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Out-of-body experience, heautoscopy, and autoscopic hallucination of neurological origin
Open accessAbstract
Autoscopic phenomena (AP) are rare illusory visual experiences during which the subject has the impression of seeing a second own body in extrapersonal space. AP consist of out-of-body experience (OBE), autoscopic hallucination (AH), and heautoscopy (HAS). The present article reviews and statistically analyzes phenomenological, functional, and anatomical variables in AP of neurological origin (n = 41 patients) that have been described over the last 100 years. This was carried out in order to further our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of AP, much as previous research into the neural bases of body part illusions has demystified these latter phenomena. Several variables could be extracted, which distinguish between or are comparable for the three AP providing testable hypotheses for subsequent research. Importantly, we believe that the scientific demystification of AP may be useful for the investigation of the cognitive functions and brain regions that mediate processing of the corporeal awareness and self consciousness under normal conditions.
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“Recent neuroanatomical analysis indicated that autoscopic hallucinations are preferentially caused by damage to right parieto-occipital or right temporo-occipital cortex, whereas heautoscopy and out-of-body experience are caused by damage to temporoparietal cortex of the left and right hemisphere, respectively [27,47].”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [27]
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“For out-of-body experiences, damage was localized primarily in right temporo-parietal cortex (n= 12[27,51])”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [27]
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“This indicates that a breakdown of a single weak 1PP or the loss of spatial congruency between the weak 1PP and self-location has important consequences for MPS and the strong 1PP [27].”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [27]
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“It is this bodily self or MPS which is altered and abnormal during out-of-body experiences [23-25], heautoscopy (see Box 2) [15,26,27] and experimentally manipulated during the full-body illusion [13,28].”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [27]
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“MPS breaks down in neurological patients with illusory global own body perceptions, called autoscopic phenomena [23,27,37,47-49], that are characterized by seeing a second own body in extracorporeal space: autoscopic hallucination, heautoscopy, and out-of-body experience (Figure 1) (Box 2).”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [27]
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“Autoscopic phenomena are associated with multisensory disintegration and can be caused by focal brain damage (Figure 2) [26,27].”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [27]
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“Self-identification either refers to the illusory body as represented, the physical body as represented or to both in alternation [23,27,49] (Box 2).”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [27]
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“Examples of such conditions are somatoparaphrenia and associated anosognosia (Berlucchi and Aglioti, 1997, 2010; Vallar and Ronchi, 2009), phantom limb sensations (Giummarra et al., 2007), and out-of-body experiences (OBEs) (Blanke and Mohr, 2005).”
BackgroundKilteni, K., Maselli, A., Kording, K. P., & Slater, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00141 · Cited by 549
“Systematic experimental findings from the out of body illusions demonstrate that the perceived location of the self can be detached from that of the physical body, similar to reports from patients undergoing out-of-body experiences of neurological origin (Blanke and Mohr, 2005).”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Blanke, O., & Mohr, C.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Blanke, Olaf
- ORCID
- Blanke, Olaf
- Venue
- Brain Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-12
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 184-199
- ISSN
- 0165-0173 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2170517949
- Semantic Scholar
- d8bde2c5df837e82f76aabec6acc852dccc1f9ce
- Cited by
- 358
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 1.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Brain Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Fondation Leenaards
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- out-of-body experiences, body illusions, self-consciousness, visual perception, neural mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Awareness, Body Image, Brain, Consciousness, Humans, Illusions, Functional Laterality, Psychophysiology
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