The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Links Persistent STAT3 Activation, Chronic Intestinal Inflammation, and Development of Colitis-Associated Cancer
Open accessAbstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is an important risk factor for colorectal cancer. We show that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) produced by upregulation of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) links chronic intestinal inflammation to colitis-associated cancer (CAC) and both are exacerbated by deletion of Sphk2. S1P is essential for production of the multifunctional NF-κB-regulated cytokine IL-6, persistent activation of the transcription factor STAT3, and consequent upregulation of the S1P receptor, S1PR1. The prodrug FTY720 decreased SphK1 and S1PR1 expression and eliminated the NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3 amplification cascade and development of CAC, even in Sphk2(-/-) mice, and may be useful in treating colon cancer in individuals with ulcerative colitis. Thus, the SphK1/S1P/S1PR1 axis is at the nexus between NF-κB and STAT3 and connects chronic inflammation and CAC.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“STAT3 is also involved in inflammation-associated carcinogenesis, suppression of the antitumor immune response, and maintenance of cancer stem cells.”
From Critical analysis of the potential for targeting STAT3 in human malignancy (2013) · cites this paper as [95]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This process is critically involved in colitis-associated cancer (310).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [310]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Suppress the Induction of c-Jun and Its Target Genes Including COX-2
Yamaguchi, K., Lantowski, A., Dannenberg, A. J., & Subbaramaiah, K. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m503201200 · Cited by 80
RetractedImmunity, Inflammation, and Cancer
Grivennikov, S. I., Greten, F. R., & Karin, M. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.025 · Cited by 10,755
STATs in cancer inflammation and immunity: a leading role for STAT3
Yu, H., Pardoll, D., & Jove, R. (2009) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2734 · Cited by 4,383
IKKβ Links Inflammation and Tumorigenesis in a Mouse Model of Colitis-Associated Cancer
Greten, F. R., Eckmann, L., Greten, T. F., Park, J. M., Li, Z.-W., Egan, L. J., Kagnoff, M. F., & Karin, M. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.013 · Cited by 2,433
Oshima, M., Dinchuk, J. E., Kargman, S., Oshima, H., Hancock, B. C., Kwong, E. C., Trzăskos, J. M., Evans, J. F., & Taketo, M. M. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81988-1 · Cited by 2,363
Grivennikov, S., Karin, E., Terzic, J., Mucida, D., Yu, G.-Y., Vallabhapurapu, S., Scheller, J., Rose-John, S., Cheroutre, H., Eckmann, L., et al. (2009) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.01.001 · Cited by 2,155
Wu, S., Rhee, K.-J., Albesiano, E., Rabizadeh, S., Wu, X., Yen, H.-R., Huso, D. L., Brancati, F. L., Wick, E., McAllister, F., et al. (2009) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2015 · Cited by 1,812
Inflammation meets cancer, with NF-κB as the matchmaker
Ben‐Neriah, Y., & Karin, M. (2011) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2060 · Cited by 1,412
Fingolimod (FTY720): discovery and development of an oral drug to treat multiple sclerosis
Brinkmann, V., Billich, A., Baumruker, T., Heining, P., Schmouder, R., Francis, G., Aradhye, S., & Burtin, P. (2010) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3248 · Cited by 1,273
Takeda, K., Clausen, B. E., Kaisho, T., Tsujimura, T., Terada, N., Förster, I., & Akira, S. (1999) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80005-9 · Cited by 1,220
Intestinal Inflammation and Cancer
Ullman, T. A., & Itzkowitz, S. H. (2011) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.057 · Cited by 1,127
Inhibiting Stat3 signaling in the hematopoietic system elicits multicomponent antitumor immunity
Kortylewski, M., Kujawski, M., Wang, T., Sheng, W., Zhang, S., Pilon‐Thomas, S., Niu, G., Kay, H. D., Mulé, J. J., Kerr, W. G., et al. (2005) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1325 · Cited by 1,026
Regulation of histone acetylation in the nucleus by sphingosine-1-phosphate
Hait, N. C., Allegood, J., Maceyka, M., Strub, G. M., Harikumar, K. B., Singh, S. K., Luo, C., Marmorstein, R., Kordula, T., Milstien, S., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1176709 · Cited by 997
Self-citationCold Spring Harbor Perspectives in BiologyPreprint
(2014) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect_biol/ · Cited by 949
Bollrath, J., Phesse, T. J., von Burstin, V. A., Putoczki, T., Bennecke, M., Bateman, T., Nebelsiek, T., Lundgren-May, T., Canli, Ö., Schwitalla, S., et al. (2009) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.01.002 · Cited by 946
