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Circular RNA: A new star of noncoding RNAs
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel type of RNA that, unlike linear RNAs, form a covalently closed continuous loop and are highly represented in the eukaryotic transcriptome. Recent studies have discovered thousands of endogenous circRNAs in mammalian cells. CircRNAs are largely generated from exonic or intronic sequences, and reverse complementary sequences or RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are necessary for circRNA biogenesis. The majority of circRNAs are conserved across species, are stable and resistant to RNase R, and often exhibit tissue/developmental-stage-specific expression. Recent research has revealed that circRNAs can function as microRNA (miRNA) sponges, regulators of splicing and transcription, and modifiers of parental gene expression. Emerging evidence indicates that circRNAs might play important roles in atherosclerotic vascular disease risk, neurological disorders, prion diseases and cancer; exhibit aberrant expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC); and serve as diagnostic or predictive biomarkers of some diseases. Similar to miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), circRNAs are becoming a new research hotspot in the field of RNA and could be widely involved in the processes of life. Herein, we review the formation and properties of circRNAs, their functions, and their potential significance in disease.
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“Originating from various genomic regions, circRNAs are synthesized by the back-splicing of protein-coding precursor mRNAs (primarily in eukaryotes) [25,26].”
From Circular RNAs in depression: Biogenesis, function, expression, and therapeutic potential (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
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“Another type of noncoding RNA, circular RNA, usually has miRNA sponge functionality and interacts with RNA-binding proteins associated with tumorigenesis (76,77).”
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“4 As reported, circRNAs are abnormally expressed in a variety of cancers and is involved in tumor proliferation and metastasis.”
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“Circular RNA (circRNA) is a novel class of endogenous noncoding RNAs formed by a covalently closed loop [6].”
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“CircRNAs are specifically expressed in cells or tissues, evolutionarily conserved across species, and relatively stable as a result of resistance to RNase R [4].”
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“They are created by RNA splicing events that occur at a characteristic “head to tail” splice junction, where an acceptor splice site at the 5′ end of an exon and a donor site at the 3′ end of a downstream exon are joined [6].”
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Knockdown of circHomer1 ameliorates METH-induced neuronal injury through inhibiting Bbc3 expression
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“CircRNAs are largely generated from exons, introns, or intergenic regions, and abundantly represented in eukaryotes with cell/tissue-specific expression patterns.(5) Additionally, increasing evidence indicates that circRNAs are involved in the occurrence and development of malignant cancers via the modulation of cell…”
BackgroundLuo, Q., Guo, F., Fu, Q., & Sui, G. (2021) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2021.02.023 · Cited by 23
The Biogenesis and Functions of circRNAs and Their Roles in Breast Cancer
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“These data imply that general splicing parameters, like MBL, may affect alternative RNA splicing, regulate circRNA biogenesis, and canonical splicing (52).”
BackgroundLi, N., & Zhu, D. (2021) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.1080/15384101.2021.1919829 · Cited by 23
Prediction of circRNA‐miRNA Associations Based on Network Embedding
Lan, W., Zhu, M., Chen, Q., Chen, J., Jin, Y., Liu, J., Peng, W., & Pan, S. (2021) · Complexity · doi:10.1155/2021/6659695 · Cited by 23
“circRNA is a new group of endogenous noncoding RNA that is highly represented in the mammalian transcriptome [1].”
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Lodde, V., Floris, M., Muroni, M. R., Cucca, F., & Idda, M. L. (2021) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1697 · Cited by 22
Chen, Y., Miao, J., & Lou, G. (2021) · Journal of Ovarian Research · doi:10.1186/s13048-021-00891-0 · Cited by 23
“In mammalian cells, lots of circRNAs are abundant, conserved, and stable [9].”
