The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Efficient recall of Omicron-reactive B cell memory after a third dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
We examined antibody and memory B cell responses longitudinally for ∼9-10 months after primary 2-dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination and 3 months after a 3rd dose. Antibody decay stabilized between 6 and 9 months, and antibody quality continued to improve for at least 9 months after 2-dose vaccination. Spike- and RBD-specific memory B cells remained durable over time, and 40%-50% of RBD-specific memory B cells simultaneously bound the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants. Omicron-binding memory B cells were efficiently reactivated by a 3rd dose of wild-type vaccine and correlated with the corresponding increase in neutralizing antibody titers. In contrast, pre-3rd dose antibody titers inversely correlated with the fold-change of antibody boosting, suggesting that high levels of circulating antibodies may limit the added protection afforded by repeat short interval boosting. These data provide insight into the quantity and quality of mRNA-vaccine-induced immunity over time through 3 or more antigen exposures.
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“A booster serves as a re-exposure to the virus, which creates new antibodies as well as additional and improved memory B-cells responses to fight off future infections.”
From Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe outcomes in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of European studies published up to 22 January 2024 (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
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“This finding is consistent with the dynamics of antibody titres following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, showing that the initial high antibody levels appear to decline over time [17–19].”
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“It has even been found that booster exposure also improves the ability of the memory B-cells to recognise unknown variants such as the Omicron strain [18, 20].”
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Cites
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Self-citationImmunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection.
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“Antigen-specific B cell responses were quantified from bulk PBMCs by flow cytometry using fluorescently labeled SARSCoV-2 spike and RBD probes as previously described (Dan et al., 2021; Goel et al., 2021b, 2021a).”
Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization
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“Of these VOC, the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant had considerable impact due to its increased infectivity and partial escape from neutralizing antibodies (Mlcochova et al., 2021; Planas et al., 2021).”
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Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
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Waning Immune Humoral Response to BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine over 6 Months
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Flagged first, then by citations
6 of the 58 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Cele, 2021, Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes Pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization, Nature, 602, 654, 10.1038/s41586-021-04387-1 · DOI · Paper page
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Cited by
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Items 201–207 of 207
Mechanisms underlying immunodynamics of layered defenses elicited by mRNA vaccination in children
Liao, Y., Chua, H. K., Lau, B. K., Wang, Y., Polak, F., Choi, A. N. X., Tay, C. J. X., Li, H., Shek, L., Tham, E. H., et al. (2026) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-026-04852-6
More than just a delivery system
Zhen, X., Tao, W., & Kong, N. (2026) · Nature Reviews Chemistry · doi:10.1038/s41570-026-00825-8
Booster vaccination improves the durability of antibody-secreting plasma cellsPreprint
Xu, A. Q., Hung, M. S., Chen, B., Sopeña, M. L., Chakravarty, P., Camara, A., & Calado, D. P. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.18.719387
A preS2 aa1–26-specific humoural response marks functional cure in chronic HBV infection
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Metadata
- Authors
- Goel, R. R., Painter, M. M., Lundgreen, K. A., Apostolidis, S. A., Baxter, A. E., Giles, J. R., Mathew, D., Pattekar, A., Reynaldi, A., Khoury, D. S., Gouma, S., Hicks, P., Dysinger, S., Hicks, A., Sharma, H., Herring, S., Korte, S., KC, W., Oldridge, D. A., Erickson, R. I., Weirick, M. E., McAllister, C. M., Awofolaju, M., Tanenbaum, N., Dougherty, J., Long, S., D’Andrea, K., Hamilton, J. T., McLaughlin, M., Williams, J. C., Adamski, S., Kuthuru, O., Drapeau, E. M., Davenport, M. P., Hensley, S. E., Bates, P., Greenplate, A. R., & Wherry, E. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (US)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Wherry, E. John
- ORCID
- Goel, Rishi R.
- Painter, Mark M.
- Lundgreen, Kendall A.
- Apostolidis, Sokratis A.
- Baxter, Amy E.
- Giles, Josephine R.
- Mathew, Divij
- Pattekar, Ajinkya
- Reynaldi, Arnold
- Khoury, David S.
- Gouma, Sigrid
- Hicks, Philip
- Dysinger, Sarah
- Sharma, Harsh
- Herring, Sarah
- Korte, Scott
- Oldridge, Derek A.
- Erickson, Rachel I.
- Weirick, Madison E.
- McAllister, Christopher M.
- Awofolaju, Moses
- Tanenbaum, Nicole
- Dougherty, Jeanette
- Long, Sherea
- Hamilton, Jacob T.
- Williams, Justine C.
- Adamski, Sharon
- Kuthuru, Oliva
- Drapeau, Elizabeth M.
- Davenport, Miles P.
- Hensley, Scott E.
- Bates, Paul
- Greenplate, Allison R.
- Wherry, E. John
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-05
- Volume
- 185
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1875-1887.e8
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8989683
- OpenAlex
- W4225964771
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 58
- FWCI
- 23.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 390 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (T32 AI055400, T32 CA009140, T32 AR076951-01, AI155577, AI108545, P30CA016520, AI142638, U19AI082630, AI152236, AI149680, 75N93021C00015, HL143613)
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Paul and Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans
- Australian Research Council
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
- NHMRC (GNT1149990)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, Omicron variant, memory B cells, antibody waning, neutralizing antibodies, spike protein, receptor binding domain, antibody quality, vaccine-induced immunity, antibody boosting, long-term antibody persistence
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