The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Efficient recall of Omicron-reactive B cell memory after a third dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
We examined antibody and memory B cell responses longitudinally for ∼9-10 months after primary 2-dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination and 3 months after a 3rd dose. Antibody decay stabilized between 6 and 9 months, and antibody quality continued to improve for at least 9 months after 2-dose vaccination. Spike- and RBD-specific memory B cells remained durable over time, and 40%-50% of RBD-specific memory B cells simultaneously bound the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants. Omicron-binding memory B cells were efficiently reactivated by a 3rd dose of wild-type vaccine and correlated with the corresponding increase in neutralizing antibody titers. In contrast, pre-3rd dose antibody titers inversely correlated with the fold-change of antibody boosting, suggesting that high levels of circulating antibodies may limit the added protection afforded by repeat short interval boosting. These data provide insight into the quantity and quality of mRNA-vaccine-induced immunity over time through 3 or more antigen exposures.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A booster serves as a re-exposure to the virus, which creates new antibodies as well as additional and improved memory B-cells responses to fight off future infections.”
From Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe outcomes in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of European studies published up to 22 January 2024 (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This finding is consistent with the dynamics of antibody titres following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, showing that the initial high antibody levels appear to decline over time [17–19].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It has even been found that booster exposure also improves the ability of the memory B-cells to recognise unknown variants such as the Omicron strain [18, 20].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Khoury, D. S., Cromer, D., Reynaldi, A., Schlub, T. E., Wheatley, A. K., Juno, J. A., Subbarao, K., Kent, S. J., Triccas, J. A., & Davenport, M. P. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01377-8 · Cited by 3,742
Self-citationImmunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection.
Dan, J. M., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K. M., Yu, E. D., Faliti, C. E., Grifoni, A., Ramirez, S. I., Haupt, S., Frazier, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf4063 · Cited by 2,656 · cited 1×
“Antigen-specific B cell responses were quantified from bulk PBMCs by flow cytometry using fluorescently labeled SARSCoV-2 spike and RBD probes as previously described (Dan et al., 2021; Goel et al., 2021b, 2021a).”
Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization
Planas, D., Veyer, D., Baidaliuk, A., Staropoli, I., Guivel-Benhassine, F., Rajah, M. M., Planchais, C., Porrot, F., Robillard, N., Puech, J., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03777-9 · Cited by 1,992 · cited 2×
“Of these VOC, the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant had considerable impact due to its increased infectivity and partial escape from neutralizing antibodies (Mlcochova et al., 2021; Planas et al., 2021).”
InfluentialVictora, G. D., & Nussenzweig, M. C. (2012) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075032 · Cited by 1,878
Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007 · Cited by 1,860
Waning Immune Humoral Response to BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine over 6 Months
Levin, E. G., Lustig, Y., Cohen, C., Fluss, R., Indenbaum, V., Amit, S., Doolman, R., Asraf, K., Mendelson, E., Ziv, A., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2114583 · Cited by 1,703
Rapid epidemic expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in southern Africa
Viana, R. P. E. S., Moyo, S. M., Amoako, D. G., Tegally, H., Scheepers, C., Althaus, C. L., Anyaneji, U. J., Bester, P. A., Boni, M. F., Chand, M., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04411-y · Cited by 1,674