BackgroundKe, Y., Jiang, Z., Miao, X., Zhou, Y. L., Du, X., Lai, K., Wang, Y., & Yang, G. (2022) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.05.020 · Cited by 23
Noncoding RNAs regulating cardiac muscle mass
Wadley, G. D., Lamon, S., Alexander, S. E., McMullen, J. R., & Bernardo, B. C. (2018) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00904.2018 · Cited by 23
“Bioinformatics coupled to next-generation RNA sequencing tools predict the existence of thousands of circRNAs in the human genome (102).”
BackgroundWang, J., Sun, H., Zhou, Y., Huang, K., Que, J., Peng, Y., Wang, J., Lin, C., Xue, Y., & Ji, K. (2019) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.28333 · Cited by 23
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Identification of breast cancer-related circRNAs by analysis of microarray and RNA-sequencing data
Zhao, C., Qu, L., Zhang, H., & Qu, R. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000018042 · Cited by 23
“As novel non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulate eukaryotic gene expression.([5]) They are formed by back-splicing covalently joined 30 and 50 ends, which is distinct from the canonical splicing of linear RNAs.”
BackgroundChen, Q., Liu, M., Luo, Y., Yu, H., Zhang, J., Li, D., & He, Q. (2020) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2020.144354 · Cited by 23
Liu, Q., Wang, C., Jiang, Z., Li, S., Li, F., Tan, H., & Yue, S. (2020) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.16047 · Cited by 23
Cai, Y., Xu, L., Xu, C., Wang, Y., & Fan, C. (2020) · Perfusion · doi:10.1177/0267659120979472 · Cited by 23
Roles of circRNAs on tumor autophagy
Cui, W., Dang, Q., Chen, C., Yuan, W., & Sun, Z. (2021) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2021.01.002 · Cited by 23
“Unlike traditional linear RNA, they have a circular closed structure formed by backsplicing without 30-50 polarity.(24) Recent studies have reported many ways in which circRNAs originate in cells(6) (Figure 1).”
BackgroundCircular RNA circitga7 accelerates glioma progression via miR-34a-5p/VEGFA axis
Qi, L., Wang, W., Zhao, G., Jiang, H., Zhang, Y., Zhao, D., Jin, H., Yu, H., & Xu, H. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.202996 · Cited by 23
“Extensive research efforts have been dedicated to understanding the functions and mechanisms of circRNAs in cancer [22].”
BackgroundProgress in Understanding the Relationship Between Circular RNAs and Neurological Disorders
Wang, Q., Qu, L., Chen, X., Zhao, Y., & Luo, Q. (2018) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-018-1125-z · Cited by 22
Diagnostic performance of circular RNAs in human cancers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Li, J., Li, H., Lv, X., Yang, Z., Gao, M., Bi, Y., Zhang, Z., Wang, S., Cui, Z., Zhou, B., et al. (2019) · Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine · doi:10.1002/mgg3.749 · Cited by 21
“CircRNAs might regulate carcinogenesis of different cancer through their complex biological functions, involving serving as ceRNAs or miRNA sponge, regulation of gene transcription, or splicing and interaction with other proteins as well as translation into proteins (Barrett & Salzman, 2016; Chen, Li, Tan, & Liu, 2016…”
BackgroundInfluentialLi, D., Yang, R., Liu, Y., Wang, D., Xin Min, Z. H. O. U., & Sun, Y. (2019) · OncoTargets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/ott.s201310 · Cited by 26
“Taken together, the accumulating evidence indicates that circRNAs may also functional in CRC progression and exert regulatory functions by sponging miR-149.(29,30) Moreover, further specific work should be conducted to uncover whether circANKS1B plays a role in other cancer processes.”
BackgroundCircular RNA Expression Profiles and Bioinformatic Analysis in Coronary Heart Disease
Yu, F., Tie, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Yu, L., Zhong, L., & Zhang, C. (2020) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi-2019-0369 · Cited by 22
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“The covalently closed annular structure of circRNAs is different from the linear structure of mRNAs due to high sequence conservation and stability [5].”
