Multifunctional role of exosomes in viral diseases: From transmission to diagnosis and therapy

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Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication

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Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals

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Routes and mechanisms of extracellular vesicle uptake

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Structural and functional properties of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: potential antivirus drug development for COVID-19

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Exosomes: biogenesis, biologic function and clinical potential

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Exosomes: Current knowledge of their composition, biological functions, and diagnostic and therapeutic potentials

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Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: a modelling study

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Double-stranded DNA in exosomes: a novel biomarker in cancer detection

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Coronavirus Pathogenesis and the Emerging Pathogen Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

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Exosomes: key players in cancer and potential therapeutic strategy

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Hepatitis B: The virus and disease #

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Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19

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Cells release subpopulations of exosomes with distinct molecular and biological properties

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Exosome-based liquid biopsies in cancer: opportunities and challenges

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Biogenesis and function of extracellular vesicles in cancer

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Viraemia suppressed in HIV-1-infected humans by broadly neutralizing antibody 3BNC117

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Parallels Between Cytokinesis and Retroviral Budding: A Role for the ESCRT Machinery

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Effect of 2 Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection in Adults

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Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles in host–pathogen interactions

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Formation and release of arrestin domain-containing protein 1-mediated microvesicles (ARMMs) at plasma membrane by recruitment of TSG101 protein

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Tetraspanins: push and pull in suppressing and promoting metastasis

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SARS: epidemiology

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The Trojan exosome hypothesis

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Prospects and challenges of extracellular vesicle-based drug delivery system: considering cell source

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

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Distinct Patterns of IFITM-Mediated Restriction of Filoviruses, SARS Coronavirus, and Influenza A Virus

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Looking beyond COVID-19 vaccine phase 3 trials

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Human tumor virus utilizes exosomes for intercellular communication

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Exosome-mediated transmission of hepatitis C virus between human hepatoma Huh7.5 cells

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Antibody 10-1074 suppresses viremia in HIV-1-infected individuals

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Short-Range Exosomal Transfer of Viral RNA from Infected Cells to Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Triggers Innate Immunity

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Anticancer Drugs Cause Release of Exosomes with Heat Shock Proteins from Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells That Elicit Effective Natural Killer Cell Antitumor Responses in Vitro

Lv, L., Wan, Y.-L., Lin, Y., Zhang, W., Yang, M., Li, G., Lin, H., Shang, C., Chen, Y., & Min, J. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.340588 · Cited by 469 · see citing works

Exosomes: Looking back three decades and into the future

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Antiviral potentials of medicinal plants

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Serum exosomal microRNAs as novel biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma

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Exosome removal as a therapeutic adjuvant in cancer

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Microfluidic filtration system to isolate extracellular vesicles from blood

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IFITM3 Inhibits Influenza A Virus Infection by Preventing Cytosolic Entry

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Antigen Presentation by Extracellular Vesicles from Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells

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CD24 is a marker of exosomes secreted into urine and amniotic fluid

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Exosomes Derived from Epstein-Barr Virus-Infected Cells Are Internalized via Caveola-Dependent Endocytosis and Promote Phenotypic Modulation in Target Cells

Nanbo, A., Kawanishi, E., Yoshida, R., & Yoshiyama, H. (2013) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01310-13 · Cited by 356 · see citing works

Antigen‐presenting cell exosomes are protected from complement‐mediated lysis by expression of CD55 and CD59

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In macrophages, HIV-1 assembles into an intracellular plasma membrane domain containing the tetraspanins CD81, CD9, and CD53

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Evidence That HIV Budding in Primary Macrophages Occurs through the Exosome Release Pathway

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Exosomes Derived from HIV-1-infected Cells Contain Trans-activation Response Element RNA

Narayanan, A., Iordanskiy, S., Das, R., Van Duyne, R., Santos, S., Jaworski, E., Guendel, I., Sampey, G., Dalby, E., Iglesias-Ussel, M., et al. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.438895 · Cited by 316 · see citing works

Plant derived edible nanoparticles as a new therapeutic approach against diseases

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Plant-derived exosomal microRNAs inhibit lung inflammation induced by exosomes SARS-CoV-2 Nsp12

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Identification of a bona fide microRNA biomarker in serum exosomes that predicts hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation

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Involvement of Extracellular Vesicle Long Noncoding RNA (linc-VLDLR) in Tumor Cell Responses to Chemotherapy

Takahashi, K., Yan, I. K., Wood, J. D., Haga, H., & Patel, T. C. (2014) · Molecular Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0636 · Cited by 281 · see citing works

