Germinal Centers

Victora, Gabriel D.; Nussenzweig, Michel C.

doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075032

Cited by 1,878T-cell and B-cell ImmunologyLymphoma Diagnosis and TreatmentImmune Response and Inflammation

Germinal Centers

Victora, Gabriel D., Nussenzweig, Michel C.·2012·Annual Review of Immunology

DOI 10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075032

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Abstract

Germinal centers (GCs) were described more than 125 years ago as compartments within secondary lymphoid organs that contained mitotic cells. Since then, it has become clear that this structure is the site of B cell clonal expansion, somatic hypermutation, and affinity-based selection, the combination of which results in the production of high-affinity antibodies. Decades of anatomical and functional studies have led to an overall model of how the GC reaction and affinity-based selection operate. More recently, the introduction of intravital imaging into the GC field has opened the door to direct investigation of certain key dynamic features of this microanatomic structure, sparking renewed interest in the relationship between cell movement and affinity maturation. We review these and other recent advances in our understanding of GCs, focusing on cellular dynamics and on the mechanism of selection of high-affinity B cells.

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Persistent clones expand without accumulating large numbers of additional mutations, indicating that clonal expansion of human memory B cells does not require re-entry into germinal centres and occurs in the activated B cell compartment.
“The persistent clones expand without accumulating large numbers of additional mutations, indicating that clonal expansion of human memory B cells does not require re-entry into germinal centres and occurs in the activated B cell compartment17,27–31.”
From Naturally enhanced neutralizing breadth against SARS-CoV-2 one year after infection (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
Continued antibody evolution in germinal centres requires antigen, which can be retained in these structures over long periods of time.
“Continued antibody evolution in germinal centres requires antigen, which can be retained in these structures over long periods of time29.”
From Naturally enhanced neutralizing breadth against SARS-CoV-2 one year after infection (2021) · cites this paper as [29]

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Textbook Germinal Centers?
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Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: Positioning Cells for Host Defense and Immunity
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Lipid nanoparticles enhance the efficacy of mRNA and protein subunit vaccines by inducing robust T follicular helper cell and humoral responses
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B Cells, Antibodies, and More
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Persistent Antigen and Germinal Center B Cells Sustain T Follicular Helper Cell Responses and Phenotype
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Visualizing antibody affinity maturation in germinal centers
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Antibodies in HIV-1 Vaccine Development and Therapy
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Efficient evolution of human antibodies from general protein language models
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Mechanical forces in the immune system
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Targeting B cell receptor signalling in cancer: preclinical and clinical advances
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Regulated selection of germinal-center cells into the memory B cell compartment
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IgA Responses to Microbiota
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Amino acid metabolism in immune cells: essential regulators of the effector functions, and promising opportunities to enhance cancer immunotherapy
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Authors: Victora, G. D., & Nussenzweig, M. C.
Affiliations: Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (US)
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
ORCID: Victora, Gabriel D.
Nussenzweig, Michel C.
Venue: Annual Review of Immunology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2012-04-23
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Pages: 429-457
ISSN: 0732-0582 (ISSN-L)
1545-3278
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075032
OpenAlex: W4246504300
Cited by: 1,878
References: 232
Citations by year: 2026: 107 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 207 · 2020: 183 · 2019: 155 · 2018: 142 · 2017: 150 · 2016: 141 · 2015: 139 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 9.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Keywords: germinal center, B cell clonal expansion, somatic hypermutation, affinity maturation, high-affinity antibodies, intravital imaging, secondary lymphoid organs, B cell microenvironment
MeSH terms: Animals, B-Lymphocytes, Humans, Self Tolerance, Germinal Center

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