STATs in cancer inflammation and immunity: a leading role for STAT3
Open accessAbstract
Commensurate with their roles in regulating cytokine-dependent inflammation and immunity, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are central in determining whether immune responses in the tumour microenvironment promote or inhibit cancer. Persistently activated STAT3 and, to some extent, STAT5 increase tumour cell proliferation, survival and invasion while suppressing anti-tumour immunity. The persistent activation of STAT3 also mediates tumour-promoting inflammation. STAT3 has this dual role in tumour inflammation and immunity by promoting pro-oncogenic inflammatory pathways, including nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)-GP130-Janus kinase (JAK) pathways, and by opposing STAT1- and NF-kappaB-mediated T helper 1 anti-tumour immune responses. Consequently, STAT3 is a promising target to redirect inflammation for cancer therapy.
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IL-6 is a key factor in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer, with its effect mainly exerted through the IL-6-STAT3 pathway.
“IL-6 is also a key factor in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer, with its effect mainly exerted through the IL-6–signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway (18–26, 61–65).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
The ‘STAT proteins in immune modulation’ section describes IL-6 signalling through GP130–JAK to activate STAT3, and ‘STAT3 induces cancer inflammation’ describes IL-6-driven STAT3 activation in myeloma. The paper also calls STAT3 the major IL-6R-dependent transcription factor in T cells (‘STATs in anti-cancer or pro-cancer inflammation’). These passages support the inflammation-and-cancer link, but do not establish that IL-6 acts mainly through STAT3 across all the claimed contexts or directly characterize IL-6 as a key factor in autoimmunity; autoimmunity appears in reference titles. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe IL-6-STAT3 pathway is now considered a major target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
“The IL-6–STAT3 pathway is now considered a major target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases (15, 19, 21, 24–26, 76).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
In “Targeting STAT3 for cancer therapy” (page not supplied), the paper calls JAK kinases in IL-6–STAT3 signalling crucial targets for inflammation-induced cancer and cancer-associated inflammation. That supports targeting the pathway in a cancer-related setting, but not the broader claim that it is a major treatment target for inflammatory diseases generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe crosstalk between STAT3 and NF-κB is an active field of research with studies showing contradictory outcomes of concomitant activation of the two TFs.
“The crosstalk between STAT3 and NF-κB is an active field of research with studies showing contradictory outcomes of concomitant activation of the two TFs.”
From Synergistic gene expression during the acute phase response is characterized by transcription factor assisted loading (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
Some studies suggest cooperation between STAT3 and NF-κB, while others show antagonism.
“Some suggest cooperation between them, while others show antagonism2, 16–21.”
From Synergistic gene expression during the acute phase response is characterized by transcription factor assisted loading (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
STAT3 is a key transcriptional mediator of cellular processes.
“STAT3, a member of the STATs family, is a key transcriptional mediator of cellular processes [43, 44].”
From Saikosaponin b1 Attenuates Liver Fibrosis by Blocking STAT3/Gli1 Interaction and Inducing Gli1 Degradation (2025) · cites this paper as [44]
These multiple signal transduction pathways intimately regulate cell survival, proliferation, inflammation, immunity, angiogenesis, and tumor development and progression through the expression of several genes.
“These multiple signal transduction pathways intimately regulate cell survival, proliferation, inflammation, immunity, angiogenesis, and tumor development and progression through the expression of several genes (1, 19, 21, 26, 31).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
NF-κB and STAT3 play crucial roles in cancer development and progression.
“Furthermore, NF-κB and STAT3 play crucial roles in cancer development and progression (19, 25, 67, 279).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
Other inhibitors against the IL-6-STAT3 signaling pathway are under development.
“Other inhibitors against the IL-6–STAT3 signaling pathway are under development (19, 21, 24–26, 76, 374).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
Inhibition of aberrant STAT3 activation is a compelling target for HNSCC and CRC.
“the inhibition of aberrant STAT3 activation emerges as a compelling HNSCC and CRC target (8, 14, 15).”
From Small-molecule PROTAC mediates targeted protein degradation to treat STAT3-dependent epithelial cancer (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
The events bringing about the hepatic immune response during inflammation remain elusive.
