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Ten Years of Theta Burst Stimulation in Humans: Established Knowledge, Unknowns and Prospects
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Background/objectives Over the last ten years, an increasing number of authors have used the theta burst stimulation (TBS) protocol to investigate long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD)-like plasticity non-invasively in the primary motor cortex (M1) in healthy humans and in patients with various types of movement disorders. We here provide a comprehensive review of the LTP/LTD-like plasticity induced by TBS in the human M1. Methods A workgroup of researchers expert in this research field review and discuss critically ten years of experimental evidence from TBS studies in humans and in animal models. The review also includes the discussion of studies assessing responses to TBS in patients with movement disorders. Main findings/discussion We discuss experimental studies applying TBS over the M1 or in other cortical regions functionally connected to M1 in healthy subjects and in patients with various types of movement disorders. We also review experimental evidence coming from TBS studies in animals. Finally, we clarify the status of TBS as a possible new non-invasive therapy aimed at improving symptoms in various neurological disorders.
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“This stimulation paradigm mimics endogenous patterns of neural firing associated with induction of LTP (Larson and Lynch, 1986;Suppa et al., 2016) and may modulate networks involved in the pathophysiology of depression (Li et al., 2018).”
From Neurocognitive effects of theta burst stimulation for treatment-resistant depression in adults: A systematic review and recommendations for future research (2025) · cites this paper as Suppa et al., 2016
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Metadata
- Authors
- Suppa, A., Huang, Y.-Z., Funke, K., Ridding, M. C., Cheeran, B., Di Lazzaro, V., Ziemann, U., & Rothwell, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (IT)
- Chang Gung University (TW)
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (DE)
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Suppa, A.
- Venue
- Brain Stimulation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 323-335
- ISSN
- 1876-4754 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-861X
- OpenAlex
- W2287057286
- Cited by
- 609
- References
- 159
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 3.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doaj.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain stimulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Keywords
- theta burst stimulation, long-term potentiation, long-term depression, synaptic plasticity, primary motor cortex, non-invasive brain stimulation, movement disorders, animal models, non-invasive treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Motor Cortex, Movement Disorders, Neuronal Plasticity, Theta Rhythm, Long-Term Potentiation, Evoked Potentials, Motor, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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