pressure that played a role in predicting the increase in all mediators, namely social body comparison, thin-ideal internalization, and muscular ideal internalization, although, in turn, only thin-ideal…”
A Qualitative Model of Weight Cycling
Romo, L. K., Earl, S., Mueller, K. A., & Obiol, M. E. (2024) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323231221666 · Cited by 10
“The TIM (Thompson et al., 1999) posits that the media (and increasingly social media; Farrell, 2011; McComb & Mills, 2022; Roberts et al., 2022), peers, and family communicatively in fl uence people to internalize unattainable beauty ideals.”
Zheng, L., & Xu, J. (2024) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2024.2380735 · Cited by 5
“Generally, slim females and muscular males are considered attractive to heterosexual individuals in most societies (Roberts et al., 2022; Wagner et al., 2022).”
Lin, J., Li, W., Zhu, L., Li, N., & Chang, S. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/73336 · Cited by 7
“This gap in the literature is particularly significant in the Chinese context, where representative surveys of women’s preferences related to breast augmentation and influencing factors in decision-making remain limited compared to Western populations [16-22].”
do Prado, C. C. S., Spexoto, M. C. B., da Silva, W. R., et al. (2025) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2025.103149 · Cited by 5
Terhoeven, V., Nikendei, C., Bountogo, M., Friederich, H., Ouèrmi, L., Sié, A., Harling, G., & Bärnighausen, T. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46863-w · Cited by 7
“In line with previous research 33–35 , an aggregate media exposure variable was implemented, which included visual media, auditive communication media (i.e., radio), and muscular internalization.”
ResultYulia, C., Rosdiana, D. S., Muktiarni, M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1346929 · Cited by 5
ZHANG, T., ZHANG, Y., & ZHANG, X. (2024) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2024.01514 · Cited by 8
Converging paths: Autistic traits, body image concerns, and disordered eating symptoms in women
Laskowski, N. M., Juergensen, V., Lehe, M. S., Halbeisen, G., & Paslakis, G. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.018 · Cited by 5
Tanguay, C., Lavoie, C., Lavigne, G. L., & Carbonneau, N. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03126-9 · Cited by 6
“The authors suggest that these results may be explained by the fact that girls are more frequently targeted by sexualization, objectification, and appearance-based pressures than boys [36].”
Social Media Use, Body Image Concerns, and Disordered Eating Among Adolescents
Choukas‐Bradley, S., Maheux, A. J., Aubrey, J. S., Charmaraman, L., Maas, M. K., Nesi, J. L., Ward, L. M., & Yang, C. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69362-5_21 · Cited by 10
Self-citationWehrmann, W., Herrmann, L., Vogel, F., Barkmann, C., Fahrenkrug, S., & Becker-Hébly, I. (2025) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/15532739.2025.2470417 · Cited by 5
Iannattone, S., Cerea, S., & Bottesi, G. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101943 · Cited by 8
Fortunato, L., Gullo, S., Muscolino, A., La Tona, A., Rodgers, R. F., & Lo Coco, G. (2026) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-026-00285-7 · Cited by 7
“…combined with product promotion, allows for interpersonal reinforcement of appearance norms and body policing through comments on user content, and provides many opportunities for unfavorable upwards appearance comparisons (Bonfanti et al., 2025 ; Lo Coco & Rodgers, 2025 ; Roberts et al., 2022 ).”
Holtmann, F., Lalk, C., Rubel, J. A., & Vocks, S. (2025) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.3185 · Cited by 5
“An empirically well‐supported model to explain the development of body dissatisfaction and further ED symptoms is the tripartite influence model (Roberts et al. 2022; Thompson et al., 1999), which suggests that appearance‐related social comparisons serve as a key mediator in how family, peers, and…”
Güleç, H., Mužík, M., Šmahel, D., & Dědková, L. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/60844 · Cited by 5
“Traditional sociocultural appearance ideals differ across genders, emphasizing the pursuit of thinness among women and the pursuit of muscularity among men [63].”
Ladwig, G., Schönhals, K., Quittkat, H. L., Dietel, F. A., & Vocks, S. (2025) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24584 · Cited by 6
“Consequently, devising interventions that address mediating influences on body dissatisfaction, that is, appearance comparison and body ideal internalization (Roberts et al. 2022), as per the tripartite influence model (Thompson et al. 1999), appears promising to enhance intervention efficacy.”
InfluentialKörün, A. B., & Satıcı, S. A. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-025-01580-5 · Cited by 4
“Furthermore, it is suggested that the perception of external happiness may create dissatisfaction with the ‘ideal family’ representations shaped by social comparisons and may lead individuals to evaluate their current family environment as inadequate or irrelevant (Roberts et al., 2022).”
Wachten, H., & Strahler, J. (2026) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-026-01535-8 · Cited by 4
“Amid changing social norms, e.g. in social media [43], the ideal female body has shifted from a solely thin ideal toward an athletic, toned, and moderately muscular appearance [44, 45].”
