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Imagery Rescripting of Early Traumatic Memories in Social Phobia
Open accessAbstract
Negative self-images appear to play a role in the maintenance of social phobia and research suggests they are often linked to earlier memories of socially traumatic events. Imagery rescripting is a clinical intervention that aims to update such unpleasant or traumatic memories, and is increasingly being incorporated in cognitive behavioral therapy programs. In previous research, we have found that imagery rescripting was superior to a control condition in terms of its beneficial effects on negative beliefs, image and memory distress, fear of negative evaluation, and anxiety in social situations. In this article, we describe our imagery rescripting procedure. We consider the importance of updating negative imagery in social phobia, the theoretical basis for imagery rescripting, directions for future research, and how to conduct imagery rescripting, including potential problems and their solutions.
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“Preliminary research has also shown promising results of clinical interventions that specifically focus on threat imagery in anxiety disorders, such as imagery rescripting [34–37] or EMDR therapy [38–40].”
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“Individuals with anxiety disorders are often bothered by intrusive thoughts and images.”
From Changes in perceived centrality of anxious events following cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder and panic disorder (2018) · cites this paper as Wild & Clark, 2011
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“Second, negative imagery motivates patients to use safety-seeking behaviors, which can interfere with their social performance and make them appear less interested in other people than they really are (Alden & Taylor, 2004; Clark & Wells, 1995; Hirsch, Meynen, & Clark, 2004; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997).”
BackgroundIntegration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious
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“Finally, conducting much of the procedure in imagery may be beneficial: it may engender the experience of having had a concrete experience (Epstein, 1994).”
BackgroundA cognitive model of social phobia
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“Imagery rescripting techniques have been used as major components of CBT programs for borderline personality disorder (Giesen-Bloo et al., 2006), bulimia (Cooper, Todd, & Turner, 2007), and posttraumatic stress disorder arising from childhood sexual abuse (Smucker & Neiderdee, 1995).”
MethodSocial phobia : diagnosis, assessment, and treatment
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Emotion regulation in schema therapy and dialectical behavior therapy.
Fassbinder, E., Schweiger, U., Martius, D., Brand-de Wilde, O., & Arntz, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01373 · Cited by 163
Virtual reality in the treatment of eating disorders
Riva, G., Malighetti, C., & Serino, S. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2622 · Cited by 139
Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Lindner, P. (2021) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-020-00090-7 · Cited by 120
Clark, D. M., Wild, J., Warnock-Parkes, E., Stott, R., Grey, N., Thew, G., & Ehlers, A. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722002008 · Cited by 88
“…negative predictions while dropping their safety behaviours and focusing externally; (g) decatas-trophizing exercises; and (h) techniques (discrimination training and memory rescripting) for reducing the impact of early socially Psychological Medicine traumatic memories (see Wild and Clark, 2011).”
Self-citationLindner, P., Hamilton, W., Miloff, A., & Carlbring, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00792 · Cited by 90
“A related type of cognitive exercise well-suited for the VR modality is imagery rescripting (31, 32) and positive imagery training (33).”
BackgroundThe impact of imagery rescripting on memory appraisals and core beliefs in social anxiety disorder
Reimer, S. G., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.10.007 · Cited by 86
“For these reasons, some researchers have likened the phenomenon of intrusive imagery in social anxiety to that of intrusive imagery in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD; Erwin, Heimberg, Marx, & Franklin, 2006; Wild & Clark, 2011).”
BackgroundSocial trauma and its association with posttraumatic stress disorder and social anxiety disorder
Bjornsson, A. S., Hardarson, J., Valdimarsdottir, A. G., Guðmundsdóttir, K., Tryggvadóttir, A., Þórarinsdóttir, K., Wessman, I. D., Sigurjónsdóttir, Ó., Davíðsdóttir, S. D., & Thorisdottir, A. S. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102228 · Cited by 74
McEvoy, P. M., Erceg-Hurn, D. M., Saulsman, L. M., & Thibodeau, M. A. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.12.011 · Cited by 69
“…have found that imagery rescripting alone is associated with significant improvements in negative social beliefs, the vividness and distress of negative images and early memories, fear of negative evaluation, and social anxiety symptoms (e.g., Nilsson, Lundh, & Viborg, 2012; Wild & Clark, 2011).”
