The origin and cell lineage of microglia: new concepts
Abstract
Despite intense study, the precise origin and cell lineage of microglia, the resident mononuclear phagocytes of the nervous system, are still a matter for debate. Unlike macroglia (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) and neurons, which are derived from neuroectoderm, microglial progenitors arise from peripheral mesodermal (myeloid) tissue. The view still commonly held is that tissue-resident mononuclear phagocytes (including microglia) are derived from circulating blood monocytes and these take up residence late in gestation and postnatally. However, microglial progenitors colonise the nervous system primarily during embryonic and fetal periods of development. Recent evidence indicates differences between the lineage of mononuclear phagocytes during the embryonic and fetal period from that in the neonate and adult-mononuclear phagocytes that take up residence within tissues are derived from a lineage of myeloid cells that is independent of the monocyte lineage. Our own findings on the development and differentiation of microglial progenitors, taken together with findings by other investigators, and in the context of the heterogeneity between myeloid differentiation in the fetus and in the adult, support the view that microglia are derived prenatally from mesodermal progenitors that are distinct from monocytes. Furthermore, microglial progenitors colonise the nervous system via extravascular routes initially. These findings challenge the concept that resident microglia in the nervous system are derived from circulating blood monocytes. Work is still underway to establish the tissue of origin and lineage of microglial progenitors in vivo. This information is critical not only from a developmental perspective, but significantly from a therapeutic viewpoint, as (i) the unique property of microglial progenitors to colonise the nervous system from the periphery allows these cells to be exploited as a biological and non-invasive means for cell therapy by delivering genes to the nervous system (microglial engraftment), and (ii) there are indications that microglial progenitors are specifically able to home to the nervous system. Use of microglial progenitors for therapeutic purposes becomes feasible only if the origin and cell lineage of these microglial progenitors are known and these cells can be isolated and manipulated in vitro (i.e., to express specific trophic factors) prior to therapeutic transfer (e.g., intravenously) in vivo. In this paper, we shall briefly consider the existing concepts on the origin and lineage of microglial progenitors and discuss new hypotheses in the light of emerging data that suggest clear differences between fetal and adult ontogeny of myeloid cells.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In mice, microglia arise early during development from progenitors in the embryonic yolk sac.
“Subsequent reports showed that microglia arise early during development from progenitors in the embryonic yolk sac4,38,39.”
From Identification of a unique TGF-β–dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia (2014) · cites this paper as [39]
Several cytokines released by microglia are elevated in neurological disease and help recruit peripheral immune cells into the CNS in pathological states.
“Many of these cytokines are known to be highly elevated in neurological diseases and/or involved in the recruitment of peripheral immune cells into the CNS under pathological conditions”
From iPSC-derived human microglia-like cells to study neurological diseases (2017) · cites this paper as Chan et al., 2007
Cites
Perry, V. H., Hume, D. A., & Gordon, S. (1985) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(85)90215-5 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Microglia derive from progenitors, originating from the yolk sac, and which proliferate in the brain
Alliot, F., Godin, I., & Pessac, B. (1999) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(99)00113-3 · Cited by 884 · see citing works
Priller, J., Flügel, A., Wehner, T., Boentert, M., Haas, C. A., Prinz, M., Fernández-Klett, F., Prass, K., Bechmann, I., de Boer, B. A., et al. (2001) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1201-1356 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Simard, A. R., & Rivest, S. (2004) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-1517fje · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Kennedy, D. W., & Abkowitz, J. L. (1997) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v90.3.986 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
MafB is an inducer of monocytic differentiation
Kelly, L. M., Englmeier, U., Lafon, I., Sieweke, M. H., & Graf, T. (2000) · EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/19.9.1987 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
The origin and differentiation of microglial cells during development
Cuadros, M. Á. (1998) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00035-5 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Hematopoietic origin of microglial and perivascular cells in brain
Hess, D. C., Abe, T., Hill, W., Martin-Studdard, A., Carothers, J., Masuya, M., Fleming, P. A., Drake, C. J., & Ogawa, M. (2004) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2003.11.005 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Biffi, A., Palma, M. D., Quattrini, A., Carro, U. D., Amadio, S., Visigalli, I., Sessa, M., Fasano, S., Brambilla, R., Marchesini, S., et al. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200419205 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Biffi, A., Palma, M. D., Quattrini, A., Carro, U. D., Amadio, S., Visigalli, I., Sessa, M., Fasano, S., Brambilla, R., Marchesini, S., et al. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci19205 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Bone marrow-derived cells that populate the adult mouse brain preserve their hematopoietic identity
Vallières, L., & Sawchenko, P. E. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-12-05197.2003 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Krivit, W., Sung, J. H., Shapiro, E., & Lockman, L. A. (1995) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1016/0963-6897(95)00021-o · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Morris, L., Graham, C. F., & Gordon, S. (1991) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.112.2.517 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
PU. 1 is required for myeloid-derived but not lymphoid-derived dendritic cells
Guerriero, A., Langmuir, P. B., Spain, L. M., & Scott, E. W. (2000) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v95.3.879.003k13_879_885 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Male Donor-derived Cells in the Brains of Female Sex-mismatched Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients
Unger, E. R., SUNG, J. H., Manivel, J. C., Chenggis, M. L., Blazar, B. R., & Krivit, W. A. (1993) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199309000-00004 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Balance of MafB and PU. 1 specifies alternative macrophage or dendritic cell fate
Bakri, Y., Sarrazin, S., Mayer, U. P., Tillmanns, S., Nerlov, C., Boned, A., & Sieweke, M. H. (2005) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2004-04-1448 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Takahashi, K., Naito, M., & Takeya, M. (1996) · Pathology International · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1996.tb03641.x · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Kaur, C., Hao, A., Wu, C., & Ling, E. (2001) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/jemt.1114 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Development, differentiation, and phenotypic heterogeneity of murine tissue macrophages
Naito, M., Umeda, S., Yamamoto, T., Moriyama, H., Umezu, H., Hasegawa, G., Usuda, H., Shultz, L. D., & Takahashi, K. (1996) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.59.2.133 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Human CD34 + cells differentiate into microglia and express recombinant therapeutic protein
Asheuer, M., Pflumio, F., Benhamida, S., Dubart‐Kupperschmitt, A., Fouquet, F., Imai, Y., Aubourg, P. R., & Cartier, N. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0306431101 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Anderson, K. L., Perkin, H. B., Surh, C. D., Venturini, S., Maki, R. A., & Torbett, B. E. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.4.1855 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Fisher, R. C., & Scott, E. W. (1998) · STEM CELLS · doi:10.1002/stem.160025 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Flügel, A., Bradl, M., Kreutzberg, G. W., & Graeber, M. B. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.1198 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Reddy, V. A., Iwama, A., Iotzova, G., Schulz, M., Elsasser, A., Vangala, R. K., Tenen, D. G., Hiddemann, W., & Behre, G. (2002) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v100.2.483 · Cited by 152 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For example, the transcription factor PU.1 is required for the development of myeloid-derived dendritic cells and macrophages (Anderson et al., 2000; Fisher and Scott, 1998; Guerriero et al., 2000; Reddy et al., 2002) (including microglia; Walton et al., 2000) (Figs.”
BackgroundRezaie, P., & Male, D. K. (2002) · Journal of the History of the Neurosciences · doi:10.1076/jhin.11.4.325.8531 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Microglia and Macrophages in the Developing CNS
Streit, W. J. (2001) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/s0161-813x(01)00033-x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Developmental derivation of embryonic and adult macrophages
Shepard, J. L., & Zon, L. I. (2000) · Current Opinion in Hematology · doi:10.1097/00062752-200001000-00002 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Microglia in the cerebral wall of the human telencephalon at second trimester
Rezaie, P., Dean, A., Male, D., & Ulfig, N. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh194 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Flt3+ macrophage precursors commit sequentially to osteoclasts, dendritic cells and microglia
Delprat, C., Arnaud, S., Jurdic, P., Nataf, S., Grasset, M.-F., Soulas, C., Domenget, C., Destaing, O., Rivollier, A., Perret, M., et al. (2002) · BMC Immunology · doi:10.1186/1471-2172-3-15 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Cucchiarini, M., Ren, X., Perides, G., & Terwilliger, E. F. (2003) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301925 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Participation of Bone Marrow-Derived Cells in Long-Term Repair Processes after Experimental Stroke
Beck, H., Voswinckel, R., Wagner, S. R., Ziegelhoeffer, T., Heil, M., Helisch, A., Schaper, W. K. A., Acker, T., Hatzopoulos, A. K., & Plate, K. H. (2003) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000065940.18332.8d · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Sawada, M., Imai, F., Suzuki, H., Hayakawa, M., Kanno, T., & Nagatsu, T. (1998) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00879-5 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Walton, M. R., Gibbons, H., MacGibbon, G. A., Sirimanne, E., Saura, J., Gluckman, P. D., & Dragunow, M. (2000) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00262-3 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Microglia in Cell Culture and in Transplantation Therapy for Central Nervous System Disease
Dobrenis, K. (1998) · Methods · doi:10.1006/meth.1998.0688 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Banati, R. B., Hoppe, D., Gottmann, K., Kreutzberg, G. W., & Kettenmann, H. (1991) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.490300402 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Takahashi, K. (2001) · Journal of the Japan Society of the Reticuloendothelial System · doi:10.3960/jslrt.41.1 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Vitry, S., Bertrand, J. Y., Cumano, A., & Dubois-Dalcq, M. E. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-33-10724.2003 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Migration activity of microglia and macrophages into rat brain
Imai, F., Sawada, M., Suzuki, H., Kiya, N., Hayakawa, M., Nagatsu, T., Marunouchi, T., & Kanno, T. (1997) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00808-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Tsuchiya, T., Park, K. C., Toyonaga, S., Yamada, S. M., Nakabayashi, H., Nakai, E., Ikawa, N., Furuya, M., Tominaga, A., & Shimizu, K. (2004) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.10.025 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lassmann, H., & Wf, H. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Rezaie, P., & Male, D. K. (2001) · Neuroembryology and Aging · doi:10.1159/000051020 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Microglial stability and repopulation in the retina
Albini, T. A. (2005) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.2004.060293 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Microglia in the Regenerating and Degenerating Central Nervous System
Streit, W. (2002) · Springer: New York · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4139-1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Microglia in the Human Nervous System during Development
Rezaie, P. (2003) · Neuroembryology and Aging · doi:10.1159/000068498 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Different macrophage populations develop from embryonic/fetal and adult hematopoietic tissues.