Estereotipos de belleza en redes sociales: impacto en la autoestima femenina
Castro, J. M. M., Barros, N. A. Z., & Patiño, K. L. M. (2024) · Religación · doi:10.46652/rgn.v9i40.1183 · Cited by 4
Generoso, R. A., Bauer, K. W., Sonneville, K. R., & Hahn, S. L. (2024) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101885 · Cited by 4
de Tena, A. R., & Badenes‐Ribera, L. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07939-0 · Cited by 4
The validity of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2 for adolescents
Kvardová, N., Lacko, D., & Macháčková, H. (2023) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-023-00897-7 · Cited by 4
“In our society, women and men are targeted by different appearance ideals: women typically by thinness, and men typically by muscularity, although this dichotomy often fades because girls may strive for muscularity as well as boys (Roberts et al. 2022).”
BackgroundMaes, C., Fardouly, J., & Vandenbosch, L. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101938 · Cited by 4
Flechsig, F.-J., Schönhals, K., Quittkat, H. L., & Vocks, S. (2025) · PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/a-2648-6459 · Cited by 3
Bugeja, B., Spirou, D., & Raman, J. (2026) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2026.2628918 · Cited by 4
Vankerckhoven, L., Claes, L., Piran, N., Raemen, L., Vanderhaegen, J., & Luyckx, K. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101889 · Cited by 3
Vendemia, M. A., Goodboy, A. K., Chiasson, R. M., & Dillow, M. R. (2025) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqaf001 · Cited by 4
Zhang, K., Huang, H., Wang, Q., Ye, L., & Lin, R. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02411-x · Cited by 2
Examining the Relationship Between Time Spent on Social Media Platforms and Body Image Concerns
Malhotra, K., Miles, S., Tan, E. J., & Phillipou, A. (2025) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.70030 · Cited by 5
Çınaroğlu, M., Yılmazer, E., & Ahlatcıoğlu, E. N. (2025) · Adolescents · doi:10.3390/adolescents5040063 · Cited by 2
Luo, D., Sawyer, S. M., Vijayakumar, N., & Dashti, S. G. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.121012 · Cited by 3
Schönhals, K., Lalk, C., & Vocks, S. (2026) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.70027 · Cited by 5
“According to the Tripartite Influence Model (Thompson et al. 1999), these differing effects might be attributable to the mediating role of appearance comparisons (Roberts et al. 2022).”
Liu, M. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09151-0 · Cited by 2
“Social media pressure, peer pressure, and family pressure were assessed using the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 (SATAQ-4), revised to include social media pressure as per Roberts et al. ( 2022 ).”
Wang, P., Zhang, W., Chen, C., & Yim, I. S. (2026) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-026-01599-6 · Cited by 2
“This pattern is consistent with prior literature and underscores that media remains a striking and persistent force shaping young women’s body image perceptions [98].”
Impact of Adolescent Social Media Use on Body Image, Mental Health and Eating Disorders: A Review
Rajesh, S., & Draper, L. (2022) · Journal of Student Research · doi:10.47611/jsrhs.v11i4.3388 · Cited by 2
Satisfacción con la apariencia muscular y el bienestar psicológico en deportistas adultos jóvenes
Guachi, K. A., & Hernández, D. C. V. (2024) · Revista Científica de Salud BIOSANA · doi:10.62305/biosana.v4i3.148 · Cited by 2
Reynolds, K. A., Haycraft, E., & Plateau, C. R. (2024) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2024.2372644 · Cited by 2
“Our findings also add further evidence to support the inclusion of social media in addition to traditional media within the tripartite influence model (e.g. Roberts et al., 2022).”
de Souza, R. S. E., Vieira, E. D. P., & de Melo, G. F. (2024) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v13i12.47688 · Cited by 2
Dumstorf, K., Halbeisen, G., & Paslakis, G. (2024) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-024-00975-4 · Cited by 2
“Body dissatisfaction can originate from internalizing unrealistic body ideals [3], comparisons on social media [4], and has been associated with childhood mal-treatment [5].”
BackgroundŽulec, A., Merkaš, M., & Dorčić, T. M. (2024) · Psihologijske teme · doi:10.31820/pt.33.1.6 · Cited by 2
“…lower life satisfaction, and lower body and appearance satisfaction, results that have been confirmed for both younger adolescents and late adolescents and young adults, and mostly girls and women (e.g., Fardouly et al., 2017; McComb & Mills, 2021; Roberts et al., 2022; Tiggemann et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialQuittkat, H. L., Voges, M. M., Düsing, R., Schöne, B., & Vocks, S. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10507-8 · Cited by 2
“In line with this, current research applying adaptations of the tripartite model highlights social media as another source of appearance pressure (Jarman et al., 2021; Roberts et al., 2022 ).”
