The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 25 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Changes in proposed mechanisms of action during an acceptance-based behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder
Open accessAbstract
Based on the theory that generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is maintained through a reactive and fused relationship with one's internal experiences and a tendency towards experiential avoidance and behavioral restriction, an acceptance-based behavior therapy (ABBT) was developed to specifically target these elements. Since ABBT has been shown to be an efficacious treatment in previous studies, the current study focuses on proposed mechanisms of change over the course of therapy. Specifically, the current study focuses on session-by-session changes in two proposed mechanisms of change: acceptance of internal experiences and engagement in meaningful activities. Overall, clients receiving ABBT reported an increase in the amount of time spent accepting internal experiences and engaging in valued activities. Change in both acceptance and engagement in meaningful activities was related to responder status at post-treatment and change in these two proposed mechanisms predicted outcome above and beyond change in worry. In addition, change in acceptance was related to reported quality of life at post-treatment. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
47 Own result · 11 Own interpretation · 9 Own method · 7 No full text of the sources · 6 Sources not found · 3 Supported · 2 Supported so far · 2 No basis given · 1 Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This may account for the diminished quality of life reported by those with GAD”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Henning, Turk, Mennin, Fresco, & Heimberg, 2007 source
The Quality of Life results report that individuals with GAD rated their quality of life lower than nonanxious controls. In the verbatim citing sentence, the suggestion that living less consistently with one's values may explain this is the citing authors' own interpretation, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“At post treatment or post waiting list, 75% of participants receiving ABBT were considered treatment responders, compared to 8% on the wait list.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Roemer, Orsillo, & Salters-Pedneault, 2008 source
The Results > Controlled Trial passage reports that, at post-treatment or post-waiting-list assessment, 75% of the treatment group and 8.3% of the wait-list group met the study’s criteria for responder status. The citing sentence rounds 8.3% to 8%. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In the wait list controlled trial, clients receiving ABBT showed significantly greater improvement on GAD severity, worry, and depression compared to those in the wait list.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Roemer, Orsillo, & Salters-Pedneault, 2008 source
The Results (Controlled Trial) report significant condition-by-time interactions for clinician-rated GAD severity, PSWQ (worry), and BDI (depression). The Method (Participants) identifies the comparison as ABBT treatment versus a waiting-list control. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Since ABBT has been shown to be an efficacious treatment in previous studies”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Roemer & Orsillo, 2007 source
- Supportedcites Roemer, Orsillo, & Salters-Pedneault, 2008 source
The Abstract reports that ABBT significantly reduced clinician-rated and self-reported GAD symptoms, with gains maintained at three and nine months. The Discussion describes the findings as promising while noting that this was a small, preliminary study with a waiting-list comparator. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This acceptance based behavioral therapy (ABBT) produced favorable outcomes for the majority of clients receiving it in both an open trial and a randomized controlled trial (Roemer & Orsillo, 2007; Roemer et al., 2008).”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Roemer & Orsillo, 2007 source
- Supportedcites Roemer et al., 2008 source
The 2008 paper supports the randomized-trial portion of the sentence: its Abstract reports that 77% of treated participants achieved high end-state functioning after treatment. It identifies the open trial as the separate Roemer and Orsillo (2007) study, which the citing sentence also cites. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, clients receiving ABBT reported an increase in the amount of time spent accepting internal experiences and engaging in valued activities.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As can be seen in the table, there was a wide range of reported percentages towards the beginning of the therapy.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Change in both acceptance and engagement in meaningful activities was related to responder status at post-treatment”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this sample, 67.4% of the intent to treat sample were considered treatment responders.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Change in both acceptance and engagement in meaningful activities was related to responder status at post-treatment”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
- Borderline: one of the tests for a substantial claim is unclear. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Clients also experienced significant changes on a self-report measure of experiential avoidance (Roemer et al., 2008), as well as on a measure of reported anxiety about emotional responses (Treanor, Erisman, Salters-Pedneault, Orsillo, & Roemer, 2009), both are proposed mechanisms of change.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Roemer et al., 2008 source
Roemer et al. is cited for the experiential-avoidance measure, not the separately cited measure of anxiety about emotional responses. The Measures section identifies the AAQ as a measure of experiential avoidance and a proposed mechanism of change; the Results (Controlled Trial) report a significant condition-by-time interaction for the AAQ. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not matchedcites Treanor, Erisman, Salters-Pedneault, Orsillo, & Roemer, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, change in acceptance was related to reported quality of life at post-treatment.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
correlational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
Borderline substantial claim. It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, for valued action, the responders show a steady increase in the amount of time spent engaged in valued actions whereas the non-responders started with a higher percentage than the non-responders, but then do not experience as much movement over the course of therapy.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Results > Trajectories of worry, acceptance, and engagement in valued action