Faust, N., Huber, M. C., Sippel, A. E., et al. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the mouse mafB gene
Huang, K., Serria, M. S., Nakabayashi, H., Nishi, S., & Sakai, M. (2000) · Gene · doi:10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00500-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Exogenous microglia enter the brain and migrate into ischaemic hippocampal lesions
Imai, F., Sawada, M., Suzuki, H., et al. (1999) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00592-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hamada, M. (2003) · The Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/jb/mvg130 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cell Transplantation to the Brain with Microglia Labeled by Neuropathogenic Retroviral Vector System
Watanabe, R., Takase‐Yoden, S., Fukumitsu, H., & Nakajima, K. (2002) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.3727/000000002783985684 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Transient expression of MIDC-8 in the normal mouse brain
Rezaie, P., Corbisiero, V., & Male, D. K. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.12.002 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gene transfer into brain parenchyma elicits antitumor effects.
Fathallah‐Shaykh, H. M., Kafrouni, A. I., Zhao, L., et al. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Colonization of the developing mouse brain by microglial progenitors [poster presentation]
Corbisiero, V., Hagger, G. N., Topps, S., et al. (2003) · Open Research Online (The Open University) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Microglia in the CD11b knockout mouse [poster presentation]
Jeetle, J. K., Hagger, G. N., Topps, S., et al. (2002) · Open Research Online (The Open University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Jeetle, 2002, Microglia in the CD11b knockout mouse, Neuroembryology, 1, 191
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages
Ginhoux, F., Greter, M., Leboeuf, M., Nandi, S., See, P., Gokhan, S., Mehler, M. F., Conway, S. J., Ng, L. G., Stanley, E. R., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1194637 · Cited by 5,175 · see citing works
Microglia: Active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain
Hanisch, U.-K., & Kettenmann, H. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1997 · Cited by 3,676 · see citing works
Kettenmann, H., Hanisch, U.-K., Noda, M., & Verkhratsky, A. (2011) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00011.2010 · Cited by 3,547 · see citing works
Identification of a unique TGF-β–dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia
Butovsky, O., Jedrychowski, M. P., Moore, C. S., Cialic, R., Lanser, A. J., Gabriely, G., Koeglsperger, T., Dake, B., Wu, P. M., Doykan, C. E., et al. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3599 · Cited by 2,543 · see citing works
“Subsequent reports showed that microglia arise early during development from progenitors in the embryonic yolk sac 4,38,39 .”
The neuropathic pain triad: neurons, immune cells and glia
Scholz, J., & Woolf, C. J. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1992 · Cited by 1,738 · see citing works
“Microglial cells are generally considered to stem from a monocytic cellular lineage of mesodermal (myeloid) origin and enter the CNS during fetal developmen”
BackgroundMicroglia emerge from erythromyeloid precursors via Pu.1- and Irf8-dependent pathways
Kierdorf, K., Erny, D., Goldmann, T., Sander, V., Schulz, C., Perdiguero, E. G., Wieghofer, P., Heinrich, A., Riemke, P., Hölscher, C., et al. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3318 · Cited by 1,468 · see citing works
Microglia and brain macrophages in the molecular age: from origin to neuropsychiatric disease
Prinz, M., & Priller, J. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3722 · Cited by 1,329 · see citing works
iPSC-derived human microglia-like cells to study neurological diseases
Abud, E. M., Ramirez, R. N., Martinez, E. S., Healy, L. M., Nguyen, C. H. H., Newman, S. A., Yeromin, A. V., Scarfone, V. M., Marsh, S. E., Fimbres, C., et al. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.042 · Cited by 1,154 · see citing works
“Many of these cytokines are known to be highly elevated in neurological diseases and/or involved in the recruitment of peripheral immune cells into the CNS under pathological conditions (Stalder et al., 2005, Prinz et al., 2011, Rezaie and Male, 1999, Chan et al., 2007).”
