Testing Mediation and Suppression Effects of Latent Variables: Bootstrapping With Structural Equation Models

Cheung, Gordon W.; Lau, Rebecca S.

doi:10.1177/1094428107300343

Cited by 1,965Advanced Causal Inference TechniquesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingStatistical Methods and Bayesian Inference

Testing Mediation and Suppression Effects of Latent Variables: Bootstrapping With Structural Equation Models

Cheung, Gordon W., Lau, Rebecca S.·2008·Organizational Research Methods

DOI 10.1177/1094428107300343

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Because of the importance of mediation studies, researchers have been continuously searching for the best statistical test for mediation effect. The approaches that have been most commonly employed include those that use zero-order and partial correlation, hierarchical regression models, and structural equation modeling (SEM). This study extends MacKinnon and colleagues (MacKinnon, Lockwood, Hoffmann, West, & Sheets, 2002; MacKinnon, Lockwood, & Williams, 2004, MacKinnon, Warsi, & Dwyer, 1995) works by conducting a simulation that examines the distribution of mediation and suppression effects of latent variables with SEM, and the properties of confidence intervals developed from eight different methods. Results show that SEM provides unbiased estimates of mediation and suppression effects, and that the bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals perform best in testing for mediation and suppression effects. Steps to implement the recommended procedures with Amos are presented.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/1094428107300343

Cites

46 of 46 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The bootstrapped confidence intervals for the model did not materially alter any of the conclusions: all regression weights reported retained their significance, with the exception of the link between conservatism and acceptance of vaccinations, which failed to reach conventional significance levels.
“The bootstrapped confidence intervals for the model in Figure 2 did not materially alter any of the conclusions: All regression weights reported in the figure retained their significance, with the exception of the link between conservatism and acceptance of vaccinations, which failed to reach conventional significance levels ().”
From The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science (2013) · cites this paper as [36]

