Daytime functioning in older patients suffering from chronic insomnia: Treatment outcome in a randomized controlled trial comparing CBT with Zopiclone
Abstract
The paper presents data from a randomized controlled trial comparing treatment effects of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), hypnotic treatment (Zopiclone), and placebo in a sample of insomnia patients. Data from the same trial have already demonstrated that CBT was more efficient in improving sleep than Zopiclone. The novel outcomes that are reported here concern daytime functioning. Forty-six older patients (age >or= 55) qualifying for a diagnosis of primary insomnia were recruited to participate. Assessments were completed at baseline, post-treatment, and at a 6-months follow-up, and measures of worry, anxiety, depression, interpersonal relationships, subjective alertness, vigilance, and quality of life were used. The participants in both treatment conditions scored within the normal range on the outcome measures at baseline with the exception of reporting less alertness, relative to a group of good sleepers. One interaction effect indicated that subjective alertness improved more in the Zopiclone group than the CBT group from baseline to post-treatment, and another that CBT was more effective than Zopiclone in reducing trait anxiety from baseline to follow-up. It was concluded that the treatments yielded only minor effects on the measures of daytime functioning, and that none of them was clearly superior to the other.
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The same trial found no difference in daytime fatigue between CBT-I and zopiclone, as measured by reaction times.
“This study also found no difference in daytime fatigue between the two groups, as measured by patients’ reaction times.”
From Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review (2012) · cites this paper as [35]
One trial found no significant difference in overall quality of life (SF-36) between CBT-I and zopiclone.
“One trial [35] found no significant difference in overall quality of life (SF-36) between patients treated with CBT-I and patients treated with zopiclone.”
From Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review (2012) · cites this paper as [35]
Six months after treatment, State-Trait Anxiety Index scores improved significantly more with CBT-I than zopiclone (state: -5.11 vs. +1.61, p < 0.05; trait: -4.47 vs. +1.97, p < 0.01).
“Six months after treatment, scores were significantly improved on both components of the State-Trait Anxiety Index for CBT-I patients compared to zopiclone patients (state: –5.11 vs. +1.61, p < 0.05; trait: –4.47 vs. +1.97, p < 0.01).”
From Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review (2012) · cites this paper as [35]
Trends toward improved results with CBT-I were observed on the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and Worry Domains Questionnaire, but differences were not statistically significant.
“Trends towards improved results with CBT-I were observed in the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and the Worry Domains Questionnaire, but the differences between groups were not statistically significant.”
From Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review (2012) · cites this paper as [35]
No difference between groups was observed on the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems.
“No difference between groups was observed in the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems.”
From Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review (2012) · cites this paper as [35]
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- Authors
- Omvik, S., Sivertsen, B., Pallesen, S., Bjorvatn, B., Havik, O. E., & Nordhus, I. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Bergen (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Omvik, Siri
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-05
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 623-641
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2151337261
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 7.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- chronic insomnia, older adults, cognitive behavioral therapy, zopiclone, hypnotic treatment, daytime functioning, subjective alertness, sustained attention, trait anxiety, depression, quality of life, interpersonal relationships
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Female, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Piperazines, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Quality of Life, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Azabicyclo Compounds
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