“Several models have been suggested2, 16 but the events bringing about the hepatic immune response during inflammation remain elusive.”
From Synergistic gene expression during the acute phase response is characterized by transcription factor assisted loading (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
The section “STAT3–NF-κB in cancer inflammation” says that a mechanism of immune-gene regulation in tumours remains unresolved, but it does not address what brings about the hepatic immune response during inflammation. A search for hepatic immune-response mechanisms found no passage in our copy that makes the attributed point. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredActivation of STAT signaling via cytokines such as IL-6 enhances cancer cell proliferation, survival, and invasion while suppressing host anti-tumor immunity.
“Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription protein (STAT) signaling, via cytokines such as IL-6, is known to enhance cancer cell proliferation, survival, and invasion while also suppressing host anti-tumor immunity (71).”
From Diabetes and Cancer (2010) · cites this paper as [71]
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Self-citationStat3 is required for ALK-mediated lymphomagenesis and provides a possible therapeutic target
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One Nucleotide in a κB Site Can Determine Cofactor Specificity for NF-κB Dimers
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Activation of Stat3 in Human Melanoma Promotes Brain Metastasis
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Stat3 regulates genes common to both wound healing and cancer
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Self-citationA Critical Role for Stat3 Signaling in Immune Tolerance
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Self-citationA common JAK2 haplotype confers susceptibility to myeloproliferative neoplasms
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Targeted inhibition of Stat3 with a decoy oligonucleotide abrogates head and neck cancer cell growth
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STAT family of transcription factors in cytokine-mediated biological responses
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Role of STAT2 in the alpha interferon signaling pathway
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Role of STAT3 in Type I Interferon Responses
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Th17 cells: a new fate for differentiating helper T cells
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Indirubin derivatives inhibit Stat3 signaling and induce apoptosis in human cancer cells
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Self-citationThe Role of STATs in Apoptosis
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Differential regulation of interleukin 12 and interleukin 23 production in human dendritic cells
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STAT signaling in the pathogenesis and treatment of leukemias
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Neuroendocrine modulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 in ovarian cancer
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Serine phosphorylation of STAT3 is essential for Mcl-1 expression and macrophage survival
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“Lipopolysaccharide is known to function through Toll-like receptor 4 ( TLR4 ), and it has been shown that the engagement of TLR4 and TLR9 can also directly activate STAT3 (Ref”
Self-citationAutocrine Regulation of IL-21 Production in Human T Lymphocytes
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Stat3 in Resident Macrophages as a Repressor Protein of Inflammatory Response
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PTEN is a negative regulator of STAT3 activation in human papillomavirus-infected cells
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Self-citationThe Role of Interleukin 13 in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
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“Many tumour viruses are also known to activate STAT3 by various distinct mechanisms, including hepatitis B viru”
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The role of constitutively active Stat6 in leukemia and lymphoma
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Lack of toxicity of a STAT3 decoy oligonucleotide
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“Other inhibitors against the IL-6–STAT3 signaling pathway are under development (19, 21, 24–26, 76, 374).”
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- Authors
- Yu, H., Pardoll, D., & Jove, R.
- Affiliations
- City Of Hope National Medical Center (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature reviews. Cancer
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 798-809
- ISSN
- 1474-175X (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1768
- PMC
- PMC4856025
- OpenAlex
- W2044227662
- Cited by
- 4,383
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 233 · 2025: 234 · 2024: 286 · 2023: 264 · 2022: 288 · 2021: 363 · 2020: 276 · 2019: 259 · 2018: 268 · 2017: 283 · 2016: 283 · 2015: 248 · 2014: 295 · 2013: 268 · 2012: 205
- FWCI
- 15.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA021765, P30CA006973)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Keywords
- STAT3, STAT5, STAT1, tumor microenvironment, antitumor immunity, NF-κB, interleukin-6, JAK signaling, Th1 cells, cancer therapy targets
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Immunity, Neoplasms, Signal Transduction, STAT Transcription Factors, STAT3 Transcription Factor, STAT5 Transcription Factor
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