BackgroundHui, Y., Jin, D., Leng, J., Liu, D., Yuan, P., Tang, C., & Wang, Q. (2021) · Pathology - Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.prp.2021.153692 · Cited by 21
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The role of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network in endothelial dysfunction
Nishita-Hiresha, V., Varsha, R., Jayasuriya, R., & Ramkumar, K. M. (2022) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2022.146950 · Cited by 22
RNA binding protein SAMD4: current knowledge and future perspectives
Wang, X., & Zhang, L. (2023) · Cell & Bioscience · doi:10.1186/s13578-023-00968-x · Cited by 20
Circular RNAs: Novel rising stars in cardiovascular disease research
Wang, H., Yang, J., Yang, J., Fan, Z., & Yang, C. (2015) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.10.051 · Cited by 22
“CircRNAs aremainly generated fromexonic/intronic sequences and reverse complementary sequences or RNAbinding proteins are necessary for its biogenesis [5].”
BackgroundCircular RNAs function as competing endogenous RNAs in multiple types of cancer (Review)
Ji, Q., Zhang, C., Sun, X., & Li, Q. (2017) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2017.7348 · Cited by 22
“Circular (circ)RNAs, a subset of ncRNAs that are generally composed of >200 nucleotides (with a minority <200 nucleotides), have also been grouped into lncRNAs (11). circRNAs have become another focus in the field of ncRNA research (12).”
Circular RNA expression profiles in neonatal rats following hypoxic-ischemic brain damage
Jiang, L., Li, H., Fan, Z., Zhao, R., & Xia, Z. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2019.4111 · Cited by 22
Lai, Z., Yang, Y., Wang, C., Yang, W., Yan, Y., Wang, Z., Xu, J., & Jiang, K. (2019) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.1080/15384101.2019.1618122 · Cited by 22
“Some circRNAs and their corresponding linear RNAs are derived from the same exon, suggesting that circRNA might function as a new member of the ceRNA family [6].”
BackgroundCircRNA circPDSS1 promotes bladder cancer by down-regulating miR-16
Yu, Q., Liu, P., Han, G., Xue, X., & Ma, D. (2019) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20191961 · Cited by 22
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“Circular RNA, also known as cirRNA, is a group of circular form single-stranded RNA with limited or no protein coding capacity (6).”
BackgroundZhao, D., Liu, H., Liu, H., Zhang, X., Zhang, M., Kolluri, V. K., Feng, X., He, Z., Wang, M., Zhu, T., et al. (2020) · PubMed Central · Cited by 21
A Guide to the Short, Long and Circular RNAs in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease
Prestes, P. R., Maier, M. C., Woods, B. A., & Charchar, F. J. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21103666 · Cited by 23
“Meanwhile, circRNAs are formed by back-splicing, promoting the circularization process where exons and/or introns converge onto each other, potentially protecting them from degradation and conferring a half-life of approximately 48 h, around five times more stable than linear mRNAs (Figure 3) [56].”
BackgroundGuo, D., Li, F., Zhao, X., Long, B., Zhang, S., Wang, A., Cao, D., Sun, J. H., & Li, B. (2020) · Oncology Reports · doi:10.3892/or.2020.7626 · Cited by 22
“Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have attracted attention in the field of RNA research (10,11).”
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Circular RNA-ITCH Inhibits the Proliferation of Ovarian Carcinoma by Downregulating lncRNA HULC
Yan, H., Xiang, H., Sun, B., Feng, F., & Chen, P. (2020) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-019-00049-w · Cited by 21
CircRNA-PTN Sponges miR-326 to Promote Proliferation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Jia, B., Yin, X., Wang, Y., Qian, J., He, Y., Yang, C., Yu, G., Guo, B. H., & Meng, X.-L. (2020) · OncoTargets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/ott.s251300 · Cited by 21
“Luciferase Reporter Assay To detect the interaction between circRNA and miRNA.”