Fantin, A., Vieira, J. M., Gestri, G., Denti, L., Schwarz, Q., Prykhozhij, S., Peri, F., Wilson, S. W., & Ruhrberg, C. (2010) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2009-12-257832 · Cited by 1,153 · see citing works
Inflammation in Alzheimer Disease--A Brief Review of the Basic Science and Clinical Literature
Wyss-Coray, T., & Rogers, J. (2012) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006346 · Cited by 975 · see citing works
Review: Activation patterns of microglia and their identification in the human brain
Boche, D., Perry, V. H., & Nicoll, J. A. R. (2012) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/nan.12011 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
Origin and differentiation of microglia
Ginhoux, F., Lim, S., Hoeffel, G., Low, D., & Huber, T. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00045 · Cited by 905 · see citing works
“Whether murine YS macrophages enter via the blood circulation directly in the brain parenchyma or first enter in the cephalic mesenchyme and then migrate to the neuro-epithelium (Chan et al., 2007) remains to be clearly defined.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe myeloid cells of the central nervous system parenchyma
Ransohoff, R. M., & Cardona, A. E. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09615 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
“Dendritic cells (DCs) are noteworthy because they are uniquely required for initiating adaptive immune responses, by taking up antigenic material in the tissue, gaining access to the local lymph nodes, and presenting antigen efficiently to naive T cells ther”
BackgroundLayer V cortical neurons require microglial support for survival during postnatal development
Ueno, M., Fujita, Y., Tanaka, T., Nakamura, Y., Kikuta, J., Ishii, M., & Yamashita, T. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3358 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Morgan, J. T., Chana, G., Pardo, C. A., Achim, C., Semendeferi, K., Buckwalter, J., Courchesne, E., & Everall, I. P. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.024 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
The immune system and developmental programming of brain and behavior
Bilbo, S. D., & Schwarz, J. M. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.08.006 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
“Similar to the rodent brain, colonization of microglia within the human brain is an orchestrated response that occurs early in fetal development alongside maturation of the nervous system [58].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Indispensable Roles of Microglia and Astrocytes during Brain Development
Reemst, K., Noctor, S. C., Lucassen, P. J., & Hol, E. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00566 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
“Therefore, a new wave of microglia progenitors, which enter the brain from the periphery, is thought to contribute (Chan et al., 2007; Arnold and Betsholtz, 2013; Swinnen et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialMicroglial Activation in Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Suzuki, K., Sugihara, G., Ouchi, Y., Nakamura, K., Futatsubashi, M., Takebayashi, K., Yoshihara, Y., Omata, K., Matsumoto, K., Tsuchiya, K. J., et al. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.272 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
“Under pathologic conditions, however, microglia in neonates and adults are considered to derive from circulating blood monocytes originating primarily within the bone marrow.(50) In brain tissues from children and adults with ASD, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, which can facilitate the infiltration and accumula…”
BackgroundMicroglia during development and aging
Harry, G. J. (2013) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.013 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
“In colonization of the brain, microglial recruitment and differentiation is suggested to occur in hematopoietic waves during the embryonic and postnatal periods (Chan et al., 2007; Ransohoff and Perry 2009).”
BackgroundOrigin of microglia: current concepts and past controversies
Ginhoux, F., & Prinz, M. (2015) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a020537 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
“The first macrophage-like cells with an amoeboid shape appear in the rodent neuroepithelium at a similar time point (Ashwell 1990; Ashwell and Waite 1991; Chan et al. 2007) and were suggested to be the precursors of microglial cells (Alliot et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialMicroglia: actively surveying and shaping neuronal circuit structure and function
Wake, H., Moorhouse, A. J., Miyamoto, A., & Nabekura, J. (2013) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.11.007 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Inflammation, microglia, and alzheimer's disease
Cameron, B., & Landreth, G. E. (2009) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.10.006 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Oligodendrocyte, Astrocyte, and Microglia Crosstalk in Myelin Development, Damage, and Repair
Domingues, H. S., Portugal, C. C., Socodato, R., & Relvas, J. B. (2016) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2016.00071 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
“In this review, we focus on the positive and negative interactions between oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia during developmental myelination and remyelination.”
Glia: Initiators and progressors of pathology in Parkinson's disease
Halliday, G. M., & Stevens, C. H. (2011) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.23455 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Stansley, B., Post, J., & Hensley, K. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-115 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
“These findings support the idea that there is heterogeneity of the microglial cell origins in the CNS, with one population from myeloid/ mesenchymal origin (not necessarily derived from monocytes) and a second population representing a developmental and transitory form of fetal macrophage (possibly monocyte), which is…”
Regulation of microglial activation in stroke
Zhao, S.-C., Ma, L.-S., Chu, Z., Xu, H., Wu, W.-Q., & Liu, F. (2017) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/aps.2016.162 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Altmann, C., & Schmidt, M. H. H. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19010110 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
“Microglia, the macrophages of the CNS, are derived from hematopoietic stem cells [80,81].”
BackgroundMicroglia and Inflammation in Alzheimers Disease
Mandrekar-Colucci, S., & Landreth, G. E. (2010) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/187152710791012071 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
“It is widely accepted that in the CNS microglial cells have a low turnover rate and are capable of self renewal [132].”
BackgroundA Path Toward Precision Medicine for Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease
Hampel, H., Caraci, F., Cuello, A. C., Caruso, G., Nisticò, R., Corbo, M., Baldacci, F., Toschi, N., Garaci, F., Chiesa, P. A., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00456 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
“The Role of Microglia Microglial cells, arising from the mesodermal (myeloid) lineage (42), are the main category of macrophages in the CNS parenchyma.”
