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Psychological aspects of perinatal loss
Abstract
After perinatal loss, parents experience painful grief. Fathers and mothers show the same pattern of symptoms, but generally mothers' distress is more intense. Grief should be sympathetically acknowledged by health professionals, and parents should be reassured that their feelings are normal and that recovery may take many months. Intense depression lasting more than 6 months may require psychological treatment. There is some evidence that delaying conception for a year may allow an easier pregnancy psychologically. The common practice of encouraging parents to have contact with a dead infant is not evidence-based and may have adverse effects, including inducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. A protocol of postnatal follow-up allows parents to get appropriate information about the loss, including possible problems and timing of another pregnancy. The subsequent pregnancy is stressful, and health professionals should recognize that parents may suffer significant anxiety.
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“training programs or tested protocols for supporting parent bereavement after a stillbirth remain inconsistent and in need of further evaluation and development [17-24]”
From Silent loss and the clinical encounter: Parents’ and physicians’ experiences of stillbirth–a qualitative analysis (2012) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Our findings confirm a shared theme in the literature on the psychological impact of stillbirth on parents: the grief and devastation are deeply felt but not socially recognized [7,24,27-30].”
From Silent loss and the clinical encounter: Parents’ and physicians’ experiences of stillbirth–a qualitative analysis (2012) · cites this paper as [24]
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“However, mothers may also experience long-term symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (Jind, 2003), complex grief (Boelen, 2016), anxiety and depression (Vance et al., 1995), and marital problems (Baddenhorst & Hughes, 2007).”
BackgroundResultPeters, M. D. J., Riitano, D., Lisy, K., Jordan, Z., Pearson, A., & Aromataris, E. (2014) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2014-2008 · Cited by 13
Care Experiences of Women Who Used Opioids and Experienced Fetal or Infant Loss
Scott, L. F., Shieh, C., Umoren, R. A., & Conard, T. (2017) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2017.08.006 · Cited by 13
Support program for women suffering grief after termination of pregnancy: A pilot study
Sriarporn, P., Turale, S., Lordee, N., Liamtrirat, S., Hanpra, W., & Kanthino, A. (2016) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.12307 · Cited by 12
Halland, F., Morken, N., DeRoo, L. A., Klungsøyr, K., Wilcox, A. J., & Skjærven, R. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012894 · Cited by 13
La grossesse suivant une perte prénatale
Mériot, M.-E., Shulz, J., Soubieux, M.-J., Missonnier, S., & Beauquier‐Maccotta, B. (2014) · Revue de médecine périnatale · doi:10.1007/s12611-014-0285-5 · Cited by 12
Fischbein, R. L., Meeker, J., Saling, J. R., Chyatte, M. R., & Nicholas, L. (2016) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0952-6 · Cited by 12
“Counseling, referral to grief support teams, support groups and psychiatric services can be beneficial to families after perinatal loss [49], during NICU stays [51], among families with special needs children [52] and during high risk pregnancy [53] and may be useful to all families during each phase of the TTTS journ…”
BackgroundMcIntyre, L. M., Álvarez, B., & Marre, D. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13040336 · Cited by 13
“Spontaneity The clinical literature demonstrates that the intensity of women’s emotional reactions to pregnancy loss is not associated with the duration of the pregnancy (Badenhorst and Hughes 2007; Kilshaw and Borg 2020; Markin and Zilcha-Mano 2018).”
BackgroundBjorkman, L. L., Lygre, G. B., Haug, K., & Skjærven, R. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208803 · Cited by 11
Nitrosatable drug exposure during pregnancy and risk of stillbirth
Thomsen, A. M. L., Liew, Z., Riis, A. H., Stayner, L. T., Ramlau‐Hansen, C. H., Sigsgaard, T., & Olsen, J. (2019) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.4867 · Cited by 10
Johnson, M. P., & Johnston, R. L. (2020) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2020.1792427 · Cited by 10
“The impact of miscarriage on both men and woman’s mental health is evident with reports of high levels of depression and anxiety experienced, not only following a miscarriage but enduring for up to 12 months post-loss (Badenhorst & Hughes, 2007; Meaney et al., 2017; Volgsten et al., 2018).”
Hein, K., Flaig, F., Schramm, A., Borasio, G. D., & Führer, M. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9101555 · Cited by 11
“They argue that evidence is scarce and of poor quality [64,65,81,82] and claim that seeing and holding a dead child may have adverse effects on the mental health and wellbeing of mothers [82,83] and their partners [84].”