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, neither change in valued action nor change in worry was a significant predictor of quality of life, although both revealed medium-sized effects.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Results > Change in Acceptance and Valued Action Predicting Responder Status and Quality of Life
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of the percentage of time that clients reported being accepting of their internal experiences, clients reported being accepting 45.71 percent of the time at session 2, which increased by 1.88 points per session over the course of therapy. In other words, clients reported an increase in their acceptance of internal experiences from 45.71% at session 2 to 72.03% of the time by the end of”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Results > Trajectories of worry, acceptance, and engagement in valued action
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also worth noting that the nonresponders appear to be beginning to “catch up” to the responders by the fourth quarter of therapy.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, an examination of the change in means over the course of treatment suggests that clients report fairly consistent percentages of time accepting internal experiences and engaging in valued actions in the first half of therapy and then around session 8, they begin to report larger percentages of times for both acceptance and engagement with valued action.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, adding change in acceptance and change in valued action significantly improved the model [χ2 (2) = 9.18, p = .01], making the overall model significant [χ2 (3) = 10.43, p = .02].”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Results > Change in Acceptance and Valued Action Predicting Responder Status and Quality of Life
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, nonresponders appear to experience a decrease in their acceptance as they enter the phase of therapy when they are asked to engage in more actions, whereas responders experience a continued increase.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, on average clients reported that they spent 48.31 percentage of time engaged in valued action at session 2, which increased by 1.66 points per session over the course of therapy. In other words, clients’ reports of engaging in valued actions increased from 48.31% to 71.55% over the course of therapy.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Results > Trajectories of worry, acceptance, and engagement in valued action
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, neither initial worry levels nor change in worry predicted responder status at post-treatment.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Results > Change in Acceptance and Valued Action Predicting Responder Status and Quality of Life
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As hypothesized, both change in acceptance and change in valued action significantly predicted post-treatment responder status.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Results > Change in Acceptance and Valued Action Predicting Responder Status and Quality of Life
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For worry, the intercept, or average worry percentage at session 2, was 55.29 and the slope was −0.96. In other words, on average clients’ reported worry decreased from the 55.29% at session 2 to 41.85% of the time at the end of therapy (0.96 points per sessions from sessions 2 to 16).”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Results > Trajectories of worry, acceptance, and engagement in valued action
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although this effect did not reach conventional levels of significance, the effect size was in the medium range for this relationship.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the open trial, the 16 clients who received ABBT reported large and significant changes in GAD severity, worry, and anxiety symptoms from pre to post treatment and at a three month follow-up assessment.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Roemer & Orsillo, 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present sample, the AAQ demonstrated adequate internal consistency at pre- (α = .73) and post-treatment (α = .88).”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Method > Measures
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“According to this model, anxiety is maintained in part by a reactive and over-identified relationship with internal experiences”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Borkovec, Alcaine, & Behar, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Roemer and Orsillo, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 43 clients who began therapy, 37 completed the post-treatment assessment.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the small sample size in this study, effect sizes are reported where relevant.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Data Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The AAQ has demonstrated adequate internal consistency (α = .70) and test-retest reliability (r = .64) over four months in an undergraduate sample (Hayes et al., 2004).”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hayes et al., 2004 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this sample, the PSWQ demonstrated adequate internal consistency at pre- (α = .77) and post-treatment (α = .92).”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Method > Measures
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this sample, the VLQ consistency subscale demonstrated adequate internal consistency at pre- (α = .77) and post-treatment (α = .90).”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Method > Measures
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This well-established measure of worry has been shown to have very good reliability (α’s from .86 to .93) and good test-retest reliability (Molina & Borkovec, 1994).”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Molina & Borkovec, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current sample, the QOLI demonstrated good internal consistency at pre- (α = .83) and post-treatment (α = .80).”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Method > Measures
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“developing an acceptance of, or a willingness to have these internal experiences should reduce distress and interference associated with the internal experiences, thus reducing the negative reactivity”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The problematic aspect of internal experiences is not the initial worry, feeling, physical sensation, or image itself, but the rigid unwillingness to have these experiences.