BackgroundMicroglia and ischemic stroke: a double-edged sword.
Patel, A. R., Ritzel, R. M., McCullough, L. D., & Liu, F. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Mizutani, M., Pino, P. A., Saederup, N., Charo, I. F., Ransohoff, R. M., & Cardona, A. E. (2012) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1100421 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Microglia Function in Alzheimer’s Disease
Solito, E., & Sastre, M. (2012) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2012.00014 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
“Many questions remain about the recruitment and the life of the resident microglial in adult and aging brain (Chan et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMicroglial Dynamics and Role in the Healthy and Diseased Brain: A Paradigm of Functional Plasticity
Gomez-Nicola, D., & Perry, V. H. (2015) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858414530512 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Microglia: gatekeepers of central nervous system immunology
Tambuyzer, B. R., Ponsaerts, P., & Nouwen, E. J. (2008) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0608385 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
“[4, 5]).”
Features of Microglia and Neuroinflammation Relevant to Environmental Exposure and Neurotoxicity
Kraft, A. D., & Harry, G. J. (2011) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph8072980 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
“It is now recognized that microglia are derived from myeloid precursors and populate the CNS during development, with negligible turnover from postnatal hematopoietic progenitors or systemic mononuclear cells [5,161].”
BackgroundBilbo, S. D., Block, C. L., Bolton, J. L., Hanamsagar, R., & Tran, P. K. (2017) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.002 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Yolk sac macrophage progenitors traffic to the embryo during defined stages of development
Stremmel, C., Schuchert, R., Wagner, F., Thaler, R., Weinberger, T., Pick, R., Mass, E., Ishikawa-Ankerhold, H. C., Margraf, A., Hutter, S., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02492-2 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Kierdorf, K., & Prinz, M. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci90602 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
“After several decades of debate as to whether microglia are derived from a single wave of progenitors that enter the CNS only once during development and locally expand and maintain themselves within the CNS throughout an individual’s life, or whether microglial hematopoietic progenitors invade the CNS during early em…”
BackgroundAutoimmunity, Inflammation, and Psychosis: A Search for Peripheral Markers
Bergink, V., Gibney, S. M., & Drexhage, H. A. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.037 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Brain changes in a maternal immune activation model of neurodevelopmental brain disorders
Bergdolt, L., & Dunaevsky, A. (2018) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.12.002 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
“Microglia begin to colonize the brain around E9 in rodents and at the beginning of the second trimester in humans (Chan et al., 2007) where they are involved in both the support and elimination of neurons and the activity-dependent pruning of synapses (Bilimoria and Stevens, 2015).”
Verney, C., Monier, A., Fallet‐Bianco, C., & Gressèns, P. (2010) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01245.x · Cited by 266 · see citing works
“Chan et al. (2007) have suggested that, late in fetal development, when the bone marrow becomes a haematopoietic organ, cells of monocyte lineage may be recruited to the developing central nervous system, to which they may gain entry via the vasculature (specifically within white-matter areas)…”
BackgroundMicroglia and neuroprotection: From in vitro studies to therapeutic applications
Polazzi, E., & Monti, B. (2010) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.06.009 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease
Zhang, F., & Jiang, L. (2015) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s75546 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
“drocytes, they are derived from the neuroectoderm, which is in contrast to microglia.(40) Astrocytes are morphologically heterogeneous.”
ResultMicroglia in the developing brain: a potential target with lifetime effects
Harry, G. J., & Kraft, A. D. (2012) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2012.01.012 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Sex, glia, and development: Interactions in health and disease
Schwarz, J. M., & Bilbo, S. D. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.018 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
“Microglial progenitor cells begin colonizing the rodent brain around embryonic day (E) 9–10 via the infiltration of primitive monocyte precursors from the yolk sac of the embryo (Chan et al., 2007; Ginhoux et al., 2010).”
Microglial Aβ Receptors in Alzheimer’s Disease
Yu, Y., & Ye, R. D. (2015) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-014-0101-6 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dysfunction: A potential link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration?
Witte, M. E., Geurts, J. J. G., de Vries, H. E., van der Valk, P., & van Horssen, J. (2010) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2010.05.014 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“All rights reserved. believed to enter the CNS during development to ultimately colonize the CNS parenchyma (Chan et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMicroglia in the CNS: Immigrants from another world
Prinz, M., & Mildner, A. (2010) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.21104 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“…the fetal liver is the primary hematopoietic organ and the main site of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) expansion and differentiation (Lichanska and Hume, 2000), microglial precursors can be detected in significant numbers within the ventricular lining of the fourth ventricle (Chan et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its receptors
Noguchi, K., Herr, D. R., Mutoh, T., et al. (2008) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2008.11.010 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“As development proceeds, NPCs sequentially differentiate from peripheral mesodermal tissue [89] and not shown here.”