HIV-1 Buds Predominantly at the Plasma Membrane of Primary Human Macrophages

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Naturally Occurring Exosome Vesicles as Potential Delivery Vehicle for Bioactive Compounds

Akuma, P., Okagu, O. D., & Udenigwe, C. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2019.00023 · Cited by 261 · see citing works

Exosome miR‐335 as a novel therapeutic strategy in hepatocellular carcinoma

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MicroRNAs transfer from human macrophages to hepato-carcinoma cells and inhibit proliferation

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Towards microfluidic-based exosome isolation and detection for tumor therapy

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New insight into isolation, identification techniques and medical applications of exosomes

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Biochemical and Biologic Characterization of Exosomes and Microvesicles as Facilitators of HIV-1 Infection in Macrophages

Kadiu, I., Narayanasamy, P., Dash, P. K., Zhang, W., & Gendelman, H. E. (2012) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1102244 · Cited by 230 · see citing works

LMP1 association with CD63 in endosomes and secretion via exosomes limits constitutive NF‐κB activation

Verweij, F. J., van Eijndhoven, M. A. J., Hopmans, E. S., Vendrig, T., Würdinger, T., Cahir-McFarland, E. D., Kieff, E. D., Geerts, D., van der Kant, R., Neefjes, J., et al. (2011) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/emboj.2011.123 · Cited by 230 · see citing works

Plant-Derived Exosomal Nanoparticles Inhibit Pathogenicity of Porphyromonas gingivalis

Sundaram, K., Miller, D. P., Kumar, A., Teng, Y., Sayed, M. E., Mu, J., Lei, C., Sriwastva, M. K., Zhang, L., Yan, J., et al. (2019) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.032 · Cited by 226 · see citing works

Exosomes mediate hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission and NK-cell dysfunction

Yang, Y., Han, Q., Hou, Z., Zhang, C., Tian, Z., & Zhang, J. (2016) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/cmi.2016.24 · Cited by 224 · see citing works

Biological properties of plant-derived extracellular vesicles

Rome, S. (2019) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c8fo02295j · Cited by 221 · see citing works

Patients With COVID-19 Have Elevated Levels of Circulating Extracellular Vesicle Tissue Factor Activity That Is Associated With Severity and Mortality—Brief Report

Rosell, A., Havervall, S., von Meijenfeldt, F. A., Hisada, Y., Aguilera, K., Grover, S. P., Lisman, T., Mackman, N., & Thålin, C. (2020) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.120.315547 · Cited by 213 · see citing works

Human Liver Stem Cell-Derived Microvesicles Inhibit Hepatoma Growth in SCID Mice by Delivering Antitumor MicroRNAs

Fonsato, V., Collino, F., Sanchez, M. B. H., Cavallari, C., Deregibus, M. C., Cisterna, B., Bruno, S., Romagnoli, R., Salizzoni, M., Tetta, C., et al. (2012) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.1161 · Cited by 200 · see citing works

Circulating Exosomes Are Strongly Involved in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Barberis, E., Vanella, V. V., Falasca, M., Caneparo, V., Cappellano, G., Raineri, D., Ghirimoldi, M., Giorgis, V. D., Puricelli, C., Vaschetto, R., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2021.632290 · Cited by 200 · see citing works

Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells alleviate the inflammation and oxidative stress via regulating Nrf2/HO-1 axis in macrophages

Shen, K., Jia, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Liu, K., Wang, J., Cai, W., Li, J., Li, S., Zhao, M., et al. (2021) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.023 · Cited by 194 · see citing works

Extracellular Vesicles Including Exosomes Regulate Innate Immune Responses to Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Kouwaki, T., Fukushima, Y., Daito, T., Sanada, T., Yamamoto, N., Mifsud, E. J., Leong, C. R., Tsukiyama–Kohara, K., Kohara, M., Matsumoto, M., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00335 · Cited by 191 · see citing works

Exosomes from breast milk inhibit HIV-1 infection of dendritic cells and subsequent viral transfer to CD4+ T cells

Näslund, T. I., Paquin‐Proulx, D., Paredes, P. T., Vallhov, H., Sandberg, J. K., & Gabrielsson, S. (2013) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000000159 · Cited by 181 · see citing works

The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infection and Transmission

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Exosomal vaccines containing the S protein of the SARS coronavirus induce high levels of neutralizing antibodies

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Role of Exosomes in the Regulation of T-Cell Mediated Immune Responses and in Autoimmune Disease

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Massive Secretion by T Cells Is Caused by HIV Nef in Infected Cells and by Nef Transfer to Bystander Cells

