The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Imagery Rescripting of Early Traumatic Memories in Social Phobia
Open accessAbstract
Negative self-images appear to play a role in the maintenance of social phobia and research suggests they are often linked to earlier memories of socially traumatic events. Imagery rescripting is a clinical intervention that aims to update such unpleasant or traumatic memories, and is increasingly being incorporated in cognitive behavioral therapy programs. In previous research, we have found that imagery rescripting was superior to a control condition in terms of its beneficial effects on negative beliefs, image and memory distress, fear of negative evaluation, and anxiety in social situations. In this article, we describe our imagery rescripting procedure. We consider the importance of updating negative imagery in social phobia, the theoretical basis for imagery rescripting, directions for future research, and how to conduct imagery rescripting, including potential problems and their solutions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Preliminary research has also shown promising results of clinical interventions that specifically focus on threat imagery in anxiety disorders, such as imagery rescripting [34–37] or EMDR therapy [38–40].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Individuals with anxiety disorders are often bothered by intrusive thoughts and images.”
From Changes in perceived centrality of anxious events following cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder and panic disorder (2018) · cites this paper as Wild & Clark, 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124 · Cited by 28,810 · cited 1×
“Fourth, negative imagery facilitates selective retrieval of negative memories (Stopa & Jenkins, 2007) and there is evidence that judgments about the future probability of an event are influenced by the accessibility in memory of past instances (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974).”
BackgroundJudgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1975) · Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0_8 · Cited by 22,650
A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0 · Cited by 6,147
Self-citationA cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00022-3 · Cited by 2,987 · cited 1×
“Second, negative imagery motivates patients to use safety-seeking behaviors, which can interfere with their social performance and make them appear less interested in other people than they really are (Alden & Taylor, 2004; Clark & Wells, 1995; Hirsch, Meynen, & Clark, 2004; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997).”
BackgroundIntegration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious
Epstein, S. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.49.8.709 · Cited by 2,883 · cited 1×
“Finally, conducting much of the procedure in imagery may be beneficial: it may engender the experience of having had a concrete experience (Epstein, 1994).”
BackgroundA cognitive model of social phobia
Adrian Wells, A. (1995) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 2,701
A Bio‐Informational Theory of Emotional Imagery
Lang, P. J. (1979) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01511.x · Cited by 1,750
Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment
Franklin, M. E. (1996) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(96)00036-0 · Cited by 1,389
Giesen-Bloo, J., van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P., van Tilburg, W., Dirksen, C., van Asselt, T., Kremers, I., Nadort, M., & Arntz, A. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.6.649 · Cited by 1,248 · cited 1×
“Imagery rescripting techniques have been used as major components of CBT programs for borderline personality disorder (Giesen-Bloo et al., 2006), bulimia (Cooper, Todd, & Turner, 2007), and posttraumatic stress disorder arising from childhood sexual abuse (Smucker & Neiderdee, 1995).”
MethodSocial phobia : diagnosis, assessment, and treatment
Heimberg, R. G. (1995) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 1,067
Frontiers of cognitive therapy
Thase, M. E. (1997) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0163-8343(97)00044-3 · Cited by 1,062
(1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,043
Imagery in therapy: an information processing analysis of fear
Lang, P. J. (1977) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(77)80157-3 · Cited by 792
Treating the Trauma of Rape: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for PTSD
Ellis, E. M. (1999) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1999.53.1.126 · Cited by 734
Ehrsson, H. H., Geyer, S., & Naito, E. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01113.2002 · Cited by 659
Intrusive re‐experiencing in post‐traumatic stress disorder: Phenomenology, theory, and therapy
Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., & Michael, T. (2004) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210444000025 · Cited by 645
Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M., Grey, N., Waddington, L., & Wild, J. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.3.568 · Cited by 603 · cited 1×
“A recent trial (Clark et al., 2006) found that this integrated cognitive therapy program was superior to exposure therapy, and the authors speculated that the overall beneficial effects of cognitive therapy for social phobia were partly due to the use of imagery rescripting.”
BackgroundSelf-citationFrontiers of Cognitive Therapy
Salkovskis, P. M. (1997) · Cited by 589
Anxiety disorders: Why they persist and how to treat them
Clark, D. M. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00048-0 · Cited by 556 · cited 1×
“These techniques are employed almost immediately in cognitive therapy for social phobia (Clark, 1999) because of the pivotal role negative imagery has in maintaining patients’ social fears, avoidance, and anxiety.”
MethodSelf-citationRecurrent images and early memories in social phobia
Hackmann, A., Clark, D. M., & McManus, F. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00161-8 · Cited by 489 · cited 2×
“Research has reported that the negative images/impressions are often linked in meaning and content to early socially traumatic (embarrassing/humiliating) events clustered around the onset of the disorder (Hackmann et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTreatment of childhood memories: Theory and practice
Arntz, A., & Weertman, A. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00173-9 · Cited by 488 · cited 3×
“Arntz and Weertman (1999) suggested that imagining the use of weapons may help the patient to feel stronger when they imagine their intervention.”
BackgroundInfluentialInterpersonal processes in social phobia
Alden, L. E., & Taylor, C. T. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.07.006 · Cited by 471 · cited 1×
“Second, negative imagery motivates patients to use safety-seeking behaviors, which can interfere with their social performance and make them appear less interested in other people than they really are (Alden & Taylor, 2004; Clark & Wells, 1995; Hirsch, Meynen, & Clark, 2004; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997).”
BackgroundInvolvement of Primary Motor Cortex in Motor Imagery: A Neuromagnetic Study
Schnitzler, A., Salenius, S., Salmelin, R. H., Jousmäki, V., & Hari, R. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1997.0286 · Cited by 441
Seeing yourself through others’ eyes: A study of spontaneously occurring images in social phobia
Hackmann, A., Surawy, C., & Clark, D. M. (1998) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465898000022 · Cited by 392
Self-citationSelf-images play a causal role in social phobia
Hirsch, C. R., Clark, D. M., Mathews, A., & Williams, R. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00103-1 · Cited by 265
Self-citationNegative self-imagery in social anxiety contaminates social interactions
Hirsch, C., Meynen, T., & Clark, D. (2004) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210444000106 · Cited by 216
Self-citationRescripting early memories linked to negative images in social phobia: A pilot study
Wild, J., Hackmann, A., & Clark, D. M. (2008) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2007.04.003 · Cited by 212 · cited 8×
“Just as the memory images have similar cues to the past event, they also carry a similar meaning to the original memory, an “encapsulated belief” that captures the meaning of both (Wild et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationEmotion and two kinds of meaning: Cognitive therapy and applied cognitive science
Teasdale, J. D. (1993) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90092-9 · Cited by 190
When the present visits the past: Updating traumatic memories in social phobia
Wild, J., Hackmann, A., & Clark, D. M. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.003 · Cited by 177 · cited 4×
“Wild et al. (2007, 2008) reported that sometimes patients recalled catastrophic outcomes linked to their earlier memory that may not have happened in the way they had thought.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationOccurrence of imagery and its link with early memories in agoraphobia
Day, S., Holmes, E., & Hackmann, A. (2004) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210444000034 · Cited by 149
Treating incest-related PTSD and pathogenic schemas through imaginal exposure and rescripting
Smucker, M. R., & Niederee, J. L. (1995) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(05)80005-7 · Cited by 127 · cited 1×
“Imagery rescripting techniques have been used as major components of CBT programs for borderline personality disorder (Giesen-Bloo et al., 2006), bulimia (Cooper, Todd, & Turner, 2007), and posttraumatic stress disorder arising from childhood sexual abuse (Smucker & Neiderdee, 1995).”
MethodMuse, K., McManus, F. V., Hackmann, A., Williams, M. J., & Williams, M. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.008 · Cited by 121
Occurrence of imagery and its link with early memories in agoraphobia
Holmes, E. A., & Hackmann, A. (2004) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203645086-4 · Cited by 115
Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Shackelford, T. K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_302302 · Cited by 99
Images of the self in social anxiety: effects on the retrieval of autobiographical memories
Stopa, L., & Jenkins, A. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.08.006 · Cited by 78 · cited 1×
“Fourth, negative imagery facilitates selective retrieval of negative memories (Stopa & Jenkins, 2007) and there is evidence that judgments about the future probability of an event are influenced by the accessibility in memory of past instances (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974).”
BackgroundImagery and the Threatened Self
(2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203878644 · Cited by 72
Imagery in Therapy: An Information Processing Analysis of Fear – Republished Article
Lang, P. J. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.08.011 · Cited by 68
Cognitive therapy and the restructuring of early memories through guided imagery
Edwards, D. J. A. (1990) · Cited by 61
Negative self-imagery blocks inferences
Hirsch, C. R., Mathews, A., Clark, D. M., Williams, R., & Morrison, J. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00057-3 · Cited by 49
Self-citationCooper, M. J., Todd, G., & Turner, H. M. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/088983907780851577 · Cited by 44
How to use imagery in cognitive-behavioural therapy
Stopa, L. L. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203878644-8 · Cited by 8 · cited 1×
“Imagery rescripting describes a set of related therapeutic procedures that focus on changing unpleasant memories (Stopa, 2009).”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emotion regulation in schema therapy and dialectical behavior therapy.
Fassbinder, E., Schweiger, U., Martius, D., Brand-de Wilde, O., & Arntz, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01373 · Cited by 163
Virtual reality in the treatment of eating disorders
Riva, G., Malighetti, C., & Serino, S. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2622 · Cited by 139
Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Lindner, P. (2021) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-020-00090-7 · Cited by 120
Clark, D. M., Wild, J., Warnock-Parkes, E., Stott, R., Grey, N., Thew, G., & Ehlers, A. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722002008 · Cited by 88
“…negative predictions while dropping their safety behaviours and focusing externally; (g) decatas-trophizing exercises; and (h) techniques (discrimination training and memory rescripting) for reducing the impact of early socially Psychological Medicine traumatic memories (see Wild and Clark, 2011).”
Self-citationLindner, P., Hamilton, W., Miloff, A., & Carlbring, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00792 · Cited by 90
“A related type of cognitive exercise well-suited for the VR modality is imagery rescripting (31, 32) and positive imagery training (33).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Wild, J., & Clark, D. M.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wild, Jennifer
- Venue
- Cognitive and Behavioral Practice
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 433-443
- ISSN
- 1077-7229 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3267018
- OpenAlex
- W2028662332
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 9.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognitive and Behavioral Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (069777)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- imagery rescripting, social anxiety disorder, traumatic memory, negative self-concept, cognitive behavioral therapy, fear of negative evaluation, memory updating, anxiety
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