BackgroundContribution of Microglia‐Mediated Neuroinflammation to Retinal Degenerative Diseases
Madeira, M. H., Boia, R., Santos, P. F., Ambrósio, A. F., & Santiago, A. R. (2015) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2015/673090 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
“Microglial cells are from mesodermal/mesenchymal origin deriving frommyeloid progenitors thatmigrated from the periphery during late embryonic and postnatal life (reviewed in [9, 22, 23]).”
BackgroundThe hematopoietic stem cell and its niche: a comparative viewPreprint
Martínez-Agosto, J. A., Mikkola, H. K., Hartenstein, V., & Banerjee, U. K. (2007) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1602607 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Benarroch, E. E. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182a4a577 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Drowning stars: reassessing the role of astrocytes in brain edema
Thrane, A. S., Thrane, V. R., & Nedergaard, M. (2014) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2014.08.010 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Buckman, L. B., Hasty, A. H., Flaherty, D. K., Buckman, C. T., Thompson, M. M., Matlock, B. K., Weller, K., & Ellacott, K. L. J. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.06.007 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“Due to their common myeloid origin during embryogenesis, distinguishing between resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes is highly challenging (Chan et al., 2007).”
BackgroundChen, V. S., Morrison, J. P., Southwell, M. F., Foley, J. F., Bolon, B. N., & Elmore, S. A. (2017) · Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1177/0192623317728134 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
“5 (Ginhoux et al. 2010; Rigato et al. 2011; Chan, Kohsaka, and Rezaie 2007; Saijo and Glass 2011).”
BackgroundCazareth, J., Guyon, A., Heurteaux, C., Chabry, J., & Petit-Paitel, A. (2014) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-132 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“[29,30].”
Hannestad, J. O., Gallezot, J., Schafbauer, T., Lim, K., Kloczynski, T., Morris, E. D., Carson, R. E., Ding, Y., & Cosgrove, K. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.055 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
“When provided with signals indicating tissue damage or inflammation, microglia become activated; this is a key event in the pathophysiology of brain ischemia, trauma, and infection, and in neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases (Chan et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2010; Tambuyzer et al., 2009).”
BackgroundProliferation of parenchymal microglia is the main source of microgliosis after ischaemic stroke
Li, T., Pang, S., Yu, Y., Wu, X., Guo, J., & Zhang, S. (2013) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awt287 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Hannestad, J., DellaGioia, N., Gallezot, J.-D., Lim, K., Nabulsi, N., Esterlis, I., Pittman, B., Lee, J.-Y., O’Connor, K. C., Pelletier, D., et al. (2013) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.06.010 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“When provided with signals that indicate tissue damage or infection, microglia become activated, a key event in the initiation and maintenance of neuroinflammation (Chan et al., 2007; Tambuyzer et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2010).”
BackgroundStreit, W. J., & Xue, Q.-S. (2009) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-009-9163-5 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
The interplay between macrophages and angiogenesis in development, tissue injury and regeneration.
Nucera, S., Biziato, D., & de Palma, M. (2011) · International Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1387/ijdb.103227sn · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“For instance, it is not clear whether Kupffer cells and microglia originate from adult HSC-derived monocytes or self-renewing, nonHSC-derived macrophage precursors of yolk-sac origin (Chan et al., 2007; Geissmann et al., 2010).”
BackgroundImmune Players in the CNS: The Astrocyte
Jensen, C., Massie, A., & Keyser, J. D. (2013) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-013-9480-6 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“Like neurons and oligodendrocytes, astrocytes are derived from the neuroectoderm, this is in contrast to the other major cell type in the brain, microglia, which arise from the mesodermal (myeloid) lineage (Chan et al. 2007).”
M1 and M2 immune activation in Parkinson’s Disease: Foe and ally?
Moehle, M. S., & West, A. B. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.018 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“Microglia were originally thought to derive developmentally from origins similar to that of monocytes and macrophages (Rio-Hortega, 1939; Chan et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMurine models of acute neuronopathic Gaucher disease
Enquist, I. B., Bianco, C. L., Ooka, A., Nilsson, E., Månsson, J., Ehinger, M., Richter, J., Brady, R. O., Kirik, D., & Karlsson, S. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0708086104 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Insights into TREM2 biology by network analysis of human brain gene expression data
Forabosco, P., Ramasamy, A., Trabzuni, D., Walker, R., Smith, C., Bras, J., Levine, A. P., Hardy, J., Pocock, J. M., Guerreiro, R., et al. (2013) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.001 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“Furthermore, these findings highlight the unique properties of microglia, as compared to related myeloid cell types, in keeping with their distinct developmental origin (Chan et al., 2007).”
Mazza, M. G., Lucchi, S., Rossetti, A., & Clerici, M. (2020) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2019.1583371 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“Signal transduction between microglia and circulating monocytes is mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8 or TNF-a (Chan et al. 2007; Beumer et al. 2012).”