Enhanced DNA-Binding Activity of a Stat3-Related Protein in Cells Transformed by the Src Oncoprotein
Yu, C.-L., Meyer, D. J., Campbell, G. S., Larner, A. C., Carter-Su, C., Schwartz, J., & Jove, R. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7541555 · Cited by 931
Sphingosine 1-phosphate and cancer
Pyne, N. J., & Pyne, S. (2010) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2875 · Cited by 875
Blocking TNF-α in mice reduces colorectal carcinogenesis associated with chronic colitis
Popivanova, B. K., Kitamura, K., Wu, Y., Kondo, T., Kagaya, T., Kaneko, S., Oshima, M., Fujii, C., & Mukaida, N. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci32453 · Cited by 845
NF- B as a Critical Link Between Inflammation and CancerPreprint
Karin, M. (2009) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a000141 · Cited by 841
The outs and the ins of sphingosine-1-phosphate in immunity
Spiegel, S., & Milstien, S. (2011) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2974 · Cited by 810
Self-citationSphingosine-1-phosphate is a missing cofactor for the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF2
Alvarez, S. E., Harikumar, K. B., Hait, N. C., Allegood, J. C., Strub, G. M., Kim, E. Y., Maceyka, M. W., Jiang, H., Luo, C., Kordula, T., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09128 · Cited by 754
Self-citationTGF-β Suppresses Tumor Progression in Colon Cancer by Inhibition of IL-6 trans-Signaling
Becker, C., Fantini, M. C., Schramm, C., Lehr, H. A., Wirtz, S., Nikolaev, A., Burg, J., Strand, S., Kiesslich, R., Huber, S., et al. (2004) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2004.07.020 · Cited by 726
Activation of sphingosine kinase 1 by ERK1/2‐mediated phosphorylation
Pitson, S. M., Moretti, P. A. B., Zebol, J. R., Lynn, H. E., Xia, P., Vadas, M. A., & Wattenberg, B. W. (2003) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg540 · Cited by 543
Phosphorylation of the immunomodulatory drug FTY720 by sphingosine kinases
Billich, A., Bornancin, F., Dévay, P., Mechtcheriakova, D., Urtz, N., & Baumruker, T. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m307687200 · Cited by 433
IL-1β-converting enzyme (caspase-1) in intestinal inflammation
Siegmund, B., Lehr, H.-A., Fantuzzi, G., & Dinarello, C. A. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.231473998 · Cited by 421
Tumor necrosis factor-α induces adhesion molecule expression through the sphingosine kinase pathway
Xia, P., Gamble, J. R., Rye, K., Wang, L., Hii, C. S. T., Cockerill, P. N., Khew‐Goodall, Y., Bert, A. G., Barter, P. J., & Vadas, M. A. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.24.14196 · Cited by 408
Sanna, M. G., Wang, S.-K., Gonzalez-Cabrera, P. J., Don, A., Marsolais, D., Matheu, M. P., Wei, S. H., Parker, I., Jo, E., Cheng, W.-C., et al. (2006) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio804 · Cited by 406 · cited 2×
“…W146, a competitive S1PR1 antagonist 110 Cancer Cell 23, 107–120, January 14, 2013 ª2013 Elsevier Inc. that does not have inverse agonist activity (Sanna et al., 2006), also suppressed DSS-induced weight loss and severity of colitis in Sphk2 / mice (Figures S2J–S2L), the sustained activation of…”
Innate immune mechanisms of colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer
Saleh, M., & Trinchieri, G. (2010) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2891 · Cited by 406
Shaner, R. L., Allegood, J. C., Park, H., Wang, E., Kelly, S., Haynes, C. A., Sullards, M. C., & Merrill, A. H. (2009) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.d800051-jlr200 · Cited by 399
Self-citationSTAT3-induced S1PR1 expression is crucial for persistent STAT3 activation in tumors
Lee, H., Deng, J., Kujawski, M., Yang, C., Liu, Y., Herrmann, A., Kortylewski, M., Horne, D., Somlo, G., Forman, S., et al. (2010) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2250 · Cited by 395
Li, Y., de Haar, C., Chen, M., Deuring, J., Gerrits, M. M., Smits, R., Xia, B., Kuipers, E. J., & van der Woude, C. J. (2010) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2009.184176 · Cited by 339
Pettus, B. J., Bielawski, J., Porcelli, A. M., Reames, D. L., Johnson, K. R., Morrow, J. D., Chalfant, C. E., Obeid, L. M., & Hannun, Y. A. (2003) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.02-1038com · Cited by 327
Nagahashi, M., Ramachandran, S., Kim, E. Y., Allegood, J. C., Rashid, O. M., Yamada, A., Zhao, R., Milstien, S., Zhou, H., Spiegel, S., et al. (2012) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2167 · Cited by 315
Self-citationThe immunosuppressant FTY720 is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase type 2
Paugh, S. W., Payne, S. G., Barbour, S. E., Milstien, S., & Spiegel, S. (2003) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01168-2 · Cited by 304
Self-citationCirculating Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines and Risk of Colorectal Adenomas
Kim, S., Keku, T. O., Martin, C., Galanko, J., Woosley, J. T., Schroeder, J. C., Satia, J. A., Halabi, S., & Sandler, R. S. (2008) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2924 · Cited by 298
Role for sphingosine kinase 1 in colon carcinogenesis
Kawamori, T., Kaneshiro, T., Okumura, M., Maalouf, S., Uflacker, A. B., Bielawski, J., Hannun, Y. A., & Obeid, L. M. (2008) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.08-117572 · Cited by 282
Sphingosine kinase type 2 is essential for lymphopenia induced by the immunomodulatory drug FTY720
Zemann, B., Kinzel, B., Müller, M. M., Reuschel, R., Mechtcheriakova, D., Urtz, N., Bornancin, F., Baumruker, T., & Billich, A. (2005) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-07-2628 · Cited by 265
S1PR1-STAT3 Signaling Is Crucial for Myeloid Cell Colonization at Future Metastatic Sites
Deng, J., Liu, Y., Lee, H., Herrmann, A., Zhang, W., Zhang, C., Shen, S., Priceman, S. J., Kujawski, M., Pal, S. K., et al. (2012) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.039 · Cited by 254
Paugh, S. W., Paugh, B. S., Rahmani, M., Kapitonov, D., Almenara, J. A., Kordula, T., Milstien, S., Adams, J. K., Zipkin, R. E., Grant, S., et al. (2008) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2008-02-138958 · Cited by 244
Self-citationWilliams, K. L., Fuller, C. R., Dieleman, L. A., DaCosta, C. M., Haldeman, K., Sartor, R. B., & Lund, P. K. (2001) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2001.22470 · Cited by 243
Deng, L., Zhou, J.-F., Sellers, R. S., Li, J.-F., Nguyen, A., Wang, Y., Orlofsky, A., Liu, Q., Hume, D. A., Pollard, J. W., et al. (2009) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2010.090622 · Cited by 232
Matsumoto, S., Hara, T., Mitsuyama, K., Yamamoto, M., Tsuruta, O., Sata, M., Scheller, J., Rose‐John, S., Kado, S., & Takada, T. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0801217 · Cited by 211
Sphingosine Kinase 2 Is Required for Modulation of Lymphocyte Traffic by FTY720
Kharel, Y., Lee, S., Snyder, A. H., Sheasley-O’Neill, S. L., Morris, M. A., Setiady, Y. Y., Zhu, R., Zigler, M. A., Burcin, T. L., Ley, K. F., et al. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m506293200 · Cited by 211
Intracellular Role for Sphingosine Kinase 1 in Intestinal Adenoma Cell Proliferation
Kohno, M., Momoi, M., Oo, M. L., Paik, J., Lee, Y.-M., Venkataraman, K., Ai, Y., Ristimaki, A. P., Fyrst, H., Sano, H., et al. (2006) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.02341-05 · Cited by 210
Sphingosine Kinase 1 Is Associated with Gastric Cancer Progression and Poor Survival of Patients
Li, W., Yu, C.-P., Xia, J.-T., Zhang, L., Weng, G.-X., Zheng, H.-Q., Kong, Q.-L., Hu, L.-J., Zeng, M., Zeng, Y.-X., et al. (2009) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1158 · Cited by 189
A role for sphingosine kinase 1 in dextran sulfate sodium‐induced colitis
Snider, A. J., Kawamori, T., Bradshaw, S. G., Orr, K. A., Gilkeson, G. S., Hannun, Y. A., & Obeid, L. M. (2008) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.08-118109 · Cited by 189
Tonelli, F., Lim, K. G., Loveridge, C. J., Long, J. S., Pitson, S. M., Tigyi, G., Bittman, R., Pyne, S., & Pyne, N. J. (2010) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.05.022 · Cited by 181
Palma, C. D., Meacci, E., Perrotta, C., Bruni, P., & Clementi, E. (2005) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000194074.59584.42 · Cited by 169
FTY720 Analogues as Sphingosine Kinase 1 Inhibitors
Lim, K. G., Tonelli, F., Li, Z., Lu, X., Bittman, R., Pyne, S., & Pyne, N. J. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.220756 · Cited by 118
Liu, Y., Deng, J., Wang, L., Lee, H., Armstrong, B., Scuto, A., Kowolik, C. M., Weiss, L. M., Forman, S. J., & Yu, H. (2012) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2011-12-399030 · Cited by 104
Ablation of Sphingosine Kinase-2 Inhibits Tumor Cell Proliferation and Migration
Gao, P., & Smith, C. D. (2011) · Molecular Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0336 · Cited by 101
The S1P receptor modulator FTY720 prevents the development of experimental colitis in mice
Deguchi, Y., Andoh, A., Yagi, Y., Bamba, S., Inatomi, O., Tsujikawa, T., & Fujiyama, Y. (2006) · Oncology Reports · doi:10.3892/or.16.4.699 · Cited by 91
Interleukin-1 Regulates the Expression of Sphingosine Kinase 1 in Glioblastoma Cells
Paugh, B. S., Bryan, L., Paugh, S. W., Wilczynska, K. M., Álvarez, S. M., Singh, S. K., Kapitonov, D., Rokita, H., Wright, S., Griswold‐Prenner, I., et al. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m807170200 · Cited by 90
Self-citationSchiechl, G., Bauer, B., Fuss, I. J., Lang, S. A., Moser, C., Ruemmele, P., Rose‐John, S., Neurath, M. F., Geissler, E. K., Schlitt, H. J., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci42540 · Cited by 87
Scherer, E. Q., Yang, J., Canis, M., Reimann, K., Ivanov, K., Diehl, C., Backx, P. H., Wier, W. G., Strieth, S., Wangemann, P., et al. (2010) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.593327 · Cited by 87
Rakhit, S., Conway, A.-M., Tate, R. J., BOWER, T., Pyne, N. J., & Pyne, S. (1999) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3380643 · Cited by 86
FTY720 ameliorates oxazolone colitis in mice by directly affecting T helper type 2 functions
Daniel, C., Sartory, N. A., Zahn, N., Schmidt, R., Geißlinger, G., Radeke, H. H., & Stein, J. M. (2007) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2007.02.026 · Cited by 58
Accumulation of Fingolimod (FTY720) in Lymphoid Tissues Contributes to Prolonged Efficacy
Sensken, S.-C., Bode, C., & Gräler, M. H. (2008) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.108.148163 · Cited by 50
Samy, E. T., Meyer, C. A., Caplazi, P., Langrish, C. L., Lora, J. M., Bluethmann, H., & Peng, S. L. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.5644 · Cited by 47
Sobue, S., Murakami, M., Banno, Y., Ito, H., Kimura, A., Gao, S., Furuhata, A., Takagi, A., Kojima, T., Suzuki, M., et al. (2008) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2008.198 · Cited by 36
Lindström, T. M., Mohan, A. R., Johnson, M. R., & Bennett, P. R. (2008) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.107.042838 · Cited by 27
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 62 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sphingolipids and their metabolism in physiology and disease
Hannun, Y. A., & Obeid, L. M. (2017) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm.2017.107 · Cited by 2,117
Inflammation-induced cancer: Crosstalk between tumours, immune cells and microorganisms
Elinav, E., Nowarski, R., Thaiss, C. A., Hu, B., Jin, C., & Flavell, R. A. (2013) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3611 · Cited by 2,000
Revisiting STAT3 signalling in cancer: new and unexpected biological functions
Yu, H., Lee, H., Herrmann, A., Buettner, R., & Jove, R. (2014) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3818 · Cited by 2,137
IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer
Hirano, T. (2021) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxaa078 · Cited by 1,453
“This process is critically involved in colitis-associated cancer (310).”
BackgroundLipid metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells
Beloribi‐Djefaflia, S., Vasseur, S., & Guillaumond, F. (2016) · Oncogenesis · doi:10.1038/oncsis.2015.49 · Cited by 1,418
Metadata
- Authors
- Liang, J., Nagahashi, M., Kim, E. Y., Harikumar, K. B., Yamada, A., Huang, W.-C., Hait, N. C., Allegood, J. C., Price, M. M., Avni, D., Takabe, K., Kordula, T., Milstien, S., & Spiegel, S.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Spiegel, Sarah
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cancer Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 107-120
- ISSN
- 1535-6108 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3578577
- OpenAlex
- W2145876349
- Cited by
- 563
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 25
- FWCI
- 15.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cancer Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Susan G. Komen
- National Institutes of Health (5k12hd055881-05)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL094290)
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA16059, R01CA160688, R01CA-61774, R01CA061774, P30CA016059)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R37GM043880)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI077435)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P30NS047463)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12-HD055881)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sphingolipid Metabolism and Signaling
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Lipids, and Metabolism
- Keywords
- sphingosine-1-phosphate, sphingosine kinase 1, sphingosine kinase 2, S1PR1, STAT3 activation, NF-κB, interleukin-6, colitis-associated colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, fingolimod, chronic intestinal inflammation, colorectal cancer
- MeSH terms
- Fingolimod Hydrochloride, Sphingosine Kinase, Animals, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Colitis, Colon, Lysophospholipids, Propylene Glycols, Sphingosine, Interleukin-6, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, NF-kappa B, Gene Deletion, Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor), STAT3 Transcription Factor, Mice, Tumor Microenvironment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review