BackgroundThe Treatment of Mental Contamination: A Case Series
Coughtrey, A. E., Shafran, R., Lee, M., & Rachman, S. (2012) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2012.07.002 · Cited by 68
“They were encouraged to distance themselves from any images that are causing feelings of contamination and rescript them (e.g. see Wild & Clark, 2011).”
Internet-Delivered Cognitive Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Development Pilot Series
Stott, R., Wild, J., Grey, N., Liness, S., Warnock-Parkes, E., Commins, S., Readings, J., Bremner, G., Woodward, E., Ehlers, A., et al. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000404 · Cited by 61
“When this is not appropriate, or does not work, the more complex technique of “memory rescripting” (see Wild and Clark, 2011) is available.”
Self-citationCognitive Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder in Adolescents: A Development Case Series
Leigh, E., & Clark, D. M. (2016) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465815000715 · Cited by 64
“…much I believe my original prediction now: 0% CT-SAD for adolescents: a case series 11 6) When young people identify previous, socially traumatic experiences related to their current concerns and negative self-images, discrimination training or memory rescripting (see Wild and Clark, 2011) is used.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPennesi, J., & Wade, T. D. (2018) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22849 · Cited by 59
Imagery rescripting as a stand-alone treatment for patients with social phobia: A case series
Frets, P. G., Kevenaar, C., & van der Heiden, C. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.09.006 · Cited by 58
“…is imagery rescripting (IR), in which memories of traumatic social situations, which form the basis of negative self-images, are restructured by imagining that the course of events is changed in a more desired direction (Arntz, 2012; Wild & Clark, 2011; Wild, Hackmann, & Clark, 2007, 2008).”
BackgroundThe effects of imagery rescripting on memory outcomes in social anxiety disorder
Romano, M., Moscovitch, D. A., Huppert, J. D., Reimer, S. G., & Moscovitch, M. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102169 · Cited by 58
Willson, R., Veale, D., & Freeston, M. (2016) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.08.006 · Cited by 41
“described by Wild and Clark (2011), Arntz and Weertman (1999)’s procedure was adapted for this study by incorporating cognitive restructuring of the meaning related to the image.”
The Use of Rescripting Imagery for People with Psychosis Who Hear Voices
Ison, R., Medoro, L., Keen, N., & Kuipers, E. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246581300057x · Cited by 49
“Techniques have been adapted to be used effectively with a number of anxiety disorders (Holmes, Arntz and Smucker, 2007; Hunt and Fenton, 2007; Wild, Hackmann, and Clark, 2008; Wild and Clark, 2011), mood disorders (Brewin et al.”
MethodAutobiographical memory retrieval and appraisal in social anxiety disorder
Moscovitch, D. A., Vidovic, V., Lenton-Brym, A. P., Dupasquier, J. R., Barber, K. C., Hudd, T., Zabara, N., & Romano, M. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.06.008 · Cited by 48
Treating social anxiety disorder remotely with cognitive therapy
Warnock-Parkes, E., Wild, J., Thew, G. R., Kerr, A., Grey, N., Stott, R., Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2020) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x2000032x · Cited by 45
“The procedure used is outlined in detail by Wild and Clark (2011) and the key steps briefly summarised in Table 4.”
Self-citationRitter, V., & Stangier, U. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.07.007 · Cited by 45
Moritz, S., Ahlf-Schumacher, J., Hottenrott, B., Peter, U., Franck, S., Schnell, T. G., Peter, H., Schneider, B. C., & Jelinek, L. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.02.007 · Cited by 45
“…& van Breukelen, 2013; Long et al., 2011; Raabe, Ehring, Marquenie, Olff, & Kindt, 2015; Smucker & Niederee, 1995) and other anxiety disorders, particularly those with a specific phobia (Hunt & Fenton, 2007) and social anxiety (Lee & Kwon, 2013; Nilsson, Lundh, & Viborg, 2012; Wild & Clark, 2011).”