The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,542 · see citing works
The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532 · see citing works
An Introduction to the Bootstrap
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1994) · doi:10.1201/9780429246593 · Cited by 40,500 · see citing works
An Introduction to the Bootstrap
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1993) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-4541-9 · Cited by 21,230 · see citing works
Structural Equations with Latent Variables
Bollen, K. A. (1989) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118619179 · Cited by 17,512 · see citing works
Structural Equations with Latent Variables.
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072165 · Cited by 17,471 · see citing works
Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models
Sobel, M. E. (1982) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/270723 · Cited by 12,810 · see citing works
A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.83 · Cited by 9,406 · see citing works
Confidence Limits for the Indirect Effect: Distribution of the Product and Resampling Methods
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4 · Cited by 7,806 · see citing works
LISREL 7 : user's reference guide
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 6,783 · see citing works
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.
Fong, G. T., Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. R. (1985) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2287930 · Cited by 4,608 · see citing works
Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: Examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures.
Holmbeck, G. N. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.65.4.599 · Cited by 2,956 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1998) · Cited by 2,713 · see citing works
Process Analysis: Estimating Mediation in Treatment Evaluations
Judd, C. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1981) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x8100500502 · Cited by 2,442 · see citing works
A SOCIAL CAPITAL THEORY OF CAREER SUCCESS.
Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L., & Liden, R. C. (2001) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/3069452 · Cited by 2,423 · see citing works
Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures.
Holmbeck, G. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.65.4.599 · Cited by 2,382 · see citing works
Estimating Mediated Effects in Prevention Studies
MacKinnon, D. P., & Dwyer, J. H. (1993) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x9301700202 · Cited by 1,936 · see citing works
Absorptive capacity, learning, and performance in international joint ventures
Lane, P. J., Salk, J. E., & Lyles, M. A. (2001) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.206 · Cited by 1,870 · see citing works
A Simulation Study of Mediated Effect Measures
MacKinnon, D. P., Warsi, G. M., & Dwyer, J. H. (1995) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3001_3 · Cited by 1,715 · see citing works
WHAT DO PROACTIVE PEOPLE DO? A LONGITUDINAL MODEL LINKING PROACTIVE PERSONALITY AND CAREER SUCCESS
Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L., & Crant, J. M. (2001) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2001.tb00234.x · Cited by 1,664 · see citing works
On the Exact Variance of Products
Goodman, L. A. (1960) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1960.10483369 · Cited by 1,386 · see citing works
Bootstrapping: A Nonparametric Approach to Statistical Inference.
Aa, Mooney, C. Z., & Duval, R. D. (1994) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290969 · Cited by 1,365 · see citing works
Direct and Indirect Effects: Classical and Bootstrap Estimates of Variability
Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R. (1990) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/271084 · Cited by 1,305 · see citing works
Do “high commitment” human resource practices affect employee commitment?
Whitener, E. M. (2001) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/s0149-2063(01)00106-4 · Cited by 1,050 · see citing works
Abusive supervision and subordinates’ organizational citizenship behavior.
Zellars, K. L., Tepper, B. J., & Duffy, M. K. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-9010.87.6.1068 · Cited by 896 · see citing works
Bootstrapping
Mooney, C., & Duval, R. (1993) · doi:10.4135/9781412983532 · Cited by 893 · see citing works
THE INFLUENCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC HETEROGENEITY ON THE EMERGENCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF COOPERATIVE NORMS IN WORK TEAMS.
Chatman, J. A., & Flynn, F. J. (2001) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/3069440 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
Robustness?
Bradley, J. V. (1978) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1978.tb00581.x · Cited by 743 · see citing works
A Revised Definition for Suppressor Variables: a Guide To Their Identification and Interpretation
Conger, A. J. (1974) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316447403400105 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Formulating clinical research hypotheses as structural equation models: A conceptual overview.
Hoyle, R. H., & Smith, G. T. (1994) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.62.3.429 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Suppression situations in psychological research: Definitions, implications, and applications.
Tzelgov, J., & Henik, A. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.3.524 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
The Probability Function of the Product of Two Normally Distributed Variables
Aroian, L. A. (1947) · The Annals of Mathematical Statistics · doi:10.1214/aoms/1177730442 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Formulating clinical research hypotheses as structural equation models: A conceptual overview.
Hoyle, R. H., & Smith, G. T. (1994) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.62.3.429 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Structural equation modelling in perspective
Kelloway, E. K. (1995) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030160304 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Suppressor Variables in Path Models: Definitions and Interpretations
MAASSEN, G. H., & BAKKER, A. B. (2001) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124101030002004 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
HOW SIMILARITY TO PEERS AND SUPERVISOR INFLUENCES ORGANIZATIONAL ADVANCEMENT IN DIFFERENT CULTURES.
Schaubroeck, J. M., & Lam, S. S. K. (2002) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/3069428 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
THE ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF GROUP POTENCY: A LONGITUDINAL INVESTIGATION OF NEWLY FORMED WORK GROUPS.
Meglino, B. M., Lester, S. W., & Korsgaard, M. A. (2002) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/3069351 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
The robustness of estimates of total indirect effects in covariance structure models estimated by maximum
Stone, C. A., & Sobel, M. E. (1990) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02295291 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-efficacy as a moderator of information-seeking effectiveness.