Muratori, C., Cavallin, L. E., Krätzel, K., Tinari, A., De Milito, A., Fais, S., D'Aloja, P., Federico, M., Vullo, V., Fomina, A., et al. (2009) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2009.06.009 · Cited by 164 · see citing works

The EBV-Encoded dUTPase Activates NF-κB through the TLR2 and MyD88-Dependent Signaling Pathway

Ariza, M. E., Glaser, R., Kaumaya, P. T. P., Jones, C., & Williams, M. V. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.851 · Cited by 158 · see citing works

The tetraspanin CD9 facilitates MERS-coronavirus entry by scaffolding host cell receptors and proteases

Earnest, J. T., Hantak, M. P., Li, K., McCray, P. B., Perlman, S. M., & Gallagher, T. (2017) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006546 · Cited by 147 · see citing works

Exosomes in Human Breast Milk Promote EMT

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MicroRNAs in Salivary Exosome as Potential Biomarkers of Aging

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Exosome-mediated mRNA delivery in vivo is safe and can be used to induce SARS-CoV-2 immunity

Tsai, S. J., Atai, N. A., Cacciottolo, M., Nice, J., Salehi, A., Guo, C., Sedgwick, A., Kanagavelu, S., & Gould, S. J. (2021) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101266 · Cited by 142 · see citing works

A New Diagnostic Marker for Secreted Epstein-Barr Virus–Encoded LMP1 and BARF1 Oncoproteins in the Serum and Saliva of Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

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Exosomes containing HIV protein Nef reorganize lipid rafts potentiating inflammatory response in bystander cells

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Environmental pollutants and exosomes: A new paradigm in environmental health and disease

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Exosomal transmission of viruses, a two-edged biological sword

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Astrocytic microRNAs and transcription factors in Alzheimer’s disease and therapeutic interventions

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Exosomes mediate Coxsackievirus B3 transmission and expand the viral tropism

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Extracellular Vesicles and Their Membranes: Exosomes vs. Virus-Related Particles

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Advances in the Therapeutic Applications of Plant-Derived Exosomes in the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases

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Post-COVID-19 Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis: The Exosomal Cargo Hypothesis

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Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles: From Biogenesis, Isolation and Molecular Characterization to Addressing Translational Gaps and Regulatory Barriers

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Role of Exosomes and Their Potential as Biomarkers in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Cancer

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Rapid and Highly Efficient Purification of Extracellular Vesicles Enabled by a TiO2 Hybridized Spongy-like Polymer

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Clinical and molecular impact of concurrent thyroid autoimmune disease and thyroid cancer: From the bench to bedside

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The role of exosomes in diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of Alzheimer's Disease

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Exosomes in viral infection: Effects for pathogenesis and treatment strategies

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Extracellular vesicles as missiles for enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of oncolytic viruses: from disseminating oncolysis and anti-tumor immunity to targeted delivery

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The Role of Viral Infections in the Immunopathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

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Bioengineered Extracellular Vesicles in Emerging Cancer Vaccine Platforms

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HPV-Related Cervical Cancer and Extracellular Vesicles

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Exosomes, and the potential for exosome‐based interventions against COVID‐19

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Exosomes in COVID‐19 infection: Focus on role in diagnosis, pathogenesis, immunity, and clinical trials

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Modulation of neuroplasticity and neuroinflammation by exosomal proteins and microRNA in depression: A review

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Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes mediated delivery of tetramethylpyrazine attenuate cerebral ischemic injury

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Exosome-mediated regulation of inflammatory pathway during respiratory viral disease

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Role of exosomes in viral infections: a narrative review

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Circular RNAs as a therapeutic modality for viral infections and innovative strategies to overcome key challenges: A review

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Autophagic extracellular vesicles (AEVs) are distinct from exosomes and play crucial roles in viral infections

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Exosome Revolution or Marketing Mirage? AI-Based Multi-domain Evaluation of Claims, Scientific Evidence, Transparency, Public Sentiment, and Media Narratives

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Exosomes in assisted reproductive technologies: Discovery of new mechanisms and therapeutic possibilities

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Differential traits between microvesicles and exosomes in enterovirus infection

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Review of exosomes and their potential for veterinary medicine

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Research progress on the mechanism of exosome-mediated virus infection

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Current trends in exosomes as therapeutic drug delivery systems

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Exosomes: Friends or Foes in Microbial Infections?