Burnell, K., Traver, J. M., & Maheux, A. J. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101856 · Cited by 2
Self-citationDijital Estetik Ölçeği: Bireylerin Sosyal Medyada Kendini Sunma Biçimlerinin Değerlendirilmesi
Batmaz, H. (2025) · İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17679/inuefd.1567507 · Cited by 1
Ayuso, J. A. Z., Rico, E. R., Gregorio, M. V.-D., & Otero, I. R. (2025) · Revista Española de Pedagogía · doi:10.22550/2174-0909.4232 · Cited by 1
Kalantzis, M. A., Wang, P., Meschino, K. J., Raffoul, A., Sahlan, R. N., & Braden, A. L. (2025) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-025-09615-1 · Cited by 1
Andres, F. E., Thornborrow, T., Bowie, W. N., Hebbert, V. T., Moses, J. A., Gonzalez, M., Calero, E., Evans, E. H., & Boothroyd, L. G. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101970 · Cited by 1
Upward comparison predicts an increase in state body dissatisfaction after fitspiration exposure
Ladwig, G., Schönhals, K., Tanck, J. A., Quittkat, H. L., & Vocks, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-29830-5 · Cited by 1
“Appearance pressure on social media, embodied by fitspiration content, can also lead to the internalization of a muscular body ideal 10 .”
Mapping the knowledge landscape of body image research: A bibliometric and visualized study
Ren, Y., Tian, X., Li, Z., Li, X., Zhao, B., Wang, Z., & Peng, C. (2026) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2026.102039 · Cited by 1
Seeto, C.-J., Uhlmann, L., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., & Donovan, C. L. (2026) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2026.102034 · Cited by 2
Caprì, T. (2026) · Journalism and Media · doi:10.3390/journalmedia7010040 · Cited by 1
“Internalization refers to the extent to which individuals cognitively adopt societal standards of physical beauty, whereas social comparison involves evaluating one’s appearance against that of others (Roberts et al., 2022).”
Zhang, X., Xiao, X., Wang, K., & Zhou, Y. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04217-x · Cited by 1
“On these platforms, peer interactions surrounding body ideals often reinforce thin-ideal internalization [49–51], a process explained by social comparison theory [26].”
Feminine Gender Norms Among Women with Eating Disorders: Findings from an Exploratory Pilot Study
Gras, R. M. L., Patiño-Ortega, M., López-Hernández, P., & Galvez-Sánchez, C. M. (2026) · Women · doi:10.3390/women6010015 · Cited by 1
“Younger participants may experience greater immersion in social media environments that amplify appearance-related pressures and reinforce unrealistic body ideals, potentially strengthening the internalization of thinness-and appearance-related gender expectations [40–42].”
Waite, E., Guest, E., & Slater, A. (2026) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2026.100818 · Cited by 1
Bridging eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptoms: The role of fear
Zhu, L. Y., & Bodell, L. P. (2026) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2026.102081 · Cited by 2
Gendelman, L., Peleg, O., & Hadar, E. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18101497 · Cited by 1
Cheng, Y., Li, Y., Barnhart, W. R., Wang, P., Sahlan, R. N., Wu, S., Jiang, Z., Nagata, J. M., Ji, F., & He, J. (2026) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2026.102106 · Cited by 1
Compte, E. J., Cañón-Maureira, S., Ugarte, C. A., Díaz־Castrillón, F., Aguirre-Cavalla, M., Henríquez, C., García-Moreno, N., Quezada-Núñez, S., Torres, D.-V., Araya-Estay, I., et al. (2026) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2026.102134 · Cited by 1
Maes, C., Ladd, B. A., & Maheux, A. J. (2026) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.70077 · Cited by 1
Self-citationZhang, T., Zhao, X., Han, C., Huang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1892412 · Cited by 1
“For instance, one study found that social network site use predicted body comparison and internalization of appearance ideals, which in turn predicted appearance self-esteem, even after controlling for media, family, and peer pressures (29).”
Suárez-Álvarez, R. (2022) · Historia y Comunicación Social · doi:10.5209/hics.84389 · Cited by 1
Psychological effects of Social Media on Real Life
Semma, A. B. (2022) · IJIP Indonesian Journal of Islamic Psychology · doi:10.18326/ijip.v4i2.154 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Roberts, S. R., Maheux, A. J., Hunt, R. A., Ladd, B. A., & Choukas-Bradley, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Delaware (US)
- University of Louisville (US)
- Corresponding author
- Roberts, Savannah R.
- Venue
- Body Image
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-06
- Volume
- 41
- Pages
- 239-247
- ISSN
- 1740-1445 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4220970637
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 23.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Body Image (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- body dissatisfaction, Tripartite Influence Model, social media, thin-ideal internalization, appearance pressure, body comparison, adolescent girls, peer influence, family influence, traditional media
- MeSH terms
- Body Dissatisfaction, Adolescent, Body Image, Defense Mechanisms, Female, Humans, Peer Group, Social Media
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