Mathew, D., Giles, J. R., Baxter, A. E., Oldridge, D. A., Greenplate, A. R., Wu, J. E., Alanio, C., Kuri-Cervantes, L., Pampena, M. B., D’Andrea, K., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc8511 · Cited by 1,509
Self-citationMultiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity
Garcia-Beltran, W. F., Lam, E. C., St. Denis, K., Nitido, A. D., Garcia, Z. H., Hauser, B. M., Feldman, J., Pavlovic, M. N., Gregory, D. J., Poznansky, M. C., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.013 · Cited by 1,353
SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant replication and immune evasion
Mlcochova, P., Kemp, S. A., Dhar, M. S., Papa, G., Meng, B., Ferreira, I. A. T. M., Datir, R., Collier, D. A., Albecka, A., Singh, S., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03944-y · Cited by 1,337
Flagged first, then by citations
6 of the 58 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Cele, 2021, Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes Pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization, Nature, 602, 654, 10.1038/s41586-021-04387-1 · DOI · Paper page
- Shrestha, 2022, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine boosting in persons already protected by natural or vaccine-induced immunity, J. Neurol. Sci., 428, 117607
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 207
Arming up against Omicron subvariants
Altmann, D. M., & Boyton, R. J. (2024) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2024.01.010 · Cited by 8
Pastore, G., Polvere, J., Fiorino, F., Lucchesi, S., Montesi, G., Rancan, I., Zirpoli, S., Lippi, A., Durante, M., Fabbiani, M., et al. (2024) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2024.2333952 · Cited by 8
van Leeuwen, L. P. M., Grobben, M., GeurtsvanKessel, C. H., Ellerbroek, P. M., de Bree, G. J., Potjewijd, J., Rutgers, A., Jolink, H., van de Veerdonk, F. L., van Gils, M. J., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1390022 · Cited by 8
Shrestha, L. B., Tungatt, K., Aggarwal, A., Stubis, A., Fewings, N., Fichter, C., Akerman, A., Rodrigo, C., Tedla, N. T., Lee, S. C. L., et al. (2024) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105461 · Cited by 8
Hirano, H., & Asada, H. (2024) · Journal of Medical Case Reports · doi:10.1186/s13256-024-04889-2 · Cited by 8
Trieu, M.-C., Reynaldi, A., Lee, W. S., Tan, H., Kelly, A. P., Esterbauer, R., Cox, R. J., Audsley, J., Sasadeusz, J., Khoury, D. S., et al. (2025) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-025-01129-6 · Cited by 8
Self-citationWu, Y., Wu, N., Jia, X., Wu, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Hou, Y., Shen, Y., Li, E., Wang, W., et al. (2023) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.460 · Cited by 7
Serial infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 following three-dose COVID-19 vaccination
Lapointe, H. R., Mwimanzi, F. M., Cheung, P. K., Sang, Y., Yaseen, F., Kalikawe, R., Datwani, S., Waterworth, R., Umviligihozo, G., Ennis, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.947021 · Cited by 7
Liu, Y., Lu, J., Zhan, H., Yuan, W., Li, X., Kang, H., Li, H., Chen, Y., Cheng, L., Sun, X., et al. (2023) · Virologica Sinica · doi:10.1016/j.virs.2023.07.005 · Cited by 7
Long-lasting antibody B-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 three years after the onset of the pandemic
Molinos-Albert, L. M., Rubio, R., Martín-Pérez, C., Pradenas, E., Torres, C., Jiménez, A., Canyelles, M., Vidal, M., Barrios, D., Marfil, S., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115498 · Cited by 7
Liu, H., Wei, P., Zhang, Q., Aviszus, K., Linderberger, J., Yang, J. J., Liu, J., Chen, Z., Waheed, H., Reynoso, L., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231911325 · Cited by 39
Vargas‐Herrera, N., Fernández-Navarro, M., Cabezudo, N. E., Soto-Becerra, P., Solis, G., Escobar-Agreda, S., Valencia, J. S., Pampa-Espinoza, L., Bado, R., Solari, L., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268419 · Cited by 8
Analysis of Antigen‐Specific T and B Cells for Monitoring Immune Protection Against SARS‐CoV‐2
Biasi, S. D., Paolini, A., Tartaro, D. L., Gibellini, L., & Cossarizza, A. (2023) · Current Protocols · doi:10.1002/cpz1.636 · Cited by 7
Wang, J., Huang, L., Guo, N., Yao, Y., Zhang, C., Xu, R., Jiao, Y., Li, Y.-Q., Song, Y.-R., Wang, F., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15040917 · Cited by 7
Progress in vaccine development for infectious diseases—a Keystone Symposia report
Cable, J., Graham, B. S., Koup, R. A., Seder, R. A., Karikó, K., Pardi, N., Barouch, D. H., Sharma, B., Rauch, S., Nachbagauer, R., et al. (2023) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14975 · Cited by 8
Painter, M. M., Johnston, T. S., Lundgreen, K. A., Santos, J. J. D. S., Qin, J. S., Goel, R. R., Apostolidis, S. A., Mathew, D., Fulmer, B., Williams, J. C., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.02.05.527215 · Cited by 7
Self-citationSannier, G., Nicolas, A., Dubé, M., Marchitto, L., Nayrac, M., Tastet, O., Chatterjee, D., Tauzin, A., Lima-Barbosa, R., Laporte, M., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100955 · Cited by 6
Chang, X., Liu, X., Martina, B. E. E., Zeltiņš, A., Augusto, G. S., Vogel, M., Mohsen, M. O., Speiser, D. E., & Bachmann, M. F. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114396 · Cited by 5
Choi, M. J., Hyun, H., Heo, J. Y., Seo, Y. B., Noh, J. Y., Cheong, H. J., Kim, W. J., Kim, H. J., Choi, J., Lee, Y. J., et al. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27211 · Cited by 8
Poh, X. Y., Lee, I. R., Tan, C. W., Chavatte, J., Fong, S., Goh, Y. S., Rouers, A., Wong, N., Torres‐Ruesta, A., Mah, S. Y. Y., et al. (2024) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105275 · Cited by 6
Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccination In Healthcare Workers in Shiga Prefecture, Japan
Chano, T., Yamashita, T., Fujimura, H., Kita, H., Ikemoto, T., Kume, S., Morita, S., Suzuki, T., & Kakuno, F. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22682-3 · Cited by 6
Effect of vaccine dosing intervals on Omicron surrogate neutralization after three doses of BNT162b2
Prusinkiewicz, M. A., Sediqi, S., Li, Y. J., Goldfarb, D. A., Asamoah-Boaheng, M., Wall, N., Lavoie, P. M., & Grunau, B. E. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17259 · Cited by 6
Rouers, A., Wong, N., Goh, Y. S., Torres‐Ruesta, A., Tay, M. Z., Chang, Z. W., Fong, S., Neo, V. K., Kam, I. K. J., Yeo, N. K., et al. (2022) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.28258 · Cited by 5
Chen, C., Hsu, M.-K., Huang, Y., Lai, M.-J., Wu, S.-W., Lin, M.-H., Hung, H.-S., Lin, Y.-C., Huang, Y., Lee, Y.-F., et al. (2023) · Transplant International · doi:10.3389/ti.2023.11196 · Cited by 6
Hartley, G. E., Fryer, H. A., Gill, P. A., Boo, I., Bornheimer, S. J., Hogarth, P. M., Drummer, H. E., O’Hehir, R. E., Edwards, E. S. J., & van Zelm, M. C. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.557929 · Cited by 6
Kim, W. (2024) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2024.24.e28 · Cited by 5
Ciancaglini, M., Fixemer, J., Seven, C., Dimitrova, M., Finozzi, D., Weklak, D., Kastner, A. L., Jönsson, F., Wagner, I., Vincenti, I., et al. (2025) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.08.008 · Cited by 6
Vanetti, C., Stracuzzi, M., Crivellaro, E., Ciciliano, F., Garziano, M., Fenizia, C., Biasin, M., Rubinacci, V., Amendola, A., Tanzi, E., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1301766 · Cited by 5
Patel, R. S., Duque, D., Bavananthasivam, J., Hewitt, M., Sandhu, J. K., Kumar, R. K., Tran, A., & Agrawal, B. (2025) · ImmunoHorizons · doi:10.1093/immhor/vlae011 · Cited by 5
Kumar, D., Gaikwad, K., Gunnale, R., Vishwakarma, S., Shukla, S., Srivastava, S., Gopal, J., Vaidya, B., Saraf, A., Gurjar, R., et al. (2025) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-025-01076-2 · Cited by 5
Kwesi‐Maliepaard, E. M., Alhassan, Y., Quaye, E. K., Kotey, V. M., Mohammed, A. M., Agyemang, S., Sromani, A. K., Darko, S., Buadii, E., Tackie, R., et al. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-04157-0 · Cited by 5
Identification of B cell subsets based on antigen receptor sequences using deep learning
Lee, H., Shin, K., Lee, Y., Lee, S., Lee, S., Lee, E., Kim, S. W., Shin, H. Y., Kim, J. H., Chung, J., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1342285 · Cited by 7
Yi, Y., Han, X., Cui, X., Wang, P., Wang, X., Liu, H., Wang, Y., Zhu, N., Li, Y., Lin, Y., et al. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11061019 · Cited by 5
Braeye, T., van Loenhout, J. A. F., Brondeel, R., Stouten, V., Hubin, P., Billuart, M., Chung, J., Vandromme, M., Wyndham-Thomas, C., Blot, K. Y., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.22274623 · Cited by 5
Sokal, A., Spaeth, G. B., Hunault, L., Fernández, I., Broketa, M., Meola, A., Fourati, S., Azzaoui, I., Vandenberghe, A., Lagouge-Roussey, P., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525575 · Cited by 5
Memory B cell development in response to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 and nanoparticle immunization in mice
Wiatr, M., wang, Z., Canis, M., Hernandez, B., Gazumyan, A., Santos, G. S. S., Shawraz, S., lee, S., Bieniasz, P. D., Hatziioannou, T., et al. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2527869123 · Cited by 4
Lenart, K., Feuerstein, H., Marmorato, M. P., Vidakovics, L. P., McInerney, G. M., Guebre‐Xabier, M., Trost, J. F., Eriksson, B., Smith, G., Patel, N., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60885-0 · Cited by 4
Wilding, K. M., Molina-Parı́s, C., Kubicek-Sutherland, J. Z., McMahon, B. H., Perelson, A. S., & Ribeiro, R. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1596518 · Cited by 5
Khurana, S., Posadas, O., Kardava, L., Coyle, E. M., Ravichandran, S., Grubbs, G., McConnell, R., Rouphael, N., Poliquin, G., Langley, J. M., et al. (2026) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-026-02459-w · Cited by 4
New boosters are here! Who should receive them and when?
Doron, S., & Gandhi, M. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00688-0 · Cited by 4
Safety of third-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease
Connolly, C. M., Frey, S. M., Chiang, T. P., Teles, M. S., Alejo, J. L., Albayda, J., Shah, A. A., Werbel, W. A., Segev, D. L., Christopher‐Stine, L., et al. (2022) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keac298 · Cited by 4
Nakamura, N., Kobashi, Y., Kim, K. S., Tani, Y., Shimazu, Y., Zhao, T., Nishikawa, Y., Omata, F., Kawashima, M., Yoshida, M., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.06.11.22276266 · Cited by 3
Kusunoki, H., Ohkusa, M., Iida, R., Saito, A., Kawahara, M., Ekawa, K., Kato, N., Yamasaki, K., Motone, M., & Shimizu, H. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.02.04.23285414 · Cited by 4
Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection affects adaptive immune responses to Omicron BA.4/BA.5 mRNA booster
Wachter, B. T., Xu, Q., Shi, L., Burbelo, P. D., Myint-Hpu, K., Schwartzberg, P. L., Rehman, M. T., Dewar, R. L., Boswell, K. L., Koup, R. A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2025.02.026 · Cited by 4
Long-term immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5 mRNA booster in people living with HIV
Augello, M., Bono, V., Rovito, R., Tavelli, A., Santoro, A., Tincati, C., Vergori, A., Azzini, A. M., Righi, E., Spiteri, G., et al. (2025) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-025-00799-6 · Cited by 3
Patel, R. S., & Agrawal, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1619882 · Cited by 3
B-Cell Responses to Sars-Cov-2 mRNA Vaccines
Kardava, L., Buckner, C. M., & Moir, S. L. (2022) · Pathogens and Immunity · doi:10.20411/pai.v7i2.550 · Cited by 3
Mkhize, N. N., Zhang, B., Brackett, C., Elyanu, P., Tapley, A., Dadabhai, S. S., Hu, J., Do, B. T. N., Schuster, D. J., Heptinstall, J., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-63948-4 · Cited by 3
Ali, M., Shi, V., Kennedy, B. D., Justement, J. S., Gittens, K. R., McCormack, G. E., Blažková, J., Moir, S. L., & Chun, T. (2022) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac544 · Cited by 3
Wang, Q., Wang, S., Liu, Y., Wang, S., Peng, H., Hao, Y., Hong, K., Li, D., & Shao, Y. (2023) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens12050655 · Cited by 3
Priddey, A. J., Chen-Xu, M., Cooper, D. J., MacMillan, S., Meisl, G., Xu, C. K., Hosmillo, M. D. T., Goodfellow, I., Kollyfas, R., Döffinger, R., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1296148 · Cited by 4
Zheng, H., Chen, Y., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Zhao, X., He, Z., Liao, Y., Zhang, Z., Shi, H., et al. (2025) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.05.031 · Cited by 2
Ikezaki, H., Nomura, H., & Shimono, N. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12125 · Cited by 3
Three-dose vaccination-induced immune responses protect against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2Preprint
Zhou, R., Liu, N., Li, X., Peng, Q., Yiu, C.-K., Huang, H., Yang, D., Du, Z., Kwok, H., Au, K., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.491254 · Cited by 3
Durable reprogramming of neutralising antibody responses following breakthrough Omicron infectionPreprint
Lee, W. S., Tan, H., Reynaldi, A., Esterbauer, R., Koutsakos, M., Nguyen, J. T., Amarasena, T. H., Kent, H. E., Aggarwal, A., Turville, S. G., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.02.19.23286159 · Cited by 3
Self-citationMilojković, D., Reynolds, C. J., Sandoval, D. M., Pieper, F. P., Liu, S., Pade, C., Gibbons, J. M., McKnight, Á., Loaiza, S., Palanicawander, R., et al. (2022) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/s41375-022-01787-8 · Cited by 2
Booster dose reshapes SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific B cell immunity in people living with HIV
Polvere, J., Lucchesi, S., Montesi, G., Fiorino, F., Pastore, G., Fabbiani, M., Tumbarello, M., Montagnani, F., Medaglini, D., & Ciabattini, A. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-025-07414-1 · Cited by 2
Lijeskić, O., Bauman, N., Marković, M., Srbljanović, J., Bobić, B., Zlatković, Đ., & Štajner, T. (2024) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.085 · Cited by 2
Rocha, V. P. C., Machado, B. A. S., Barreto, B. C., Quadros, H. C., Fernandes, A. M. S., Lima, E. D. S., Bandeira, M. E., Meira, C. S., Fonseca, L. M. D. S., Erasmus, J. H., et al. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25539 · Cited by 2
Madhavan, R., Gupta, D., Paul, J. S., Babji, S., Syed, C., Saravanan, P., Kumar, A., Immanuel, S., Gandhi, V., Eswaran, A., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-10447-7 · Cited by 2
Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-Specific B Cell Memory Responses in Infected and Vaccinated Individuals
Fabiani, M., Margiotti, K., Monaco, F., Viola, A., Cima, A., Mesoraca, A., & Giorlandino, C. (2023) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/vim.2022.0197 · Cited by 2
Wang, X., He, X., Jiang, S., Fu, Z., Jiang, S., Zhao, X., Zhao, C., Li, Y., Li, D., Zhang, W., et al. (2023) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.28540 · Cited by 1
Laquintana, V., Mottini, C., Marchesi, F., Marcozzi, B., Terrenato, I., Sperandio, E., de Latouliere, L., Carrieri, F., Pimpinelli, F., Pontone, M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1221587 · Cited by 1
Relationship between B-Cell Populations, Development and Function of B-Cell Subsets
Mortari, E. P., & Carsetti, R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95895-0.00022-2 · Cited by 1
Reading of human acute immune dynamics in omicron SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection
Li, H., Liu, H., Wu, H., Guo, C. M., Zuo, W., Zheng, Y., Deng, X., Xu, J., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., et al. (2025) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2025.2494705 · Cited by 1
Herd Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Among the Armenian Population in the Second Half of 2022
Popova, A. Y., Смирнов, В. С., Egorova, S. A., Melik-Andreasyan, G., Atoyan, S. A., Milichkina, A. M., Drozd, I. V., Palozyan, G. H., Ivanov, V. A., Ramsay, E. S., et al. (2025) · Epidemiologia · doi:10.3390/epidemiologia6030029 · Cited by 1
Quantification of the IgG antibody response half-life for hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2
Bongiovanni, F., Conway, E. J., Smith, L., Cumming, J., Mazhari, R., Kiernan‐Walker, N., Eriksson, E. M., McVernon, J., & Müeller, I. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-04490-4 · Cited by 1
Stemler, J., Yeghiazaryan, L., Stephan, C., Mohn, K. G.-I., Cox, R. J., Carcas, A. J., Rodríguez, E. M. R., Moltó, J., Mitxeltorena, I. V., Pink, I., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108466 · Cited by 1
Lima, N. S., McCormick, L., Li, S., Wake, C., Subramanian, R., Spangler, A., Pinto, Y., Catalano, W. L., Henry, A. R., Laboune, F., et al. (2026) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aeb9837 · Cited by 1
Targeting T follicular helper cells for lifelong health
Linterman, M. A., Yu, D., Webb, L. M. C., & Vinuesa, C. G. (2026) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-026-01495-3 · Cited by 1
Areas of Uncertainty in SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination for Cancer Patients
Dimou, A. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10122117
Juhas, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29544-7_2 · Cited by 1
Rodríguez-Prieto, M., Modino-García, F., de la Arada-Benavides, C., de la Puente, R., Carvajal, A., Rodríguez-Cabañeros, I., de Prado-Santos, C., de Mota-Luna, B., Fernández‐Villa, T., Fernández-Vázquez, J. P., et al. (2023) · Medicina de Familia SEMERGEN · doi:10.1016/j.semerg.2023.102092 · Cited by 2
Suntronwong, N., Kanokudom, S., Thatsanathorn, T., Thongmee, T., Sudhinaraset, N., Wanlapakorn, N., & Poovorawan, Y. (2023) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2023.2283916 · Cited by 1
Huang, M., Cui, T., Liu, S., Su, X., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Zhong, J., Cao, J., Mei, X., Li, K., et al. (2024) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.29544 · Cited by 1
Diverse BCR usage and T cell activation induced by different COVID-19 sequential vaccinations
Wang, J., Li, K., Wang, Y., Lin, Z., Li, W., Cao, J., Mei, X., Wei, R., Yang, J.-L., Zhai, X., et al. (2024) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01429-24 · Cited by 1
Mai, F., Reisinger, E. C., & Müller‐Hilke, B. (2025) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2025.110523 · Cited by 1
Seow, J., Shalim, Z. A., Graham, C., Kimuda, S., Pillai, A., Lechmere, T., Kurshan, A., Khimji, A. M., Snell, L., Nebbia, G., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.03.30.534872 · Cited by 1
Three-Dose Vaccination-Induced Immune Responses Protect Against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2Preprint
Zhou, R., Liu, N., Li, X., Peng, Q., Yiu, C.-K., Huang, H., Yang, D., Du, Z., Kwok, H., Au, K., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4123263
Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccination In Healthcare Workers in Shiga Prefecture, JapanPreprint
Chano, T., Yamashita, T., Fujimura, H., Kita, H., Ikemoto, T., Kume, S., Morita, S., Suzuki, T., & Kakuno, F. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4149842
Hartley, G. E., Edwards, E. S. J., Varese, N. P., Boo, I., Aui, P. M., Bornheimer, S. J., Hogarth, P. M., Drummer, H. E., O’Hehir, R. E., & van Zelm, M. C. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.08.03.502703
Mortari, E. P., Pulvirenti, F., Marcellini, V., Terreri, S., Salinas, A. F., Ferrari, S., Napoli, G. D., Guadagnolo, D., Sculco, E., Albano, C., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.12.24.22283775
Naidich, G., Santucci, N. E., Pezzotto, S. M., Ceccarelli, E. A., Bottasso, O. A., & Perichón, A. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1141794
Juhas, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29544-7_10
Wagh, K., Shen, X., Theiler, J. P., Girard, B., Marshall, J.-C. A., Montefiori, D. C., & Korber, B. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.08.13.553144
Beytout, J. (2023) · EMC - Tratado de Medicina · doi:10.1016/s1636-5410(23)48480-2
Kuloğlu, Z. E., Talay, Z. G., Albayrak, Ö., Ergönül, Ö., & Can, F. (2023) · Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.36519/idcm.2023.246
Haralambieva, I. H., Monroe, J. M., Ovsyannikova, I. G., Warner, N. D., Grill, D. E., Poland, G. A., & Kennedy, R. B. (2024) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.032
Yasri, S., & Wiwanitkit, V. (2024) · Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1774328
Mondi, A., Mastrorosa, I., Navarra, A., Cimaglia, C., Pinnetti, C., Mazzotta, V., Agresta, A., Corpolongo, A., Zolezzi, A., Moghazi, S. A., et al. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12091018 · Cited by 1
Sheehan, J., Trauth, A. J., Hagensee, M. E., & Ramsay, A. J. (2025) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens14010044
Ahmed, J. I., Krosta, S. J., Reimer, M. N., Cheung, W., Mesa, C., Lopez, C., Chua, R. J., Alsattari, F., Robinson, A., Manguiat, K., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1529134
Hayai, S., Fukumitsu, K., Suzuki, A., Fukihara, J., Katano, T., Yonezawa, T., Ogisu, T., Tanaka, H., Inoue, T., Kako, H., et al. (2025) · Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2025.102764
Torres, C., Jiménez, A., Deulofeu, M., Prenafeta, A., Dobaño, C., Moncunill, G., Ferrer, L., & Molinos-Albert, L. M. (2025) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.70583
DynPerturb:Dynamic Perturbation Modeling for Spatiotemporal Single-Cell SystemsPreprint
Qin, H., Zhang, Y., Guo, Z., Hu, L., Li, Q., Cao, L., Xia, T., Deng, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, Y. P., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676236
Pre-Omicron Immunity Generates IgG⁺ but Not IgA⁺ Memory B Cells Reactive to Omicron Spike ProteinPreprint
Tsoleridis, T., Singh, I., Onion, D., Chappell, J. G., Kelly, A., Nightingale, J., Valdes, A. M., Ollivere, B. J., Hoehn, K. B., Urbanowicz, R. A., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.26.678818
Numakura, K., Miyamoto, S., Sataka, A., Takeyama, H., & Suzuki, T. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.25340279
Yang, P., Jiang, X., Zhang, Y., Kang, W., Liu, Y., Gang, Y., Li, R., Wang, W., Wang, T., Zhang, W., et al. (2026) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-026-12828-3
Esser, M. J., Diks, A. M., Oosten, L. E. M., Groenland, R. J., de Mooij, B., Teodósio, C., Driessen, G. J. A., van Dongen, J. J. M., & Berkowska, M. A. (2026) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines14040297
Metadata
- Authors
- Goel, R. R., Painter, M. M., Lundgreen, K. A., Apostolidis, S. A., Baxter, A. E., Giles, J. R., Mathew, D., Pattekar, A., Reynaldi, A., Khoury, D. S., Gouma, S., Hicks, P., Dysinger, S., Hicks, A., Sharma, H., Herring, S., Korte, S., KC, W., Oldridge, D. A., Erickson, R. I., Weirick, M. E., McAllister, C. M., Awofolaju, M., Tanenbaum, N., Dougherty, J., Long, S., D’Andrea, K., Hamilton, J. T., McLaughlin, M., Williams, J. C., Adamski, S., Kuthuru, O., Drapeau, E. M., Davenport, M. P., Hensley, S. E., Bates, P., Greenplate, A. R., & Wherry, E. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (US)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Wherry, E. John
- ORCID
- Goel, Rishi R.
- Painter, Mark M.
- Lundgreen, Kendall A.
- Apostolidis, Sokratis A.
- Baxter, Amy E.
- Giles, Josephine R.
- Mathew, Divij
- Pattekar, Ajinkya
- Reynaldi, Arnold
- Khoury, David S.
- Gouma, Sigrid
- Hicks, Philip
- Dysinger, Sarah
- Sharma, Harsh
- Herring, Sarah
- Korte, Scott
- Oldridge, Derek A.
- Erickson, Rachel I.
- Weirick, Madison E.
- McAllister, Christopher M.
- Awofolaju, Moses
- Tanenbaum, Nicole
- Dougherty, Jeanette
- Long, Sherea
- Hamilton, Jacob T.
- Williams, Justine C.
- Adamski, Sharon
- Kuthuru, Oliva
- Drapeau, Elizabeth M.
- Davenport, Miles P.
- Hensley, Scott E.
- Bates, Paul
- Greenplate, Allison R.
- Wherry, E. John
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-05
- Volume
- 185
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1875-1887.e8
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8989683
- OpenAlex
- W4225964771
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 58
- FWCI
- 23.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 390 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (T32 AI055400, T32 CA009140, T32 AR076951-01, AI155577, AI108545, P30CA016520, AI142638, U19AI082630, AI152236, AI149680, 75N93021C00015, HL143613)
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Paul and Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans
- Australian Research Council
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
- NHMRC (GNT1149990)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, Omicron variant, memory B cells, antibody waning, neutralizing antibodies, spike protein, receptor binding domain, antibody quality, vaccine-induced immunity, antibody boosting, long-term antibody persistence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review