Imagery-enhanced cognitive behavioural group therapy for social anxiety disorder: A pilot study
McEvoy, P. M., & Saulsman, L. M. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.01.006 · Cited by 44
Moscovitch, D. A., Moscovitch, M., & Sheldon, S. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221141351 · Cited by 48
Gentili, C., Vanello, N., Cristea, I. A., David, D., Ricciardi, E., & Pietrini, P. (2015) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.03.005 · Cited by 42
“Its role in the abnormal response to social stimuli in social phobia was related to fear conditioning processes, recently considered a potential target for psychotherapy interventions (Straube et al., 2004; Wild and Clark, 2011).”
BackgroundPile, V., Smith, P. A., Leamy, M. C., Oliver, A., Bennett, E., Blackwell, S. E., Meiser‐Stedman, R., Stringer, D., Dunn, B. D., Holmes, E. A., et al. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103876 · Cited by 42
Strachan, L. P., Hyett, M. P., & McEvoy, P. M. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-020-1139-4 · Cited by 40
Imagery Rescripting on Guilt-Inducing Memories in OCD: A Single Case Series Study
Tenore, K., Basile, B., Cosentino, T., Sanctis, B. D., Fadda, S., Femia, G., Gragnani, A., Luppino, O. I., Pellegrini, V., Perdighe, C., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.543806 · Cited by 38
Moscovitch, D. A., Chiupka, C. A., & Gavric, D. L. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.05.002 · Cited by 40
On the context dependency of implicit self-esteem in social anxiety disorder
Hiller, T. S., Steffens, M. C., Ritter, V., & Stangier, U. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.05.005 · Cited by 40
Cognitive behaviour therapy for social anxiety in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review
Spain, D., Sin, J., Harwood, L., Mendez, M. A., & Happé, F. (2017) · Advances in Autism · doi:10.1108/aia-07-2016-0020 · Cited by 37
“Additionally, imagery-based work was not incorporated in studies, yet there is some empirical literature to suggest that negative imagery may be a maintaining mechanism for anxiety disorders, and SA in particular (Wild and Clark, 2011).”
BackgroundImagery Rescripting Across Disorders: A Practical Guide
Stopa, L. L. (2011) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.05.001 · Cited by 36
Chiupka, C. A., Moscovitch, D. A., & Bielak, T. (2012) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.8.783 · Cited by 41
Strohm, M., Siegesleitner, M., Kunze, A. E., Ehring, T. W., & Wittekind, C. E. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10021-2 · Cited by 39
Pile, V., Smith, P. A., Leamy, M. C., Oliver, A., Blackwell, S. E., Meiser‐Stedman, R., Dunn, B. D., Holmes, E. A., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10130-3 · Cited by 33
Haunting self-images? The role of negative self-images in adolescent social anxiety disorder
Schreiber, F., & Steil, R. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.10.003 · Cited by 34
Future-oriented imagery rescripting facilitates conducting behavioral experiments in social anxiety
Landkroon, E., Meyerbröker, K., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104130 · Cited by 31
Sansen, L. M., Iffland, B., & Neuner, F. (2014) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12291 · Cited by 29
Hyett, M. P., Bank, S. R., Lipp, O. V., Erceg‐Hurn, D. M., Alvares, G. A., Maclaine, E., Puckridge, E., Hayes, S., & McEvoy, P. M. (2018) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000493897 · Cited by 26
Luoma, J. B., Shahar, B., Lear, M. K., Pilecki, B. C., & Wagner, A. (2021) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2824 · Cited by 29
“…preliminary benefits of a technique called imagery rescripting that involves engaging with negative autobiographical memories while inserting novel imagery and emotional experiences (Knutsson et al., 2019; Langkaas et al., 2017; Nilsson et al., 2012; Reimer & Moscovitch, 2015; Wild & Clark, 2011).”