BackgroundEffects of Microglia on Neurogenesis
Sato, K. (2015) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22858 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“Approximately 50 surface markers that are characteristic of the mononuclear phagocyte lineage have been identified for macrophages, and 35 of these markers are considered useful for discriminating subsets of macrophages and dendritic cells (Chan et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMolecular imaging of microglia/macrophages in the brain
Venneti, S., Lopresti, B. J., & Wiley, C. A. (2012) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22357 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“…injury by producing a myriad of neurotoxins such as interleukins (Giulian et al., 1986; Righi et al., 1989), tumor necrosis factor-a(Chao et al., 1995b), free radicals (Chao et al., 1995a), nitric oxide (Chao et al., 1992), proteinases (Colton et al., 1993), and eicosanoids (Heyes et al., 1996).”
BackgroundSakuma, R., Kawahara, M., Nakano‐Doi, A., Takahashi, A., Tanaka, Y., Narita, A., Kuwahara‐Otani, S., Hayakawa, T., Yagi, H., Matsuyama, T., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0523-9 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“The precise origin of microglia has long remained the subject of debate [1, 2].”
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and the blood–brain barrier
Yao, Y., & Tsirka, S. E. (2013) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-013-1459-1 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Toll-Like Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease
Landreth, G. E., & Reed-Geaghan, E. G. (2009) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-00549-7_8 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“A number of hypotheses exist for the origin of microglia; currently, the consensus is that they are derived from mesodermal/mesenchymal sources in the periphery and infiltrate the brain during development (reviewed in Chan et al. 2007 ).”
BackgroundEarly hematopoiesis and macrophage development
McGrath, K. E., Frame, J. M., & Palis, J. (2015) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.013 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Functions of microglia in the central nervous system—beyond the immune response
Wake, H., Moorhouse, A. J., & Nabekura, J. (2011) · Neuron Glia Biology · doi:10.1017/s1740925x12000063 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Ernst, C., Mechawar, N., & Turecki, G. (2009) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.09.001 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Microglial progenitor cells are derived from mesodermal origins, unlike oligodendrocytes and astrocytes which are derived from ectodermal origins (Chan et al., 2007).”
Guruswamy, R., & ElAli, A. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18030496 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“Different possible origins have been proposed; some have proposed that microglia are derived from progenitors that originate from the neuroectoderm and/or the mesoderm colonizing the brain at the early embryonic stage throughout the fetal development stage [16–18], while others have proposed that microglia are derived…”
BackgroundMicroglia and neuronal cell death
Marín‐Teva, J. L., Cuadros, M. Á., Martín‐Oliva, D., & Navascués, J. (2011) · Neuron Glia Biology · doi:10.1017/s1740925x12000014 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Jacome-Galarza, C. E., Lee, S., Lorenzo, J., & Aguila, H. L. (2012) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.1822 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Immune privilege or privileged immunity?
Forrester, J. V., Xu, H., Lambe, T., & Cornall, R. J. (2008) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2008.27 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Immunoadolescence: Neuroimmune development and adolescent behavior
Brenhouse, H. C., & Schwarz, J. M. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.035 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“…M anuscript Microglial cells are of mesodermal lineage (similar to other immune cells) and they first colonize the developing rodent brain around embryonic day (E) 9-10 via the infiltration of primitive macrophage precursors from the yolk sac of the embryo (Chan et al., 2007, Ginhoux et al., 2010).”
BackgroundWard, R. J., Crichton, R. R., Taylor, D. L., Corte, L., Srai, S. K., & Dexter, D. T. (2010) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-010-0479-3 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“It is thought that microglia originate from circulating monocytes or precursor cells that colonise the nervous system primarily during embryonic and foetal periods of development (reviewed by Chan et al. 2007 ).”
BackgroundThe importance of microglia in the development of the vasculature in the central nervous system
Arnold, T., & Betsholtz, C. (2013) · Vascular Cell · doi:10.1186/2045-824x-5-4 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“Notably, microglia populate the embryonic retina well before post-natal retinal angiogenesis occurs [16,31,32], and as mentioned above appear to colonize zebrafish and chick brains before CNS vascular invasion [11-13].”
Sorrentino, F. S., Allkabes, M., Salsini, G., Bonifazzi, C., & Perri, P. (2016) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2016.08.001 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“They origin from mesoderma/mesenchima deriving from myeloid progenitors that migrate from periphery during the late embriogenic and postnatal life [58-60].”
Progranulin expression in the developing and adult murine brain
Petkau, T. L., Neal, S. J., Orban, P. C., MacDonald, J. L., Hill, A. M., Lu, G., Feldman, H. H., Mackenzie, I. R. A., & Leavitt, B. R. (2010) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.22430 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“Microglia originate as myeloid cells in the spleen, which differentiate into monocytes and infiltrate the CNS during late embryogenesis (Chan et al., 2007).”
BackgroundBone-marrow-derived microglia: myth or reality?
Soulet, D., & Rivest, S. (2008) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2008.04.002 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Axon Initial Segment–Associated Microglia
Baalman, K. L., Marin, M. A., Ho, T. S., Godoy, M. I., Cherian, L., Robertson, C. S., & Rasband, M. N. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3751-14.2015 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“5; Chan et al., 2007; Ginhoux et al., 2010), they are relatively sparse until postnatal day 7 (P7)–P9, when microglia proliferate and undergo rapid local expansion (Hristova et al., 2010).”