BackgroundInfluentialXiong, G., Diao, D., Lu, D., Liu, X., Liu, Z., Mai, S., Feng, S., Dong, X., & Cai, K. (2020) · OncoTargets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/ott.s247847 · Cited by 21
“They are highly conserved and abundant through different species for their stable structure which can resist the digestion of RNase R making them idea biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis.(5,6) Since early discovered, circRNAs were identified as splicing errors or by-product of incorrect RNA splicing with no value.”
BackgroundCircMKLN1 Suppresses the Progression of Human Retinoblastoma by Modulation of miR-425-5p/PDCD4 Axis
Xu, L., Long, H., Zhou, B., Jiang, H., & Cai, M. (2021) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.1080/02713683.2021.1927110 · Cited by 21
“Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel category of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that generated by back-splicing pre-mRNAs.(4) Emerging evidence has confirmed that circRNAs exist in human cancers and play vital regulatory roles in tumor progression.”
BackgroundWang, G., Sun, Q., Wang, H., & Liu, H. (2021) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2021.104185 · Cited by 19
Current Understanding of Circular RNAs in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Liu, H., Zou, Y., Chen, C., Tang, Y., & Guo, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.628872 · Cited by 21
“Since the landmark finding of CDR1as and circSry in 2013, which could function as microRNA sponge (17, 18), the circRNAs have become a novel hotspot in non-coding RNAs (19).”
BackgroundPotential molecular mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy in mice induced by exposure to ambient PM2.5
Liu, Q., Han, B., Zhang, Y., Jiang, T., Ning, J., Kang, A., Huang, X., Zhang, H., Pang, Y., Zhang, B., et al. (2021) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112659 · Cited by 21
Circular RNA PVT1 inhibits tendon stem/progenitor cell senescence by sponging microRNA-199a-5p
Han, W., Tao, X., Weng, T., & Chen, L. (2021) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105297 · Cited by 21
Rahmani-Kukia, N., & Abbasi, A. (2022) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2022.08.012 · Cited by 22
“INTRODUCTION Circular RNAs (circRNAs) belong to a large group of non-encoded RNAs with a loop-like structure through 50 (downstream splicedonor site) and 30 (upstream splice-acceptor site) ends back-splicing through a covalent bond without any 50 cap and poly A tail.(1) CircRNAs were originally identified in viruses o…”
The gene regulatory role of non-coding RNAs in non-obstructive azoospermia
Zhou, G., Zhang, M., Zhang, J., Feng, Y., Xie, Z., Liu, S., Zhu, D., & Luo, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.959487 · Cited by 21
Identifying circRNA-miRNA interaction based on multi-biological interaction fusion
Yao, D., Nong, L., Qin, M., Wu, S., & Yao, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.987930 · Cited by 21
“Further experiments proved that circRNA is rich in miRNA binding sites, which can act as a miRNA sponge in cells to splice, transcribe, and modify the expression of parental genes (Qu et al., 2015; Rybak-Wolf et al., 2015).”
BackgroundCao, C., Yang, S., Li, M., & Li, C. (2023) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-023-05352-7 · Cited by 21
“cells[3-5], thus relieving the repressive effect of miRNA on its target genes and increasing the expression level of target genes.”
BackgroundCircular RNA in cervical cancer: Fundamental mechanism and clinical potential
Begliarzade, S., Sufianov, A. A., Ilyasova, T., Shumadalova, A. V., Sufianov, R. A., Beylerli, O., & Yan, Z. (2023) · Non-coding RNA Research · doi:10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.11.009 · Cited by 21
“Other nuclear circRNAs, including ciRNA from the gene ankyrin repeat domain 52 (ANKRD52) (ci-ankrd52) and ciRNA from the gene Sirtuin 7(SIRT7) (ci-SIRT7), interact with Pol II, thereby modulating the transcriptional rate of parental genes by accumulating at active transcription sites [21].”
