Allosteric SHP2 inhibitors in cancer: Targeting the intersection of RAS, resistance, and the immune microenvironment
Abstract
The nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (encoded by PTPN11) integrates growth and differentiation signals from receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) into the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. Considered 'undruggable' over three decades, SHP2 is now a potentially druggable target with the advent of allosteric SHP2 inhibitors. These agents hold promise for improving patient outcomes, showing efficacy in preclinical cancer models, where SHP2 is critical for either oncogenic signaling or resistance to current targeted agents. SHP2 inhibition may also produce immunomodulatory effects in certain tumor microenvironment cells to help cultivate antitumor immune responses. The first generation of allosteric SHP2 inhibitors is under clinical evaluation to determine safety, appropriate tolerability management, and antitumor efficacy, investigations that will dictate future clinical applications.
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SHP2 has been considered an "undruggable" target protein for a long time.
“As a result, SHP2 has been considered an “undruggable” target protein for a long time.”
From Recent advances in targeting the “undruggable” proteins: from drug discovery to clinical trials (2023) · cites this paper as [271]
SHP2 inhibition may also produce immunomodulatory effects in T cells and macrophages to elicit antitumor immune responses.
“SHP2 inhibition may also yield immuno-modulatory effects in T-cells and macrophages to elicit antitumor immune responses (37).”
From Expanding the Reach of Precision Oncology by Drugging All <i>KRAS</i> Mutants (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
Multiple SHP2 inhibitors are in clinical trials for KRAS G12C-mutant tumors and other indications.
“multiple SHP2i are in clinical trials for KRAS G12C -mutant tumors and other indications (e.g., NCT05480865, NCT03565003, NCT04916236, NCT04699188) (47).”
From Genome-Wide CRISPR Screens Identify Multiple Synthetic Lethal Targets That Enhance KRASG12C Inhibitor Efficacy (2023) · cites this paper as [47]
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Shp2 in Alveolar Macrophages Regulates Macrophage I Phenotype in Acute Lung Injury
Wang, D., & Cao, Q. (2022) · International Journal of Toxicology · doi:10.1177/10915818221105227 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pandey, G., Mazzacurati, L., Rowsell, T. M., Horvat, N. P., Amin, N. E., Zhang, G., Akuffo, A. A., Colin, C., Haura, E. B., Kuykendall, A. T., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.27282 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Guo, Y. L., Xu, Y., Dong, X., & Zhang, J. (2021) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.202100186 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Moon, D. (2025) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb47050309 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Marotta, M., Zirpoli, S., Prevete, N., Simone, C. D., Cristofano, A. D., Liotti, F., & Melillo, R. M. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118384 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
From Stem to Sternum: The Role of Shp2 in the Skeleton
Jensen, N. R., Kelly, R. R., Kelly, K. D., Khoo, S. K., Sidles, S. J., & LaRue, A. C. (2022) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-022-01042-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhu, X., Qiu, Z., Yang, M., Yang, J., Kong, L., Li, L., Huang, Y., & Xie, L. (2024) · Journal of Cancer · doi:10.7150/jca.96059 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A hotspot phosphorylation site on SHP2 drives oncoprotein activation and drug resistance
Karunaraj, P., Scheele, R., Wells, M. L., Rathod, R., Gokulu, I. S., Abrahamson, S. R., Taylor, L., Chowdhury, L., Kazmi, A., Song, W., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-70060-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Enzyme Is the Name—Adapter Is the Game
Huber, M., & Brummer, T. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13151249 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A first-in-human phase 1 study of the SHP2 inhibitor BBP-398 in patients with advanced solid tumors
Falchook, G. S., Xavier, C. B., Veenhuyzen, D. F. V., Malhotra, J. D., Sadeghi, S., Kalebasty, A. R., Wood, L., Rahman, F., Li, E., Pak, Y., et al. (2026) · npj Precision Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41698-026-01340-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Systematic and precise interventions for KRAS-mutant cancers
Liang, J., Wu, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Zheng, Y., & He, Q. (2026) · Experimental Hematology and Oncology · doi:10.1186/s40164-026-00763-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wujieti, B., Hao, M., Liu, E., Zhou, L., Wang, H., Zhang, Y., Cui, W., & Chen, B. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30010014 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hamilton, G., Stickler, S., & Rath, B. (2023) · Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy · doi:10.37349/etat.2023.00178 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Therapeutic Targeting of RAS Mutant Cancers
Stites, E. C., Paskvan, K. V., & Kato, S. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009064828 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Song, Y., Ren, X., Yang, X., Xiong, J., Wang, W., Tang, K., & Yu, B. (2025) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c00524 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Du, T., Gu, L., Xu, S., Zhang, J., Qiu, X., Liu, W., Zheng, G., Li, B., Zhou, B., & Li, M.-Y. (2025) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2025.2507815 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Zhu, C., Si, C., Lin, Y., Guo, Q., Zhou, H., & Yu, Z. (2026) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2026.118708 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
SHP2 is involved in the occurrence, development and prognosis of cancer
Li, S., Qu, J., Wang, X., Zou, Q., & Li, C. (2023) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2023.13979 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Popescu, B. O., & Shannon, K. (2023) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20230082 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Prediction of SHP2-E76K binding sites based on molecular dynamics simulation and Markov algorithm
Zhang, S., Chen, L., Shi, Z., Li, X., & Ma, Y. (2024) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2024.2431193 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, M., Wu, S., Liu, M., Li, H., Wang, L., Duan, F., Han, R., Shan, C., Jiang, Z., Liao, J., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.117988 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
PZR: Advances in research from cellular signaling Hub to emerging therapeutic targets
Wang, H. P., Sha, W., Fu, Y., & Wang, H. (2025) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2025.112061 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tumoral IL-10-activated SHP2 in macrophages promotes mammary carcinoma progression
Gao, J., Chen, Z., Wang, Y., Guo, L., Fan, M., Zhou, L., Wang, L., Huang, Y., Sun, Y., Guo, W., et al. (2024) · Fundamental Research · doi:10.1016/j.fmre.2024.03.026 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kerr, D. L., Haderk, F., & Bivona, T. G.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Haderk, Franziska
- Bivona, Trever G.
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 62
- Pages
- 1-12
- ISSN
- 1367-5931 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3119111229
- Semantic Scholar
- 43b28bc12d7d73ea881161927484ea7cf2e008a9
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 17
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Chemical Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Novartis
- Revolution Medicines and Strategia
- NIH
- NCI (R01CA231300, U54CA224081, R01CA204302, R01CA211052, R01CA169338)
- Pew and Stewart Foundations
- German Cancer Aid
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
- Keywords
- SHP2, allosteric inhibitors, PTPN11, RAS/MAPK pathway, receptor tyrosine kinase, drug resistance, tumor immune microenvironment, immunomodulation, antitumor immunity, cancer therapy, protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors
- MeSH terms
- Allosteric Regulation, Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Enzyme Inhibitors, Humans, Immunotherapy, Protein Binding, Protein Conformation, Signal Transduction, ras Proteins, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Cell Line, Tumor, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11, Molecular Docking Simulation
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