BackgroundHjeltnes, A., Moltu, C., Schanche, E., Jansen, Y., & Binder, P.-E. (2018) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2016.1169330 · Cited by 23
“Wild and Clark (2011) highlight that patients with social phobia often experience negative imagery associated with traumatic memories from early social interactions with others, and it is possible the focus on present-moment experience in the mindfulness exercises may also not have been sufficient…”
BackgroundImagery Rescripting: an update of the treatment protocol
Arntz, A. R. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104913 · Cited by 23
“A next session, the prepared rescripting is applied (e.g., Wild & Clark, 2011).”
A Case for Translation From the Clinic to the Laboratory
Kredlow, M. A., de Voogd, L. D., & Phelps, E. A. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211039852 · Cited by 25
“Imagery-rescripting procedures vary somewhat depending on the diagnosis and protocol (Arntz & Weertman, 1999; Hackmann, 2011; Wild & Clark, 2011) but generally include the following components.”
BackgroundNew Developments in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Stangier, U. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0667-4 · Cited by 21
Moscovitch, D. A., White, K., & Hudd, T. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231195792 · Cited by 20
“A single 90-min session of IR has been shown to improve social anxiety (SA) symptoms in patients with SAD and to achieve its effects, at least in part, through the process of “memory updating” (Wild & Clark, 2011).”
O'Toole, M. S., Watson, L. A., Rosenberg, N. K., & Berntsen, D. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.09.008 · Cited by 18
Recurrent involuntary imagery in people who stutter and people who do not stutter
Tudor, H., Davis, S., Brewin, C. R., & Howell, P. (2013) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.06.003 · Cited by 20
“Therefore, the negative self-imagery experiences are thought to contribute to the maintenance of social anxiety and suggest an area to be addressed in treatment (Wild & Clark, 2011).”
BackgroundPile, V., Smith, P. A., Leamy, M. C., Blackwell, S. E., Meiser‐Stedman, R., Stringer, D., Ryan, E., Dunn, B. D., Holmes, E. A., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2018) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-018-0287-3 · Cited by 20
Guilt, Shame and Compassionate Imagery in War: Traumatized German Soldiers with PTSD, a Pilot Study
Alliger‐Horn, C., Zimmermann, P. L., & Schmucker, M. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm5100090 · Cited by 17
Warnock‐Parkes, E., Wild, J., Thew, G. R., Kerr, A., Grey, N., & Clark, D. M. (2022) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x22000496 · Cited by 16
“However, if memories or feelings from the past continue to intrude then we have found that imagery re-scripting, as described by Wild and Clark (2011), can be useful to change the meaning patients have attached to early socially traumatic memories, to put these in the past and achieve further…”
BackgroundSelf-citationImagery re-scripting for PTSD: session content and its relation to symptom improvement
Brown, G. P., Salter, C., Parker, E., Murray, H., Looney, K., El‐Leithy, S., Medin, E., Nováková, B., & Wheatley, J. (2022) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465822000479 · Cited by 15
“There is considerable variation among different ImRs approaches in terms of the length of the rescript, how rescripting is explained, at what point the memory is targeted, and how much input and guidance is provided by the therapist (Arntz andWeertman, 1999; Hackmann, 2011; Smucker and Niederee, 1995; Wild and Clark,…”
Poerio, G. L., Kellett, S., & Totterdell, P. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01231 · Cited by 16
Ahn, J.-K., & Kwon, J. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9918-5 · Cited by 16
“Indeed, it has been demonstrated that IR reduced social anxiety and the distress and vividness of early memories as well as current NSIs, changed the core beliefs of self and others, and enhanced the state of self-esteem and positive affect (Çili et al. 2017; Lee and Kwon 2013; Nilsson et al. 2012; Norton and Abbott 2…”
BackgroundGren‐Landell, M., Aho, N., Carlsson, E., Jones, A., & Svedin, C. G. (2012) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0336-z · Cited by 16
“Addressing the unifying characteristics and components commonly seen in the treatment of PTSD could thus be of value in the treatment of SAD like exposure not only to real events but also to memories of past events [41].”