Brown, S. P., Ganesan, S., & Challagalla, G. N. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.1043 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Measurement Models for Response Errors in Surveys: Issues and Applications
Alwin, D. F., & Jackson, D. J. (1980) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/270860 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Absenteeism, job involvement, and job satisfaction in an organizational setting.
Cheloha, R. S., & Farr, J. L. (1980) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.65.4.467 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The Antecedents and Consequences of Group Potency: A Longitudinal Investigation of Newly Formed Work Groups
Lester, S. W., Meglino, B. M., & Korsgaard, M. A. (2002) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/3069351 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Identifying a missing link between participation and satisfaction: The mediating role of procedural justice perceptions.
Roberson, Q. M., Moye, N. A., & Locke, E. A. (1999) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.4.585 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Suppressor Variables and the Semipartial Correlation Coefficient
Velicer, W. F. (1978) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316447803800415 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The influence of motivation to attend, ability to attend, and organizational commitment on different types of absence behaviors.
Burton, J. P., Lee, T., & Holtom, B. C. (2002) · Journal of managerial issues · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Control of halo error: A multiple regression approach.
Henik, A., & Tzelgov, J. (1985) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.70.3.577 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable
Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2014) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bmsp.12028 · Cited by 3,403 · see citing works
Modeling consumers' adoption intentions of remote mobile payments in the United Kingdom: extending UTAUT with innovativeness, risk, and trust
Slade, E. L., Dwivedi, Y. K., Piercy, N. C., & Williams, M. D. (2015) · Psychology & Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20823 · Cited by 922 · see citing works
The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science
Lewandowsky, S., Gignac, G. E., & Oberauer, K. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075637 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Exploring the Relationships Between Different Types of Facebook Use, Perceived Online Social Support, and Adolescents’ Depressed Mood
Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2016) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439314567449 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Progressing in the change journey towards sustainability in healthcare: The role of “Green” HRM
Pinzone, M., Guerci, M., Lettieri, E., & Redman, T. (2016) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.031 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Mindfulness and Self-Compassion: Exploring Pathways to Adolescent Emotional Well-Being
Bluth, K., & Blanton, P. W. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9830-2 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
The influence of areas of worklife fit and work-life interference on burnout and turnover intentions among new graduate nurses
Boamah, S. A., & Laschinger, H. (2016) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.12318 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships Between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use, and Adolescents’ Depressed Mood
Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2020) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650215617506 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
The impact of daily stress on adolescents’ depressed mood: The role of social support seeking through Facebook
Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.070 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Stereotype threat among older employees: relationship with job attitudes and turnover intentions
von Hippel, C., Kalokerinos, E. K., & Henry, J. D. (2013) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0029825 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls’ body dissatisfaction
Roberts, S. R., Maheux, A. J., Hunt, R. A., Ladd, B. A., & Choukas-Bradley, S. (2022) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.03.002 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Rumination partially mediates the associations between perceived ethnic discrimination, emotional distress, and aggression
Borders, A., & Liang, C. T. H. (2011) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023357 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The “true” indirect effect won't (always) stand up: When and why reverse mediation testing fails
Lemmer, G., & Gollwitzer, M. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.05.002 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
The chills as a psychological construct: Content universe, factor structure, affective composition, elicitors, trait antecedents, and consequences
Maruskin, L. A., Thrash, T. M., & Elliot, A. J. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028117 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation: A meta-analysis of resource orchestration and cultural contingencies
Miao, C., Coombs, J. E., Qian, S., & Sirmon, D. G. (2017) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.03.016 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Adolescent problematic social networking and school experiences: The mediating effects of sleep disruptions and sleep quality
Vernon, L., Barber, B. L., & Modecki, K. L. (2015) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2015.0107 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The reciprocal and indirect relationships between passive Facebook use, comparison on Facebook, and adolescents' body dissatisfaction
Rousseau, A., Eggermont, S., & Frison, E. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.056 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
When environmental messages should be assertive: examining the moderating role of effort investment
Baek, T. H., Yoon, S., & Kim, S. (2015) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2014.993513 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Basic psychological need satisfaction toward learning: A longitudinal test of mediation using bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling.
Garn, A. C., Morin, A. J. S., & Lonsdale, C. (2019) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000283 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Family Contexts: Parental Experiences of Discrimination and Child Mental Health
Tran, A. G. T. T. (2014) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-013-9607-1 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Burnout mediates the association between depression and patient safety perceptions: a cross‐sectional study in hospital nurses