In the paper
“The VLQ has demonstrated adequate reliability and is positively correlated with other measures of valued living (Wilson et al., 2009).”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wilson et al., 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The QOLI has demonstrated good internal consistency (α's ranging from .83 to .89 in clinical samples), excellent test-retest reliability (r = .91), and adequate validity through correlations with other measures of well-being and satisfaction (Frisch et al., 1992).”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Frisch et al., 1992 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Based on the theory that GAD is maintained through a reactive and fused relationship with one’s internal experiences and a tendency towards experiential avoidance and behavioral restriction, Roemer and Orsillo (2005) developed a treatment for GAD specifically targeting these elements.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Roemer and Orsillo (2005)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This observation, combined with the finding that increased reports of acceptance during the second half of therapy predict responder status, while increased reports during the first half do not, indicates that continued focus on the cultivation of acceptance while engaging in valued action may be a particularly important element of treatment.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: In ABBT, sessions one to seven are primarily psychoeducational, and the remaining sessions focus on practicing and implementing mindfulness and valued action practice in everyday life.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this study, we attempted to address this by utilizing trajectories of change rather than relying on ratings at a single time point.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, because the two measures are intended to measure slightly different constructs, it is difficult to interpret these correlations.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The single-item measures and the longer measures are intended to measure slightly different constructs.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the confines of this secondary data analysis, we have attempted to address these limitations by collecting multiple data points from each individual and by reporting effect sizes where possible.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it should be noted that this may only be true for this specific therapy which directly provides clients with an acceptance-based model of change.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These secondary analyses of data from both the open and randomized controlled trials of ABBT are promising in that the treatment seems to decrease the distress and avoidance associated with GAD, a chronic and treatment resistant condition.”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The PSWQ has been found to discriminate GAD from other anxiety disorders (Brown, Antony, & Barlow, 1992).”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brown, Antony, & Barlow, 1992 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The problematic aspect of internal experiences is not the initial worry, feeling, physical sensation, or image itself, but the rigid unwillingness to have these experiences.
“An assumption underlying ABBT is that it is not the initial worry, feeling, physical sensation, or image that is problematic, but rather the rigid unwillingness to have these internal experiences.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Single-item measures typically have lower reliability and validity than multi-item measures.
“For example, single item measures typically have lower reliability and validity than multi-item measures.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The single-item measures and the longer measures are intended to measure slightly different constructs.
“However, because the two measures are intended to measure slightly different constructs, it is difficult to interpret these correlations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In ABBT, the primary aim is not necessarily to reduce worry, but to change the relationship one has with worries or other internal experiences.
“In ABBT, the primary aim is not necessarily to reduce worry, but to change the relationship one has with the worries or other internal experiences”
The paper relies on this without support.
ABBT focuses on finding ways to move forward with meaningful activities regardless of whether worry is present.
“ABBT instead focuses on finding ways to move forward with meaningful activities regardless of whether or not worry is present.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Movement towards engagement in valued actions is aided by and also encourages greater acceptance of one’s internal experiences.
“This movement towards engagement in valued actions is aided by and also encourages a greater acceptance of one’s internal experiences.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In ABBT, sessions one to seven are primarily psychoeducational, and the remaining sessions focus on practicing and implementing mindfulness and valued action practice in everyday life.
“In ABBT for GAD, the first seven sessions are primarily psychoeducational, whereas the remaining sessions are more focused on practicing and implementing mindfulness and valued action practice in everyday life.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, both the time spent accepting internal experiences and engaging in valued activities significantly predict outcome (Hayes, Orsillo, & Roemer, 2010) providing support for the proposed mechanisms of action.”
From A randomized clinical trial comparing an acceptance-based behavior therapy to applied relaxation for generalized anxiety disorder (2013) · cites this paper as Hayes, Orsillo, & Roemer, 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, both the time spent accepting internal experiences and engaging in valued activities significantly predict outcome (Hayes, Orsillo, & Roemer, 2010) providing support for the proposed mechanisms of action.”
From A randomized clinical trial comparing an acceptance-based behavior therapy to applied relaxation for generalized anxiety disorder (2013) · cites this paper as Hayes, Orsillo, & Roemer, 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Data from other ACT studies also support the mediating role of hypothesized processes of change, including psychological flexibility, valued action, and aspects of mindfulness, on various outcomes (e.g., symptom severity, functioning, quality of life; Cederberg et al., 2016; Hayes et al., 2010; Pots et al., 2016; Twohig et al., 2015).”
From The role of psychological flexibility in acceptance-enhanced behavior therapy for trichotillomania: Moderation and mediation findings (2023) · cites this paper as Hayes et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The purpose of this treatment is to reduce experiential avoidance and increase psychological flexibility.30”
From The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy for social anxiety disorder: A randomized clinical trial (2020) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This effort to control is ineffective and in contrast leads to the intensification of feelings, emotions and thoughts that the person at first tried to avoid them (Hayes, Orsillo, & Roemer, 2010).”
From Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Interpersonal Problemsand Psychological Flexibility in Female High School Students With Social Anxiety Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Hayes, Orsillo, & Roemer, 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In terms of research on the proposed mechanisms of change for ABBT, clients have reported significant changes from pre to post treatment on measures of experiential avoidance (Roemer et al., 2008), reported anxiety about emotional responses and intolerance of uncertainty (Treanor, Erisman, Salters-Pedneault, Orsillo, & Roemer, in press), time spent accepting internal experiences and engaging in”
From An Acceptance-Based Behavioral Therapy for Individuals With Generalized Anxiety Disorder (2013) · cites this paper as Hayes et al., 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Specifically, we have found changes in acceptance and valued action predict outcome above and beyond change in worry (Hayes, Orsillo, & Roemer, 2010).”
From An Acceptance-Based Behavioral Therapy for Individuals With Generalized Anxiety Disorder (2013) · cites this paper as Hayes et al., 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Previous research demonstrated that changes in acceptance of internal experiences and engagement in valued action predict responder status over and above changes in worry for clients receiving ABBT for GAD (Hayes, Orsillo, & Roemer, 2010).”
From Decentering as a potential common mechanism across two therapies for generalized anxiety disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Hayes, Orsillo, & Roemer, 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Process of change publications support session-by-session changes in acceptance of internal experiences and engagement in valued actions for AABT for GAD.32”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Treatment for Anxiety and Depression (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“a childhood history of anxiety is a common precursor to depression, and has been found to predict anxiety and depression in later life [5-7].”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxious children and adolescents: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. (2013) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“r(33) = .40, p = .03”
§ Changes in Proposed Mechanisms of Action during an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > Results
Reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .017
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upr(33) = 0.4reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .017
“r(33) = .40, p = .03”
- Consistentr(36) = 0.37reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .022
“r(36) = .37, p = .02”
- Consistentr(36) = -0.31reported p = .06 · recomputed p = .058
“r(36) = −.31, p = .06”
- Consistentr(36) = -0.32reported p = .05 · recomputed p = .050
“r(36) = −.32, p = .05”
- Consistentr(33) = 0.32reported p = .06 · recomputed p = .061
“r(33) = .32, p = .06”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 1.25reported p = .26 · recomputed p = .264
“χ2 (1) = 1.25, p = .26”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 9.18reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .010
“χ2 (2) = 9.18, p = .01”
- Consistentχ²(3) = 10.43reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .015
“χ2 (3) = 10.43, p = .02”
- ConsistentF(1, 41) = 3.49reported p = .07 · recomputed p = .069
“F(1, 41) = 3.49, p = .07”
- ConsistentF(3, 39) = 3.33reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .029
“F(3, 39) = 3.33, p = .03”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421 · cited 3×
“35 are considered small, medium, and large, respectively (Cohen, 1988).”
(1993) · Cited by 7,136
(1995) · Cited by 6,909
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder
Cary, G. L. (1994) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1994.48.1.155 · Cited by 6,299
(1999) · Cited by 5,934
Self-citationDevelopment and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 · Cited by 5,099
(2001) · Cited by 3,666
Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.6.1152 · Cited by 3,595 · cited 1×
“In ABBT, the primary aim is not necessarily to reduce worry, but to change the relationship one has with the worries or other internal experiences, since it appears that attempts to stop worrying paradoxically increase the amount of worry (see Hayes et al., 1996).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Michelson, S. E., Lee, J. K., Orsillo, S. M., & Roemer, L. (2008, November). The relationship between values in symptom severity, experiential avoidance and quality of life in generalized anxiety disorder. Poster presented at the 42nd Annual Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies Conference, Orlando, Florida.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
(2010) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 542
Vøllestad, J., Nielsen, M. B., & Nielsen, G. H. (2012) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02024.x · Cited by 459
Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety and OCD spectrum disorders: An empirical review
Bluett, E. J., Homan, K. J., Morrison, K. L., Levin, M. E., & Twohig, M. P. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.06.008 · Cited by 306
The role of the individual in the coming era of process-based therapy
Hayes, S. C., Hofmann, S. G., Stanton, C. E., Carpenter, J. K., Sanford, B. T., Curtiss, J. E., & Ciarrochi, J. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.10.005 · Cited by 295
Self-citationMcCracken, L. M., & Gutiérrez-Martínez, O. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.02.004 · Cited by 283
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Treatment for Anxiety and Depression
Twohig, M. P., & Levin, M. E. (2017) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.009 · Cited by 268
Evolving the future: Toward a science of intentional change
Wilson, D. S., Hayes, S. C., Biglan, A., & Embry, D. D. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13001593 · Cited by 255
Self-citationAcceptance and Commitment Therapy in the treatment of anxiety: A systematic review
Swain, J., Hancock, K., Hainsworth, C., & Bowman, J. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.07.002 · Cited by 207
Bullis, J. R., Boettcher, H., Sauer‐Zavala, S., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2019) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12278 · Cited by 216
Mediators of change in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for pediatric chronic pain
Wicksell, R. K., Olsson, G. L., & Hayes, S. C. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.09.003 · Cited by 160
“In the area of anxiety, this kind of worry and reactivity occurs as part of a nonfunction pattern of attempting to control and avoid negative emotions [4], and ACTrelated methods are known to significantly impact this kind of reactivity [20,59].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHayes-Skelton, S. A., Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032871 · Cited by 153
Self-citationFledderus, M., Bohlmeijer, E. T., Fox, J.-P., Schreurs, K. M. G., & Spinhoven, P. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.11.007 · Cited by 133
“In the study of Hayes et al. (2010), it was found in a sample of 43 patients that during an acceptance-based behaviour treatment for generalized anxiety, changes in acceptance and value-based actions during treatment predicted changes in anxiety after the treatment.”
BackgroundCloninger, C. R., Cloninger, K. M., Zwir, I. J. S., & Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0621-4 · Cited by 149
The potential impact of mindfulness on exposure and extinction learning in anxiety disorders
Treanor, M. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.02.003 · Cited by 134
Goodman, F. R., Kashdan, T. B., Mallard, T. T., & Schumann, M. (2014) · Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000022 · Cited by 112
Gratz, K. L., Bardeen, J. R., Levy, R., Dixon–Gordon, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.12.005 · Cited by 116
Three genetic–environmental networks for human personality
Zwir, I. J. S., del Val, C., Arnedo, J., Pulkki-Råbäck, L., Konte, B., Yang, S. S., Romero‐Zaliz, R., Hintsanen, M., Cloninger, K. M., Garcia, D., et al. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0579-x · Cited by 108
An Examination of the Association of Distress Intolerance and Emotion Regulation with Avoidance
McHugh, R. K., Reynolds, E. K., Leyro, T. M., & Otto, M. W. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9463-6 · Cited by 99
“The AAQ has demonstrated adequate retest and internal consistency reliability in large clinical and non-clinical samples (Hayes et al. 2004) and decreases in AAQ scores are associated with treatment response (Hayes et al. 2010).”
BackgroundThe role of values-consistent behavior in generalized anxiety disorder.
Michelson, S. E., Lee, J. K., Orsillo, S. M., & Roemer, L. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20793 · Cited by 84
“The first part of the theory (drawing from a larger theory of psychopathology proposed by Hayes et al.[17]) asserts that individuals with GAD have a particular relationship with their internal experiences that is characterized as ‘‘fused, critical, and judgmental.’’”
BackgroundSelf-citationDecentering as a potential common mechanism across two therapies for generalized anxiety disorder
Hayes-Skelton, S. A., Calloway, A., Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038305 · Cited by 83
Self-citationMeyer, E. C., Morissette, S. B., Kimbrel, N. A., Kruse, M. I., & Gulliver, S. B. (2013) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0030178 · Cited by 82
Assessing treatment integrity in acceptance and commitment therapy: strategies and suggestions
Plumb, J. C., & Vilardaga, R. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy · doi:10.1037/h0100912 · Cited by 75
Meyer, E. C., La Bash, H., DeBeer, B. B., Kimbrel, N. A., Gulliver, S. B., & Morissette, S. B. (2019) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000358 · Cited by 74
Twohig, M. P., Vilardaga, J. C. P., Levin, M. E., & Hayes, S. C. (2015) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.07.001 · Cited by 72
“For example, S. A. Hayes et al. (2010) found an increase in emotional acceptance and time spent on valued activities in those receiving acceptance-based behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMiller, A. N., & Orsillo, S. M. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.01.002 · Cited by 79
Self-citationGratz, K. L., Levy, R., & Tull, M. T. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.26.4.365 · Cited by 69
Stefan, S., Cristea, I. A., Szentagotai Tatar, A., & David, D. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22779 · Cited by 68
The relation between the five facets of mindfulness and worry in a non-clinical sample
Fisak, B., & von Lehe, A. C. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0075-0 · Cited by 75
“In one of the only studies conducted in this area, Hayes et al. (2010) examined mechanisms of change during ABBT and found that increases in acceptance of thoughts and feelings and engagement in valued activities during the course of treatment were associated with successful treatment outcome.”
BackgroundSander, A. M., Clark, A. N., Arciniegas, D. B., Tran, K., Leon-Novelo, L., Ngan, E., Bogaards, J., Sherer, M., & Walser, R. (2021) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2020.1762670 · Cited by 68
Khoramnia, S., Bavafa, A., Jaberghaderi, N., Parvizifard, A., Foroughi, A., Ahmadi, M., & Amiri, S. (2020) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0003 · Cited by 65
Prospective Investigation of the Contrast Avoidance Model of Generalized Anxiety and Worry.
Crouch, T. A., Lewis, J. A., Erickson, T., & Newman, M. G. (2017) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.10.001 · Cited by 46
Elliott, T. R., Hsiao, Y., Kimbrel, N. A., Meyer, E. C., DeBeer, B. B., Gulliver, S. B., Kwok, O., & Morissette, S. B. (2015) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/rep0000050 · Cited by 69
Mindfulness and Distress Tolerance: Relations in a Mindfulness Preventive Intervention
Lotan, G., Tanay, G., & Bernstein, A. (2013) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2013.6.4.371 · Cited by 59
Integrating and differentiating personality and psychopathology in cognitive behavioral therapy
Sauer-Zavala, S. E., Southward, M. W., & Semcho, S. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12602 · Cited by 58
Waters, C. S., Frude, N., Flaxman, P. E., & Boyd, J. (2018) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12155 · Cited by 50
Research on emotional schemas: A review of findings and challenges
Edwards, E. R., & Wupperman, P. (2018) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12171 · Cited by 51
“Furthermore, changes in these schemas may be associated with gains throughout the course of treatment (Bond & Bunce, 2000; Hayes et al., 2010; Lynch et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMindfulness and acceptance-based behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders.
Roemer, L., Williston, S. K., Eustis, E. H., & Orsillo, S. M. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0410-3 · Cited by 46
“indicated that increases in weekly reports of acceptance and valued action significantly predicted responder status over and above decreases in weekly reports of worry, among clients with GAD receiving ABBT [69], again supporting the model and suggesting that values clarification and action are important components.”
ResultSelf-citationCourage, self-compassion, and values in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Wetterneck, C. T., Lee, E. B., Smith, A. H., & Hart, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.09.002 · Cited by 47
“In a recent study of individuals with GAD, Hayes, Orsillo, and Roemer (2010) found that values and acceptance increased in parallel over 16 sessions while worry decreased at a similar rate.”
BackgroundZoogman, S., Goldberg, S. B., Vousoura, E., Diamond, M. C., & Miller, L. (2019) · Spirituality in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1037/scp0000202 · Cited by 41
Codd, R. T., Twohig, M. P., Crosby, J. M., & Enno, A. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.25.3.203 · Cited by 44
“Finally, mediational analyses, including findings of temporal changes in ACT processes prior to outcomes, have been found in the treatment of anxiety disorders (e.g., Hayes et al., 2010).”
MethodHinton, M. J., & Gaynor, S. T. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy · doi:10.1037/h0100906 · Cited by 43
Swain, J., Hancock, K., Hainsworth, C., & Bowman, J. (2015) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.09.001 · Cited by 40
Psychometric properties of the Valued Living Questionnaire Adapted to Dementia Caregiving
Romero-Moreno, R., Gallego-Alberto, L., Márquez-González, M., & Losada, A. (2017) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1191055 · Cited by 42
Swain, J., Hancock, K., Dixon, A., Koo, S., & Bowman, J. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-140 · Cited by 37
Bacon, T., Farhall, J., & Fossey, E. (2014) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000209 · Cited by 36
“Specific values questionnaires have also been used, although these often consist of predetermined values (Hayes et al., 2009; Vowels, McCracken and Eccleston, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodAzadeh, S. M., Kazemi-Zahrani, H., & Besharat, M. A. (2015) · Global journal of health science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v8n3p131 · Cited by 35
Donahue, J. J., Khan's, H., Huggins, J., & Marrow, T. (2017) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.01.003 · Cited by 42
“Next, as changes in valued living have previously predicted functional outcomes over and above mental health symptoms (Hayes et al., 2010), we hypothesized that valued living would be associated with anxietyrelated functional impairment, after controlling for PTS symptom severity, depressive symptoms, and number of pr…”
BackgroundAn Acceptance-Based Behavioral Therapy for Individuals With Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Hayes-Skelton, S. A., Orsillo, S. M., & Roemer, L. (2013) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.02.005 · Cited by 34
Self-citationPeople Create Health: Effective Health Promotion is a Creative Process.
Cloninger, C. R., & Cloninger, K. M. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.5750/ijpcm.v3i2.399 · Cited by 35
“, fighting or avoidance) leads to improvements in a wide range of disorders, including anxiety [26], depression [27, 28], psychosis [29, 30], and chronic pain in primary care [31].”