BackgroundInfluentialAn Encoding-Decoding Framework Based on CNN for circRNA-RBP Binding Sites Prediction
Guo, Y., Lei, X., & Pan, Y. F. (2024) · Chinese Journal of Electronics · doi:10.23919/cje.2022.00.361 · Cited by 21
Expression profile of circular RNAs in infantile hemangioma detected by RNA-Seq
Li, J., Li, Q., Chen, L., Gao, Y., & Li, J. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000010882 · Cited by 21
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“The primary function of circRNAs is to modulate the expression of parental genes and alternative splicing or transcription (Ashwal‐Fluss et al., 2014; Li, Huang, et al., 2015; Qu et al., 2015).”
BackgroundWang, J., Zhang, Y., Zhu, F., Chen, L., Wei, Y., Zhu, Q., Jiang, J., Huang, J.-A., Guo, Q., & Yang, X. (2021) · Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12038-021-00152-8 · Cited by 20
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Quantifying full-length circular RNAs in cancerPreprint
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“Since circRNAs are relatively stable as compared to their linear counterparts due to their resistance to RNA exonuclease [10], they can potentially be used as diagnostic biomarkers of cancer [17, 18].”
Yang, J., & Wu, J. (2023) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1080/14737159.2023.2208750 · Cited by 19
“CircRNAs have tissue, space, and time specificity and can be used as biomarkers because of their resistance to RNase digestion [81,82].”
BackgroundNon-Coding RNA as a Biomarker in Lung Cancer
Suri, C., Swarnkar, S., Bhaskar, L. V., & Verma, H. K. (2024) · Non-Coding RNA · doi:10.3390/ncrna10050050 · Cited by 23
“…in LC patients provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic information, potentially improving early detection rates and treatment strategies for this deadly disease [68]. circRNAs are a class of ncRNAs characterized by a covalently closed loop structure, which provides them with stability [69].”
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“Unlike the linear RNAs, circRNAs have no free 3′-end polyA tail and 5′-end cap, which prevents them from being digested by nucleic acid exonuclease [10].”
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“high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatic analysis [10, 30].”
BackgroundcircRNA Expression Profile in Dental Pulp Stem Cells during Odontogenic Differentiation
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“circRNA molecules are more structurally stable than linear RNA [19].”
BackgroundHsa_circ_0038383-mediated competitive endogenous RNA network in recurrent implantation failure
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Circular RNAs: Novel target of diabetic retinopathy
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“Luciferase activity screening showed that miR29a-3p had higher expression than other miRNA and had similar expression abundance as cZNF532 [73]. CZNF532 acted as a sponge of miR-29a-3p. TargetScan determined 210 Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (2021) 22:205–216”
BackgroundLiu, W., Lei, L., Liu, X., & Ye, S. (2021) · Genes & Genomics · doi:10.1007/s13258-021-01094-z · Cited by 20
Circle the Cardiac Remodeling With circRNAs
Yang, T., Long, T., Du, T., Chen, Y., Dong, Y., & Huang, Z.-P. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.702586 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Qu, S., Yang, X., Li, X., Wang, J., Gao, Y., Shang, R., Sun, W., Dou, K., & Li, H.
- Affiliations
- Xijing Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Haimin
- Venue
- Cancer Letters
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 365
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 141-148
- ISSN
- 0304-3835 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1866220599
- Cited by
- 1,808
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 142 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 236 · 2021: 328 · 2020: 326 · 2019: 205 · 2018: 154 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 9.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cancer Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81772061)
- Health Public Welfare Industry Special Scientific Research Projects of China (201202007)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Circular RNAs in diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
- Keywords
- circular RNA, circRNA biogenesis, RNA-binding proteins, microRNA sponge, RNA splicing regulation, transcriptional regulation, circRNA stability, disease biomarkers, colorectal cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, atherosclerosis, neurological disorders, prion disease, long non-coding RNA
- MeSH terms
- RNA, Circular, Exoribonucleases, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Neoplasms, RNA, RNA Splicing, Transcription, Genetic, RNA, Untranslated
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