BackgroundProviding care for families who have experienced stillbirth: a comprehensive systematic review
Peters, M. D. J., Lisy, K., Riitano, D., Jordan, Z., & Aromataris, E. (2014) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · Cited by 9
Nursing Diagnosis of Grieving: Content Validity in Perinatal Loss Situations
Paloma‐Castro, O., Romero‐Sánchez, J. M., Paramio‐Cuevas, J. C., Pastor‐Montero, S. M., Yuste, C. C., Frandsen, A. J., Marín, M. J. A., Bas‐Sarmiento, P., & Corral, L. J. M. (2013) · International Journal of Nursing Knowledge · doi:10.1111/2047-3095.12015 · Cited by 11
“• Perinatal grief manifestations identified in existing literature (Adolfsson, Larsson, Wijma, & Berterö, 2004; Badenhorst & Hughes, 2007; Swanson, Connor, Jolley, Pettinato, & Wang, 2007; Avelin, Rådestad, Säflund, Wredling, & Erlandsen, 2012): Self-criticism, ambivalent about a new pregnancy,…”
Dayan, J., Andro, G., Dugnat, M., Thessier, N., Milijkovitch, R., & Rosenblum, O. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-71024-7.00017-7 · Cited by 9
Decesare, J. Z. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316662571.029 · Cited by 8
Experiences of miscarriage: the voice of parents and health professionals
Figueredo-Borda, N., Ramírez-Pereira, M., Gaudiano, P., Cracco, C., & Ramos, B. (2022) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228221085188 · Cited by 8
“Some studies (Badenhorst & Hughes, 2007; Hughes, et al., 2002) show that birthing parents who had direct contact with their deceased child presented higher levels of anxiety and depression than those who did not.”
BackgroundDruguet, M., Nuño, L., Rodó, C., Arévalo, S., Carreras Moratonas, E., & Gómez-Benito, J. (2019) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2017.1395013 · Cited by 7
“health problems [5,7] and previous experience of psy-”
BackgroundPerinatal trauma with and without loss experiences
Üstündağ Budak, A. M., Harris, G., & Blissett, J. (2016) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2016.1186266 · Cited by 8
“Although some women who experience loss or traumatic childbirth trauma adjust well to the loss or trauma, other women will continue to suffer (Badenhorst & Hughes, 2007).”
BackgroundUnderstanding the Mental Health Impact of Previous Pregnancy Loss Among Currently Pregnant Veterans
Shapiro, M. O., Kroll‐Desrosiers, A., & Mattocks, K. M. (2023) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2023.03.006 · Cited by 7
Noizet-Yverneau, O., Deschamps, C., Lempp, F., Daligaut, I., Delebarre, G., David, A., Barbier, C., Morville, P., & Bednarek, N. (2013) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2013.06.003 · Cited by 7
Travail de deuil lors d’une interruption médicale de grossesse ou de soins palliatifs postnatals
Plat, A., Beauquier‐Maccotta, B., Parat, S., Yamgnane, A., Viallard, M.-L., Álvarez, L., Dugué, C., Soubieux, M.-J., Ville, Y. G., Golse, B., et al. (2013) · Médecine Palliative · doi:10.1016/j.medpal.2013.03.001 · Cited by 7
Bagheri, L., Nazari, A., Chaman, R., Ghiasi, A., & Motaghi, Z. (2020) · Iranian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.18502/ijph.v49i3.3123 · Cited by 9
“Psychological and Emotional expressions of grief are isolation, difficulty with activities of daily living, anger, denial, guilt, failure, sadness and self-blame (8, 9).”
BackgroundSpiritual Needs of Couples Facing Pregnancy Termination Because of Fetal Anomalies
Cowchock, F., Meador, K., Floyd, S. E., & Swamy, G. (2011) · Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling · doi:10.1177/154230501106500204 · Cited by 5
Neonatal and infant death: what bereaved parents can teach us
Carter, B. S. (2007) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211777 · Cited by 7
“I Have No Words”: A Qualitative Study About the Traumatic Experience of Violent Death
Bolaséll, L. T., Oliveira, V. C. D. C., Frimm, V. C., Menda, C. C., Rodrigues, C. S. M., & Kristensen, C. H. (2021) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228211051532 · Cited by 6
“The relationship between seeing the body in different settings and the outcome of CG and PTSD is still unknown, as few studies had dedicated to this investigation (Badenhorst & Hughes, 2007; Hu et al., 2015; Ogata et al., 2009; Omerov et al., 2014).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Badenhorst, W., & Hughes, P.
- Affiliations
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hughes, Patricia
- ORCID
- Badenhorst, William
- Venue
- Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-04
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 249-259
- ISSN
- 1521-6934 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2066936694
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Keywords
- perinatal loss, stillbirth, neonatal death, grief, maternal distress, paternal grief, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, postpartum follow-up, subsequent pregnancy, anxiety, psychological recovery
- MeSH terms
- Female, Grief, Humans, Pregnancy, Stillbirth
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