Johnson, J., Louch, G., Dunning, A., Johnson, O., Grange, A., Reynolds, C., Hall, L., & O'Hara, J. (2017) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.13251 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The impact of digital media on children’s intelligence while controlling for genetic differences in cognition and socioeconomic background
Sauce, B., Liebherr, M., Judd, N., & Klingberg, T. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11341-2 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Psychological flexibility mediates the effect of an online-based acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain: an investigation of change processes.
Lin, J., Klatt, L.-I., McCracken, L. M., & Baumeister, H. (2018) · PAIN · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001134 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Younger supervisors, older subordinates: An organizational-level study of age differences, emotions, and performance
Kunze, F., & Menges, J. I. (2017) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2129 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Impact of Childhood Trauma on Executive Function in Adolescence—Mediating Functional Brain Networks and Prediction of High-Risk Drinking
Silveira, S., Shah, R., Nooner, K. B., Nagel, B. J., Tapert, S. F., de Bellis, M. D., & Mishra, J. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.01.011 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Daily routines, parent–child conflict, and psychological maladjustment among Chinese children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Liu, J., Zhou, T., Yuan, M., Ren, H., Bian, X., & Coplan, R. J. (2021) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000914 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Defeat and Entrapment in Bipolar Disorder: Exploring the Relationship with Suicidal Ideation from a Psychological Theoretical Perspective
Owen, R., Dempsey, R., Jones, S., & Gooding, P. (2018) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12343 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Depression and anxious apprehension distinguish frontocingulate cortical activity during top-down attentional control.
Silton, R. L., Heller, W., Engels, A. S., Towers, D. N., Spielberg, J. M., Edgar, J. C., Sass, S. M., Stewart, J. L., Sutton, B. P., Banich, M. T., et al. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023204 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Links Between Childhood Physical Abuse and Intimate Partner Aggression: The Mediating Role of Anger Expression
Maneta, E., Cohen, S., Schulz, M., & Waldinger, R. J. (2012) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.27.3.315 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Linkages between childhood emotional abuse and marital satisfaction: The mediating role of empathic accuracy for hostile emotions
Maneta, E. K., Cohen, S., Schulz, M. S., & Waldinger, R. J. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.07.017 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
A cross-diagnostic investigation of the differential impact of discrimination on clinical and personal recovery
Mak, W. W. S., Chan, R. C. H., Wong, S. Y. S., Lau, J. T. F., Tang, W. K., Tang, A. K. L., Chiang, T. P., Cheng, S. K. W., Chan, F., Cheung, F. M., et al. (2017) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201500339 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
A model of suicidal behavior in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): The mediating role of defeat and entrapment
Panagioti, M., Gooding, P., Taylor, P. J., & Tarrier, N. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.018 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Insecure attachment and maladaptive emotion regulation mediating the relationship between childhood trauma and borderline personality features
Peng, W., Liu, Z., Liu, Q., Chu, J., Zheng, K., Wang, J., Wei, H., Zhong, M., Ling, Y., & Yi, J. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23082 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
When age does not harm innovative behavior and perceptions of competence: Testing interdepartmental collaboration as a social buffer
Guillén, L., & Kunze, F. (2019) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.21953 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
From dispositional traits to psychopathological symptoms: Social-cognitive vulnerabilities as intervening mechanisms
Hong, R. Y. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9350-9 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Subjective social status and anxiety and depressive symptoms and disorders among low income Latinos in primary care: the role of emotion dysregulation
Zvolensky, M. J., Paulus, D. J., Bakhshaie, J., Viana, A. G., Garza, M., Manning, K., Rogers, A. H., Cardoso, J. B., Reitzel, L. R., Valdivieso, J., et al. (2017) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-017-9844-y · Cited by 16 · see citing works
How do cultural factors affect loyalty behaviour in retailing? The central role of social proximity
Charinsarn, A. R., Diallo, M. F., & Lambey-Checchin, C. (2023) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/ijrdm-09-2022-0314 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Identifying modifiable factors associated with psychological health in women experiencing infertility.
Schuette, S. A., Andrade, F. C., Woodward, J. T., & Smoski, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053231185549 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“We used path analysis to assess multiple mediators and dependent variables simultaneously (Cheung and Lau, 2008).”
Method
Treatment condition as a moderator and change in trait mindfulness as a mediator of a brief mindfulness ecological momentary intervention for generalized anxiety disorder
Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2024) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1750 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“We displayed the unstandardized regression coefficients ( β ) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and utilized bootstrapping with 1,000 resampling iterations [63].”
Method

Authors: Cheung, G. W., & Lau, R. S.
Affiliations: Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
Virginia Tech (US)
ORCID: Cheung, Gordon W.
Lau, Rebecca S.
Venue: Organizational Research Methods
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2007-07-23
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Pages: 296-325
ISSN: 1094-4281 (ISSN-L)
1552-7425
DOI: 10.1177/1094428107300343
OpenAlex: W2132605910
Cited by: 1,965
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 107 · 2025: 135 · 2024: 134 · 2023: 184 · 2022: 164 · 2021: 175 · 2020: 141 · 2019: 103 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 121 · 2015: 112 · 2014: 110 · 2013: 91 · 2012: 71
FWCI: 19.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Organizational Research Methods (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Keywords: mediating effect, suppression effect, latent variables, structural equation modeling, bootstrap confidence intervals, bias-corrected bootstrap, simulation study, Amos

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Testing Mediation and Suppression Effects of Latent Variables: Bootstrapping With Structural Equation Models

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks