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Human astrocytes in the diseased brain

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Dossi, Elena, Vasile, Flora, Rouach, Nathalie·2018·Brain Research Bulletin
DOI 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.02.001PMC PMC5766741
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Abstract

Astrocytes are key active elements of the brain that contribute to information processing. They not only provide neurons with metabolic and structural support, but also regulate neurogenesis and brain wiring. Furthermore, astrocytes modulate synaptic activity and plasticity in part by controlling the extracellular space volume, as well as ion and neurotransmitter homeostasis. These findings, together with the discovery that human astrocytes display contrasting characteristics with their rodent counterparts, point to a role for astrocytes in higher cognitive functions. Dysfunction of astrocytes can thereby induce major alterations in neuronal functions, contributing to the pathogenesis of several brain disorders. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on the structural and functional alterations occurring in astrocytes from the human brain in pathological conditions such as epilepsy, primary tumours, Alzheimer's disease, major depressive disorder and Down syndrome. Compelling evidence thus shows that dysregulations of astrocyte functions and interplay with neurons contribute to the development and progression of various neurological diseases. Targeting astrocytes is thus a promising alternative approach that could contribute to the development of novel and effective therapies to treat brain disorders.

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  • More integrative hypotheses have suggested that inflammation, excitatory-inhibitory imbalance, or vascular impairment is involved in the series of initial reactions that eventually become chronic and result in irreversible brain dyshomeostasis, neurodegeneration, and AD.

    “Therefore, more integrative hypotheses have suggested that inflammation, excitatory‐inhibitory imbalance, or vascular impairment is involved in the series of initial reactions that eventually become chronic and result in irreversible brain dyshomeostasis, neurodegeneration, and AD [42, 66, 69].”

    From Gliovascular alterations in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease: <scp><i>APOE3</i></scp> Christchurch homozygote glioprotection (2023) · cites this paper as [42]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Reactive morphological changes are driven by an increase of intermediate filament proteins such as GFAP and vimentin.

    “Finely tuned morphological changes are driven by an increase of intermediate filament proteins, such as GFAP and vimentin [15, 38, 41, 42, 43], which not only provide mechanical sustenance for the maintenance of astrocyte shape, but also support the functional profile of reactive astrocytes through transcriptional modulation of target genes involved in astroglial and microglial responsiveness [44,”

    From Gliovascular alterations in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease: <scp><i>APOE3</i></scp> Christchurch homozygote glioprotection (2023) · cites this paper as [42]

    The 'Astrogliosis as a hallmark of brain diseases' section reports increased GFAP expression alongside astrocyte hypertrophy. The 'Brain tumours > Structural and morphological changes of astrocytes' section reports GFAP and vimentin co-expression in astrocytomas, but does not establish increased vimentin in reactive astrocytes or that either protein drives their morphological changes. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Alteration of cell shape is one of the changes associated with astroglial reactivity and modification of vimentin and GFAP.

    “alteration of cell shape is one of the changes associated with astroglial reactivity and modification of vimentin and GFAP [15, 28, 42, 43, 91].”

    From Gliovascular alterations in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease: <scp><i>APOE3</i></scp> Christchurch homozygote glioprotection (2023) · cites this paper as [42]

    The “Astrogliosis as a hallmark of brain diseases” section associates reactive astrogliosis with cell-body and process hypertrophy and increased GFAP expression. The “Brain tumours > Structural and morphological changes of astrocytes” section discusses vimentin alongside GFAP in astrocytomas, but does not establish that vimentin is modified as part of astroglial reactivity. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Hyperactivated astrocytes and microglia support excitotoxicity through the exacerbated release of glutamate in response to Aβ, and GABA‐producing astrocytes are commonly found in AD.

    “hyperactivated astrocytes and microglia, support excitotoxicity through the exacerbated release of glutamate in response to Aβ [37, 38, 40, 43, 50, 51, 117, 118], and even GABA‐producing astrocytes are commonly found in AD [42, 97, 119].”

    From Gliovascular alterations in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease: <scp><i>APOE3</i></scp> Christchurch homozygote glioprotection (2023) · cites this paper as [42]

    The Alzheimer’s disease sections report Aβ-triggered astrocyte activation and GABA accumulation in reactive astrocytes from post-mortem AD patients; increased GABA production is presented as a suggestion. The paper also reports impaired astrocytic glutamate clearance and enhanced glutamatergic gliotransmission in AD mice, but the passages do not establish that astrocytes and microglia release excess glutamate in response to Aβ or that GABA-producing astrocytes are commonly found across AD. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Dossi, E., Vasile, F., & Rouach, N.
Affiliations
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
Corresponding author
Rouach, Nathalie
ORCID
Venue
Brain Research Bulletin
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2018-01
Volume
136
Pages
139-156
ISSN
0361-9230 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.02.001
PMC
PMC5766741
OpenAlex
W2589128164
Cited by
250
References
26
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 5
FWCI
3.47
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Brain Research Bulletin (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • INSERM
  • CNRS
  • College de France
  • Neuropôle de Recherche Francilien (NeRF)
  • Ligue Francaise contre l’Epilepsie (LFCE)
  • Observatoire B2V des memoires
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
Keywords
astrocytes, human astrocytes, astrocyte-neuron interaction, astrocyte dysfunction, epilepsy, brain tumors, Alzheimer's disease, major depressive disorder, Down syndrome, astrocyte-targeted therapy, brain disorders, ion homeostasis, neurotransmitter homeostasis
MeSH terms
Astrocytes, Brain, Brain Diseases, Gliosis, Humans

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