BackgroundDanitz, S. B., Suvak, M. K., & Orsillo, S. M. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.03.002 · Cited by 33
Self-citationRole of valued living and associations with functional outcome following traumatic brain injury
Pais (Hons.), C., Ponsford, J. L., Gould (Clin. Neuro), K. R., & Wong, D. (2019) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2017.1313745 · Cited by 33
“…intervention resulted in significant therapeutic gains such as action despite pain (Branstetter-Rost et al., 2009; McCracken & Yang, 2006), improved quality of life (Michelson et al., 2011), as well as maintenance of therapeutic gains over and above symptom reduction (Hayes et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultRoemer, L., Fuchs, C., & Orsillo, S. M. (2014) · Mindfulness-Based Treatment Approaches · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-416031-6.00005-0 · Cited by 30
Self-citationOng, C. W., Blakey, S. M., Smith, B. M., Morrison, K. L., Bluett, E. J., Abramowitz, J. S., & Twohig, M. P. (2020) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2019.100499 · Cited by 28
An Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Approach for Partner Aggression
Zarling, A. L., & Berta, M. (2017) · Partner Abuse · doi:10.1891/1946-6560.8.1.89 · Cited by 29
Huggins, J. L., Bonn‐Miller, M. O., Oser, M. L., Sorrell, J. T., & Trafton, J. A. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.10.008 · Cited by 24
Norouzi, M., Zargar, F., & Norouzi, F. (2017) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs.8005 · Cited by 21
“Such attempts might be unfruitful, resulting in the exacerbation of negative thoughts and feelings (22).”
BackgroundGraham-LoPresti, J. R., Gautier, S. W., Sorenson, S. M., & Hayes‐Skelton, S. A. (2017) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.12.003 · Cited by 19
Cobb, A. R., Lancaster, C. L., Meyer, E. C., Lee, H., & Telch, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.05.002 · Cited by 20
Ong, C. W., Woods, D. W., Franklin, M. E., Saunders, S. M., Neal-Barnett, A. M., Compton, S. N., & Twohig, M. P. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104302 · Cited by 18
“…the mediating role of hypothesized processes of change, including psychological flexibility, valued action, and aspects of mindfulness, on various outcomes (e.g., symptom severity, functioning, quality of life; Cederberg et al., 2016; Hayes et al., 2010; Pots et al., 2016; Twohig et al., 2015).”
Hildebrandt, M. J., & Hayes, S. C. (2012) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00448.x · Cited by 15
Self-citationMetaanalisis Efektivitas Acceptance and Commitment Therapy untuk Menangani Gangguan Kecemasan Umum
Prajogo, S. L., & Yudiarso, A. (2021) · Psikologika Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Psikologi · doi:10.20885/psikologika.vol26.iss1.art5 · Cited by 21
Zargar, F., Asghar, A., Atef-Vahid, M. K., Afshar, H., Maroofi, M., & Omranifard, V. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 15
Krafft, J., Ong, C. W., Davis, C. H., Petersen, J. M., Levin, M. E., & Twohig, M. P. (2022) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.05.008 · Cited by 15
Valued Living Before and After CBT
Hoyer, J., Čolić, J., Grübler, G., & Gloster, A. T. (2019) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-019-09430-x · Cited by 14
Evaluating ACT Processes in Relation to Outcome in Self-Help Treatment for Anxiety-Related Problems.
Ritzert, T. R., Berghoff, C. R., Tifft, E. D., & Forsyth, J. P. (2020) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445519855616 · Cited by 11
The Role of Acceptance and Change in Recovery from Substance Use Disorders
Chen, G. (2021) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2021.1979700 · Cited by 12
“Thus, research provides support for the acceptance of internal experiences as a mechanism of change within acceptance-based behavioral therapies (Hayes et al. 2006; Hayes, Orsillo, and Roemer 2010).”
BackgroundModelling the direct and indirect effects of thought suppression on personal choice
Hooper, N., Stewart, I., Duffy, C., Freegard, G., & McHugh, L. (2012) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2012.06.001 · Cited by 13
Zargar, F., Farid, A. A. A., Atef-Vahid, M. K., Afshar, H., & Omidi, A. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 12
Psychological flexibility and attitudes towards individuals with disabilities
Fuchs, H. (2022) · Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja · doi:10.14746/kse.2022.21.9 · Cited by 11
Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Interventions in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Vøllestad, J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22255-4_6 · Cited by 11
Mindfulness and acceptance-based behavioral therapies
Roemer, L., Graham, J. R., Morgan, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2014) · The Wiley Handbook of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch39 · Cited by 8
Self-citationClen, S. L., Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118528563.wbcbt05 · Cited by 10
Berghoff, C. R., Forsyth, J. P., Ritzert, T. R., & Sheppard, S. C. (2014) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.04.001 · Cited by 8
Meagher, R., Chessor, D., & Fogliati, V. J. (2018) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12288 · Cited by 7
The challenge of learning adaptive mental behavior.