Backgroundvan den Berg, K. C., Voncken, M. J., Hendrickson, A. T., Houterman, S., & Keijsers, G. P. J. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.098 · Cited by 15
Updating versus Exposure to Prevent Consolidation of Conditioned Fear
Pile, V., Barnhofer, T., & Wild, J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122971 · Cited by 18
“It is important in this context to see that the verbal updating used in the current study differs significantly from debriefing techniques that advertently or inadvertently elaborate trauma memories, and instead is aimed at containing meaning and changing it in a more benign direction, akin to the mechanisms of memory…”
Self-citationSosin, L. S., & Rockinson‐Szapkiw, A. J. (2016) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2016.1251370 · Cited by 16
“The technique has been effective for the treatment of childhood abuse survivors (Smucker, Dancu, Foa, & Niederee, 1995; Wild & Clark, 2011) and adolescents who experienced trauma (Heyes, Lau, & Holmes, 2013).”
MethodNorton, A. R., Abbott, M. J., Dobinson, K. A., Pepper, K. L., & Guastella, A. J. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10221-9 · Cited by 15
“Each IR session followed the published protocol laid out by Wild and Clark (2011), and used in previous studies of IR for SAD (e.g., Norton & Abbott, 2016b; Wild et al., 2007).”
MethodRomano, M., Hudd, T., Huppert, J. D., Reimer, S. G., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10149-6 · Cited by 16
“2019; Wild and Clark 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialPatients’ perspectives on imagery rescripting for aversive memories in social anxiety disorder
Takanashi, R., Yoshinaga, N., Oshiro, K., Matsuki, S., Tanaka, M., Ibuki, H., Oshima, F., Urao, Y., Matsuzawa, D., & Shimizu, E. (2019) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465819000493 · Cited by 14
“Although Wild and Clark (2011) indicated that socially aversive memories would have a similar theme, such as rejection or humiliation, and the effect of the work with one memory can be generalized to the others, this does not necessarily follow for all cases.”
BackgroundCharacterising Negative Mental Imagery in Adolescent Social Anxiety
Chiu, K., Clark, D. M., & Leigh, E. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-022-10316-x · Cited by 13
“Indeed, in Cognitive Therapy for SAD (CT-SAD; Clark et al., 2003), negative observerperspective self-imagery is already addressed using video feedback with verbal preparation (Warnock-Parkes et al., 2017) and imagery rescripting (Wild & Clark, 2011).”
MethodSelf-citationMemory representation of aversive social experiences in Social Anxiety Disorder
Seinsche, R. J., Fricke, S., Neudert, M. K., Zehtner, R. I., Walter, B., Stark, R. M., & Hermann, A. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102669 · Cited by 13
The Relationship Between Negative Self-imagery and Social Anxiety in a Clinically Diagnosed Sample
Dobinson, K. A., Norton, A. R., & Abbott, M. J. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10051-w · Cited by 17
Kognitive Therapie bei körperdysmorpher Störung
Ritter, V., & Stangier, U. (2013) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000214 · Cited by 13
Pajak, R., & Kamboj, S. K. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00182 · Cited by 14
“Similar brief imagery-based interventions have been successfully implemented for social anxiety (19, 20), depression (21), and specific phobia (12).”
BackgroundZhou, Y., & Wade, T. D. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2020.11.005 · Cited by 13
Treatment Options for Fear of Blushing
Drummond, P. D., Shapiro, G. B., Nikolić, M., & Bögels, S. M. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-020-01152-5 · Cited by 14
Emotional Memory, Psychopathology, and Well‐Being
Salmon, K., & O’Kearney, R. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118597705.ch33 · Cited by 11
Lechner-Meichsner, F., Boelen, P., & Hagenaars, M. A. (2024) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100435 · Cited by 11
van den End, A., Beekman, A. T. F., Dekker, J., Aarts, I., Snoek, A., Blankers, M., Vriend, C., van den Heuvel, O. A., & Thomaes, K. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2382652 · Cited by 12
Imagery rescripting of traumatic memories for panic disorder: an exploratory study
Shibuya, T., Seki, Y., Nagata, S., Murata, T., Hiramatsu, Y., Yamada, F., Yokoo, M., Ibuki, H., Minamitani, N., Tanaka, M., et al. (2018) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x18000028 · Cited by 12
“Since then, the application of ImRs to many psychiatric disorders has been studied and practised: social anxiety disorder (SAD) (Wild et al., 2007, 2008; Wild and Clark, 2011; Nilsson et al., 2012; Lee and Kwon, 2013; Frets et al., 2014; Reimer and Moscovitch, 2015; Norton and Abbott, 2016), PTSD (Arntz et al.”