BackgroundDynamics and regulation of lipid droplet formation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia
Khatchadourian, A., Bourque, S. D., Richard, V. R., Titorenko, V. I., & Maysinger, D. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.01.007 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Upon activationmicroglia express cell surface markers that are also present on macrophages [23].”
BackgroundAstrocytic Mechanisms Explaining Neural-Activity-Induced Shrinkage of Extraneuronal Space
Østby, I., Øyehaug, L., Einevoll, G. T., Nagelhus, E. A., Plahte, E., Zeuthen, T., Lloyd, C. M., Ottersen, O. P., & Omholt, S. W. (2009) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000272 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“These cells constitute the most abundant type of macroglia in the brain [2].”
BackgroundMicroglia in Alzheimer’s disease: A multifaceted relationship
ElAli, A., & Rivest, S. (2016) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.021 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“In addition, it has been proposed that microglia are derived from circulating blood monocytes, especially from the late gestational stage throughout the early postnatal stage (Chan et al., 2007).”
BackgroundReciprocal Modulation Between Microglia and Astrocyte in Reactive Gliosis Following the CNS Injury
Gao, Z., Zhu, Q., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Cai, L., Shields, C. B., & Cai, J. (2013) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-013-8460-4 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“cantly detected within the superficial mantle layer of the spinal cord as well as the subventricular zone in the brain [12].”
Schwartz, M., & Shechter, R. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2010.31 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Abutbul, S., Shapiro, J., Szaingurten‐Solodkin, I., Levy, N., Carmy, Y., Baron, R., Jung, S., & Monsonego, A. (2012) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22343 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“It is now clear that yolk sac macrophages colonize the brain at around Day 10 of the developing embryo and serve as precursors of the major resident microglia population of the adult mouse (Chan et al., 2007; Ginhoux et al., 2010).”
BackgroundNeurodegeneration and Neuro-Regeneration—Alzheimer’s Disease and Stem Cell Therapy
Vasić, V., Barth, K., & Schmidt, M. H. H. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20174272 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“Microglia are the brain’s resident macrophages arising from the mesenchyme [9], or are blood-derived (review, see [10]).”
BackgroundMicroglia in development: linking brain wiring to brain environment
Paolicelli, R. C., & Gross, C. T. (2011) · Neuron Glia Biology · doi:10.1017/s1740925x12000105 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Tracking neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: the role of positron emission tomography imaging
Zimmer, E. R., Leuzy, A., Benedet, A. L., Breitner, J., Gauthier, S., & Rosa-Neto, P. (2014) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-120 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Under pathological conditions, microglial cells proliferate and migrate to the site of injury, acquiring phagocytic abilities and releasing various pro-inflammatory mediators [47-50].”
BackgroundThe microglia in healthy and diseased retina
Li, L., Eter, N., & Heiduschka, P. (2015) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2015.04.020 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Lee, D. C., Ruiz, C. R., Lebson, L. A., Selenica, M. B., Rizer, J., Hunt, J. B., Rojiani, R., Reid, P., Kammath, S., Nash, K. R., et al. (2013) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.12.014 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Microglia are typically viewed as tissue macrophages of the central nervous system, although their embryonic origin may be different from circulating monocytes (Chan et al., 2007, Ginhoux et al., 2010, Prinz et al., 2011, Ransohoff and Cardona, 2010).”
Microglia-specific targeting by novel capsid-modified AAV6 vectors
Rosario, A. M., Cruz, P. E., Ceballos‐Diaz, C., Strickland, M. R., Siemienski, Z. B., Pardo, M., Schob, K.-L., Li, A., Aslanidi, G., Srivastava, A., et al. (2016) · Molecular Therapy — Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1038/mtm.2016.26 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Linnartz‐Gerlach, B., & Neumann, H. (2012) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22359 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“precursors locally proliferate within the CNS and mature to become adult microglia (Chan et al., 2007).”
BackgroundKofler, J., & Wiley, C. A. (2010) · Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1177/0192623310387619 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Current evidence suggests that in mammals, early microglia are derived from yolk-sac progenitors that migrate into the CNS around the second trimester (Ransohoff and Perry 2009; Chan, Kohsaka, and Rezaie 2007).”
Ly6Chigh Monocytes Control Cerebral Toxoplasmosis
Biswas, A., Bruder, D., Wolf, S. A., Jeron, A., Mack, M., Heimesaat, M. M., & Dunay, I. R. (2015) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1402037 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“50 characteristic surface markers, making their discrimination between the subpopulations a complex assignment (45, 46).”
Background
- Authors
- Chan, W. Y., Kohsaka, S., & Rezaie, P.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- National Institute of Neuroscience (JP)
- King's College London (GB)
- Venue
- Brain Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 344-354
- ISSN
- 0165-0173 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2087954391
- Cited by
- 400
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 2.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Keywords
- microglia, cell lineage, embryonic and fetal development, cell therapy, trophic factors, brain development, trophoblast
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Humans, Models, Biological, Stem Cells, Microglia, Cell Lineage
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