Hitchcock, P. F., & Frank, M. J. (2024) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000924 · Cited by 11
Online intervention for couples affected by generalized anxiety disorder
Benson, L. A., Doss, B. D., & Christensen, A. (2018) · The European Journal of Counselling Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejcop.v7i1.108 · Cited by 9
Rezaeisharif, A., Cheraghian, H., & Naeim, M. (2021) · Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment · doi:10.1097/adt.0000000000000265 · Cited by 8
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: How It Compares to PTSD
Przeworski, A., & Dunbeck, K. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08359-9_118 · Cited by 8
A Case of Premature Termination in a Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Boswell, J. F., Llera, S. J., Newman, M. G., & Castonguay, L. G. (2011) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.09.001 · Cited by 8
“In fact, a recent study conducted by Hayes, Orsillo, and Roemer (2010) found that an increase in GAD clients’ acceptance of internal experiences was related to positive outcome.”
BackgroundExposure and Reactivity to Repetitive Thought in the Neuroticism–Distress Relationship
Segerstrom, S. C., Gloger, E. M., Hardy, J. K., & Crofford, L. J. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10078-4 · Cited by 8
Miller, A. N., & Orsillo, S. M. (2020) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2020.1845618 · Cited by 7
“Research has documented an association between overall (not career-specific) values consistency, or ways of living in accordance with what is personally meaningful, and psychosocial well-being (e.g., Hayes et al., 2010; Levin et al., 2012; Michelson et al., 2011; Vowles et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationShame, Self-Compassion, and Valued Living Among Survivors of Interpersonal Violence
Cabrera, K. B., Benz, M. B., Kline, N. K., & Reed, K. M. P. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01676-8 · Cited by 11
Family mode deactivation therapy (FMDT) as a contextual treatment.
Swart, J., & Apsche, J. A. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy · doi:10.1037/h0101012 · Cited by 7
이성준, Gim, W.-S., & 유연재 (2013) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2013.18.1.013 · Cited by 7
Al-Jabari, R. M. (2012) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc177172 · Cited by 7
The Challenge of Learning Adaptive Mental BehaviorPreprint
Hitchcock, P., & Frank, M. J. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/agprs · Cited by 6
Acceptance-based behavioral therapies for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2020) · Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Worrying · doi:10.1002/9781119189909.ch12 · Cited by 5
Self-citationDahlin, M. (2020) · Linköping studies in behavioural science · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-170049 · Cited by 5
Javaherirenani, R., Ahadianfard, P., & Ashouri, A. (2021) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs.114376 · Cited by 5
Ghomian, S., & Shairi, M. R. (2014) · Cited by 5
Waring, H., Jones, A., Brink, A. F. T., Göebel, A., McCabe, C., Bultitude, J. H., & Jordan, A. L. (2025) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105354 · Cited by 4
Values in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
LeJeune, J. T., & Luoma, J. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197550076.013.12 · Cited by 7
Associations between valued living and responsiveness to daily rewards
Fields, J. S., Browne, R. K., Wieman, S. T., Lord, K. A., Orsillo, S. M., & Liverant, G. I. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.10.005 · Cited by 4
Self-citationGeneralized Anxiety Disorder: How it Compares to PTSD
Przeworski, A., & Dunbeck, K. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08613-2_118-1 · Cited by 4
Woodruff, S. C., Arnkoff, D. B., Glass, C. R., & Hindman, R. K. (2014) · The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness · doi:10.1002/9781118294895.ch37 · Cited by 3
Macías, J., Ruiz‐García, A., & Aguayo, L. V. (2023) · Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual · doi:10.51668/bp.8323202n · Cited by 3
Common Treatment Elements of Manualized Evidence-Based Treatments for Youth Anxiety Disorders
Cepeda, S. L., Grassie, H. L., & Ehrenreich-May, J. (2022) · Advances in Psychiatry and Behavioral Health · doi:10.1016/j.ypsc.2022.06.005 · Cited by 2
Gratz, K. L., Bentley, J. P., & Young, J. N. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000349 · Cited by 2
Gül, K., & Gül, M. (2022) · Turk Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi · doi:10.26677/tr1010.2022.1091 · Cited by 2
Morgan, L. P. K. (2011) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Hayes, S. A., Orsillo, S. M., & Roemer, L.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hayes, Sarah A.
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 238-245
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2829361
- OpenAlex
- W2165737053
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 6.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH074589, R21MH063208)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- generalized anxiety disorder, mechanisms of change, experiential avoidance, worry, quality of life, treatment outcome prediction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Behavior Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Processes, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Prognosis, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Logistic Models, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