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Investigation of exosomal tetraspanin profile in sepsis patients as a promising diagnostic biomarker

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Exploring immunotherapeutic strategies for bacterial and viral diseases

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Optical biosensors for detection of exosomes

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Extracellular Vesicles in Host–Pathogen Interactions: Roles of Exosomes and Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles in Immunity and Microbial Communication

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Plasma Exosome-Derived microRNAs Profiles in Patients with Serofast Status: A Cross-Sectional Study

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Infection by exosome-carried Coxsackievirus B3 induces immune escape resulting in an aggravated pathogenesis

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Progress of exosomes in diagnosis of tuberculosis

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Research advances of liposomes and exosomes in drug delivery and biomarker screening

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Urinary exosomes: Emerging biomarkers for urinary tract infection

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Hijacking exosome biogenesis: viral glycoproteins as modular scaffolds for engineering functionalized extracellular vesicles

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Delving into revolutionary SARS-CoV-2 vaccine approaches: Molecular and virological examinations; principles of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platform

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A State‐of‐the‐Art Review on the Recent Advances in Exosomes in Oncogenic Virus

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Improving extracellular vesicle isolation from non-mammalian blood plasma: Enhancing efficiency through adjusted osmolarity

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Importance of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by Leishmania species: a state of art review and future prospects

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Delving into revolutionary SARS-CoV-2 vaccine approaches: Molecular and virological examinations; principles of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platform

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Diagnostic use of circulating cells and sub-cellular bio-particles

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Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infections: Mechanisms, Diagnostics, and Therapeutic Perspectives for Pandemic Preparedness (SDG 3)

Govindarajan, R. K., Zaki, R. M., Kamal, M. A., Rabbee, M. F., Dhaswini, R. M., Waheeb, M. Q., Thiruvengadam, M., Kondapavuluri, B. K., & Lackner, M. K. (2025) · The EuroBiotech Journal · doi:10.2478/ebtj-2025-0015 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Exogenous cargo-loaded extracellular vesicles as therapeutics: A review of pre-clinical studies

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Exosomes and tumor virus interlink: A complex side of cancer

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Extracellular vesicles against viral pathogens and infectious diseases

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Plasma Exosome-derived MicroRNAs profiles in patients with serofast syphilisPreprint

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NA-R289K drug-resistant mutant H7N9 avian influenza recombinant virus regulates host cell biology by exosomal miR-335-5pPreprint

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Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Tools against Infectious Diseases

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Role of myocardium-derived exosomal miRNAs in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy

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mRNA-based vaccines: Rational antigen design, delivery optimization, and immune modulation

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Extracellular vesicle crosstalk in urinary tract infections: Integrating host exosomes and pathogen-derived membrane vesicles for antimicrobial resistance monitoring and diagnostic innovation

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Exosome‐Based Vaccines as a Safe and Innovative Platform for Disease Prevention

Kheirkhah, A. H., & Rezapour, A. (2026) · Advanced Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/adtp.202500497

Small Vesicles Big Impact: Exosomes in the Landscape of Women's Health

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BVDV E2 hijacks host TSG101 to facilitate transplacental transmission by regulating exosome biogenesis and release

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Engineering chitosan functionalized extracellular vesicles for targeted brain gene delivery and neurotherapeutics

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Exosomes in viral infections: Insights into their emerging role in dengue pathogenesis and therapeutics

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Precision nanomedicine for antiviral therapeutics

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Bioengineering strategies for improving the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines

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Exosomes in viral infection: Effects for pathogenesis and treatment strategies

Heidari, F., Seyedebrahimi, R., Yang, P., Farsani, M. E., Ababzadeh, S., Kalhor, N., Manoochehri, H., Sheykhhasan, M., & Azimzadeh, M. (2023) · Biocell · doi:10.32604/biocell.2023.043351 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Exosomes: Emerging implementation of nanotechnology for detecting and managing novel corona virus- SARS-CoV-2

Dubey, A., Lobo, C. L., gs, R., Shetty, A., Hebbar, S., & El‐Zahaby, S. A. (2021) · Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ajps.2021.08.004 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infections: Mechanisms, Diagnostics, and Therapeutic Perspectives for Pandemic Preparedness (SDG 3)

Govindarajan, R. K., Zaki, R. M., Kamal, M. A., Rabbee, M. F., Dhaswini, R. M., Waheeb, M. Q., Thiruvengadam, M., Kondapavuluri, B. K., & Lackner, M. K. (2025) · The EuroBiotech Journal · doi:10.2478/ebtj-2025-0015 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Blood exosomes as new biomarkers of infectious diseases

Ageykin, A. V., Gorelov, A. V., Usenko, D. V., & Melnikov, V. L. (2021) · Russian Medical Inquiry · doi:10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-11-744-748 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Exosomes in the life cycle of viruses and the pathogenesis of viral infections

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