InfluentialSapach, M. J. N. T., & Carleton, R. N. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102225 · Cited by 11
Imagery Rescripting for Reducing Body Image Dissatisfaction: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Ghaderi, A., Welch, E., Zha, C., & Holmes, E. A. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-022-10295-z · Cited by 11
“They used a very brief online imagery intervention based on previous work on traumatic events in social phobia (Wild & Clark, 2011).”
MethodPile, V., Schlepper, L. K., Lau, J. Y. F., & Leamy, M. C. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01902-7 · Cited by 10
Stechler, N., & Henton, I. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2021.2015871 · Cited by 9
Avşar, V., & Sevim, S. A. (2022) · International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education · doi:10.21449/ijate.1062613 · Cited by 11
Ng, A. S., & Abbott, M. J. (2014) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2014.12 · Cited by 9
O'Toole, M. S., Watson, L., Rosenberg, N. K., & Berntsen, D. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.01.007 · Cited by 8
Tanaka, Y., Yoshinaga, N., Tsuchiyagaito, A., Sutoh, C., Matsuzawa, D., Hirano, Y., Nakazato, M., & Shimizu, E. (2018) · Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/21507686.2018.1487455 · Cited by 10
“We hypothesized that the daily use of imagery might be related to SAD because negative self-images play an important role in the maintenance of psychopathology of SAD (Wild & Clark, 2011).”
BackgroundThe effect of imagery rescripting on prospective mental imagery of a feared social situation
Landkroon, E., Salemink, E., Meyerbröker, K., Barzilay, S., Kalanthroff, E., Huppert, J. D., & Engelhard, I. M. (2022) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101764 · Cited by 8
Waldron, S. M., Maddern, L., & Wynn, A. (2018) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12216 · Cited by 8
You’re not alone: imagery rescripting for adolescents who self-harm
Schmied, E., Hack, L., Connemann, B. J., Sosic-Vasic, Z., & Kroener, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1395603 · Cited by 7
A single case series of imagery rescripting of intrusive autobiographical memories in depression
Stavropoulos, A., Brockman, R. N., Hayes, C., Rogers, K. D., & Berle, D. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101854 · Cited by 6
Exploring aspects of self-reported emotional mental imagery in patients with bipolar disorder
van den Berg, K. C., Voncken, M. J., Hendrickson, A. T., Simplicio, M. C. D., Regeer, E. J., Rops, L., & Keijsers, G. P. J. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101861 · Cited by 7
Steel, C. (2015) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465815000508 · Cited by 7
“More recent research has highlighted how trauma-related intrusive images may also play a role in the development and maintenance of a number of other psychological disorders, including social phobia (Wild and Clark, 2011), depression (Patel et al.”
BackgroundChan, E., & Tan, H. J. R. (2020) · Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities · doi:10.26407/2019jrtdd.1.24 · Cited by 7
Seinsche, R. J., Fricke, S., Neudert, M. K., Zimmer, R. I., Stark, R., & Hermann, A. (2024) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000539402 · Cited by 6
“Changing the memory representation of these experiences to alter mental images has become a goal of psychotherapeutic interventions, such as imagery rescripting (ImRs) [4 – 6].”
