Posttraumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder after Termination of Pregnancy and Reproductive Loss: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Objective . The aims of this systematic review were to integrate the research on posttraumatic stress (PTS) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after termination of pregnancy (TOP), miscarriage, perinatal death, stillbirth, neonatal death, and failed in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Methods . Electronic databases (AMED, British Nursing Index, CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, PubMEd, ScienceDirect) were searched for articles using PRISMA guidelines. Results . Data from 48 studies were included. Quality of the research was generally good. PTS/PTSD has been investigated in TOP and miscarriage more than perinatal loss, stillbirth, and neonatal death. In all reproductive losses and TOPs, the prevalence of PTS was greater than PTSD, both decreased over time, and longer gestational age is associated with higher levels of PTS/PTSD. Women have generally reported more PTS or PTSD than men. Sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., younger age, lower education, and history of previous traumas or mental health problems) and psychsocial factors influence PTS and PTSD after TOP and reproductive loss. Conclusions . This systematic review is the first to investigate PTS/PTSD after reproductive loss. Patients with advanced pregnancies, a history of previous traumas, mental health problems, and adverse psychosocial profiles should be considered as high risk for developing PTS or PTSD following reproductive loss.
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While studies have shown strong association with anxiety, depression, and PTS globally, the prevalence rates and risk factors are not fully understood.
“While studies have shown there to be strong association with anxiety, depression, and PTS globally, the prevalence rates and risk factors are not fully understood (Daugirdaitė et al., 2015; Farren et al., 2018).”
From The mental health impact of perinatal loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Daugirdaitė et al., 2015
The Results (§3.3, page unavailable) report associations of depression and anxiety with PTS after reproductive loss, and the Conclusion (§4, page unavailable) says prevalence estimates are inconsistent and identifies gaps in the risk-factor evidence. The review does not establish that these associations are strong globally: most included studies were conducted in Europe or the USA, with predominantly white participants (Results §3.1). (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA history of mental health problems is considered one of many risk factors of stillbirth.
“A history of mental health problems is considered one of many risk factors of SB [57].”
From Depression, anxiety, PTSD, and OCD after stillbirth: a systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as [57]
The Results section (3.3.4–3.3.5; page unavailable) discusses depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress after perinatal loss or stillbirth. It does not address whether a prior history of mental health problems is a risk factor for stillbirth. Searches for that relationship and for maternal psychiatric history yielded no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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- Authors
- Daugirdaitė, V., van den Akker, O., & Purewal, S.
- Affiliations
- Vilnius University (LT)
- Department of Psychology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK
- University of Wolverhampton (GB)
- ORCID
- Purewal, Satvinder
- Venue
- Journal of Pregnancy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 2015
- Pages
- 1-14
- ISSN
- 2090-2727 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-2735
- PMC
- PMC4334933
- OpenAlex
- W2154206809
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 1.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Pregnancy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Middlesex University Research Repository (Middlesex University Of London) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, abortion, reproductive losses, miscarriage, perinatal death, stillbirth, neonatal death, gestational age, sociodemographic risk factors, psychosocial factors, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Abortion, Spontaneous, Abortion, Induced, Female, Fertilization in Vitro, Fetal Death, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Pregnancy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Treatment Failure, Observational Studies as Topic, Perinatal Death
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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