Meral, Y., & Vriends, N. (2021) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465821000424 · Cited by 6
“In line with these findings on self-image, recent studies (Lee and Kwon, 2013; McEvoy and Saulsman, 2014; Nilsson et al., 2012; Wild et al., 2007; Wild and Clark, 2011) investigated modifying self-imagery in SAD by using an imagery rescripting technique, which aims to update the meaning of distressing memories and ima…”
ResultGraham, B., Bowes, L., & Ehlers, A. (2022) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.3809 · Cited by 10
“Experiences like these can be socially traumatic (Wild & Clark, 2011) and contribute to the onset and maintenance of anxiety disorders (Norton & Abbott, 2017) including social anxiety (Hackmann et al., 2000).”
BackgroundStrohm, M., Siegesleitner, M., Kunze, A. E., Ehring, T. W., & Wittekind, C. E. (2021) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.5303 · Cited by 5
“The ImRs procedure was based on protocols by Arntz and Weertman (1999) and Wild and Clark (2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLooney, K., El‐Leithy, S., & Brown, G. P. (2020) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465820000806 · Cited by 6
Recher, D., Rohde, J., Poian, G. D., Henninger, M., Brogli, L., Huber, R., Karlen, W., Lustenberger, C., & Kleim, B. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03192-4 · Cited by 10
“We used an established clinical ImR procedure adapted from Wild and Clark [51].”
Vernachlässigte Folgen sozialer Traumatisierung
Richter, A.-K. (2018) · Trauma und Gewalt · doi:10.21706/tg-12-4-334 · Cited by 5
Asselbergs, J., Riper, H. M., Engelhard, I. M., Mannes, F., & Sijbrandij, M. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101920 · Cited by 7
Treatment Manual for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Yoshinaga, N., & Shimizu, E. (2016) · Anxiety Disorder Research · doi:10.14389/jsad.7.special_issue_42 · Cited by 5
Social Anxiety Disorder: Assessment and Treatment
Ginzburg, D. M., Schreiber, F., & Stangier, U. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch47 · Cited by 6
Endhoven, B., De Cort, K., Matthijssen, S. J. M. A., de Jongh, A., van Minnen, A., Duits, P., Schruers, K. R. J., van Dis, E. A. M., Krypotos, A. M., Gerritsen, L., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04320-4 · Cited by 4
Pile, V., Tinch‐Taylor, R., Carter, B., Richardson, J., Rijk, L. D., Leamy, M. C., Blackwell, S. E., Meiser‐Stedman, R., Dunn, B. D., Byford, S., et al. (2025) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-025-08920-9 · Cited by 4
“The protocol was adapted for adolescents based on previous adult literature [47–50].”
Winter, H. R., Norton, A. R., & Wootton, B. M. (2025) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.70029 · Cited by 4
Janssen, H., van den Berg, K. C., Keijsers, G. P. J., Paulik, G., Newman‐Taylor, K., Taylor, C. D. J., Steel, C., & Marcelis, M. C. (2025) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaf033 · Cited by 4
“11 Addressing imagery viv-idness in exposure has shown benefits for anxiety and trauma symptoms.”
Schema Therapy: An Experiential Approach to Dealing with Maladaptive Schema Mode
Jing, R. T. H. (2018) · Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research · doi:10.26717/bjstr.2018.08.001589 · Cited by 4
“[6,7] The process allowed emotions to be processes while providing unmet needs, care and support experientially.”
BackgroundTargeting schema change in social anxiety via autobiographical memory reconstruction
Sheldon, S., Atack, L., Ngo, N., Moscovitch, M., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2433516 · Cited by 5
“Several intervention methods for conditions such as SAD are designed to diminish negative schemas by targeting these autobiographical memories, but there has been little research that describes exactly how such schema change emerges through the auto-biographical memory system (Wild & Clark, 2011).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Wild, J., & Clark, D. M.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wild, Jennifer
- Venue
- Cognitive and Behavioral Practice
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 433-443
- ISSN
- 1077-7229 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3267018
- OpenAlex
- W2028662332
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 9.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognitive and Behavioral Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (069777)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- imagery rescripting, social anxiety disorder, traumatic memory, negative self-concept, cognitive behavioral therapy, fear of negative evaluation, memory updating, anxiety
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