Expression of CD39 on activated T cells impairs their survival in older individuals
Open accessAbstract
In an immune response, CD4(+) T cells expand into effector T cells and then contract to survive as long-lived memory cells. To identify age-associated defects in memory cell formation, we profiled activated CD4(+) T cells and found an increased induction of the ATPase CD39 with age. CD39(+) CD4(+) T cells resembled effector T cells with signs of metabolic stress and high susceptibility to undergo apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of ATPase activity dampened effector cell differentiation and improved survival, suggesting that CD39 activity influences T cell fate. Individuals carrying a low-expressing CD39 variant responded better to vaccination with an increase in vaccine-specific memory T cells. Increased inducibility of CD39 after activation may contribute to the impaired vaccine response with age.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
CD39 expression during aging reduces the number of CD4+ T cells.
“It has been reported that CD39 expression during aging reduces the number of CD4+ T cells [130].”
From Immunosenescence: a key player in cancer development (2020) · cites this paper as [130]
Apoptosis of activated CD4+ T cells correlated with expression of ATPase CD39, which is induced in a subset of CD4+ memory T cells after activation.
“Apoptosis of activated CD4+ T cells correlated with the expression of the ATPase CD39, which is induced in a subset of CD4+ memory T cells after activation”
From Successful and Maladaptive T Cell Aging (2017) · cites this paper as Fang et al., 2016
Individuals with reduced ability to transcribe CD39 due to a promoter polymorphism have better responses to TIV and VZV vaccination.
“Consistent with these in vitro observations, individuals with reduced ability to transcribe CD39 due to a promoter polymorphism (Friedman et al., 2009) have better responses to TIV as well as VZV vaccination”
From Successful and Maladaptive T Cell Aging (2017) · cites this paper as Fang et al., 2016
Ageing changes can include higher susceptibility to T cell apoptosis.
“These changes can include an involuted thymus235, fewer naive B and T cells236, diminished T cell receptor diversity237, higher susceptibility to T cell apoptosis238 and reduced expression of crucial receptors such as CD28 on cytotoxic CD8+ T cells239.”
From mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation (2021) · cites this paper as [238]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene
Toshiyuki, M., & Reed, J. C. (1995) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90412-3 · Cited by 4,063 · see citing works
Mortality Associated With Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in the United States
Thompson, W. W., Shay, D. K., Weintraub, E., Brammer, L., Cox, N., Anderson, L. J., & Fukuda, K. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.2.179 · Cited by 3,673 · see citing works
Deaglio, S., Dwyer, K. M., Gao, W., Friedman, D. J., Usheva, A., Erat, A., Chen, J., Enjyoji, K., Linden, J. M., Oukka, M., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20062512 · Cited by 2,478 · see citing works
Direct Activation of Bax by p53 Mediates Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization and Apoptosis
Chipuk, J. E., Kuwana, T., Bouchier-Hayes, L., Droin, N. M., Newmeyer, D. D., Schuler, M., & Green, D. R. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1092734 · Cited by 2,066 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In parallel, expression and activation of BAX is increased, both controlled by p53 (Chipuk et al., 2004; Miyashita and Reed, 1995).”
TIGAR, a p53-Inducible Regulator of Glycolysis and Apoptosis
Bensaad, K., Tsuruta, A., Selak, M. A., Vidal, M. N. C., Nakano, K., Bartrons, R., Gottlieb, E., & Vousden, K. H. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.036 · Cited by 2,019 · see citing works
Kaech, S. M., Tan, J. T., Wherry, E. J., Konieczny, B. T., Surh, C. D., & Ahmed, R. (2003) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1009 · Cited by 1,830 · cited 1× · see citing works
“survive and transition into memory cells (Kaech et al., 2003; Sarkar et al., 2008).”
AMP-activated protein kinase induces a p53-dependent metabolic checkpoint
Jones, R. G., Plas, D. R., Kubek, S., Buzzai, M., Mu, J., Xu, Y., Birnbaum, M. J., & Thompson, C. B. (2005) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.03.027 · Cited by 1,619 · see citing works
mTOR regulates memory CD8 T-cell differentiation
Araki, K., Turner, A. P., Shaffer, V. O., Gangappa, S., Keller, S. A., Bachmann, M. F., Larsen, C. P., & Ahmed, R. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08155 · Cited by 1,575 · see citing works
Kaech, S. M., & Ahmed, R. (2001) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/87720 · Cited by 1,277 · see citing works
Effector and Memory CTL Differentiation
Williams, M. A., & Bevan, M. J. (2006) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141548 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
Understanding immunosenescence to improve responses to vaccines
Goronzy, J. J., & Weyand, C. M. (2013) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2588 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Self-citationCauses, consequences, and reversal of immune system aging
Montecino-Rodriguez, E., Berent-Maoz, B., & Dorshkind, K. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci64096 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
West Nile Virus: Review of the Literature
Petersen, L. R., Brault, A. C., & Nasci, R. S. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.8042 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Diversity and clonal selection in the human T-cell repertoire
Qi, Q., Liu, Y., Cheng, Y., Glanville, J., Zhang, D., Lee, J.-Y., Olshen, R. A., Weyand, C. M., Boyd, S. D., & Goronzy, J. J. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1409155111 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional and genomic profiling of effector CD8 T cell subsets with distinct memory fates
Sarkar, S., Kalia, V., Haining, W. N., Konieczny, B. T., Subramaniam, S., & Ahmed, R. (2008) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20071641 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Kaech, S. M., & Wherry, E. J. (2007) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.08.007 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Cancer Exosomes Express CD39 and CD73, Which Suppress T Cells through Adenosine Production
Clayton, A., Al-Taei, S., Webber, J., Mason, M. D., & Tabi, Z. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1003884 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
The Mammalian Target of Rapamycin: Linking T Cell Differentiation, Function, and Metabolism
Powell, J. D., & Delgoffe, G. M. (2010) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.09.002 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Aging of the Immune System: How Much Can the Adaptive Immune System Adapt?
Weng, N. (2006) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2006.05.001 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Pepper, M., Pagán, A. J., Igyártó, B. Z., Taylor, J. J., & Jenkins, M. K. (2011) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.09.009 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Purinergic Control of T Cell Activation by ATP Released Through Pannexin-1 Hemichannels
Schenk, U., Westendorf, A. M., Radaelli, E., Casati, A., Ferro, M., Fumagalli, M., Verderio, C., Buer, J., Scanziani, E., & Grassi, F. (2008) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.1160583 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Mandapathil, M., Hilldorfer, B. B., Szczepański, M. J., Czystowska, M., Szajnik, M. E., Ren, J., Lang, S., Jackson, E. K., Gorelik, E., & Whiteside, T. L. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.047423 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Signaling Kinase AMPK Activates Stress-Promoted Transcription via Histone H2B Phosphorylation
Bungard, D., Fuerth, B. J., Zeng, P.-Y., Faubert, B., Maas, N. L., Viollet, B., Carling, D., Thompson, C. B., Jones, R. G., & Berger, S. L. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1191241 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Wertheimer, A. M., Bennett, M. S., Park, B., Uhrlaub, J. L., Martinez, C., Pulko, V., Currier, N. L., Nikolich-Žugich, D., Kaye, J., & Nikolich-Žugich, J. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1301721 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Li, G., Yu, M., Lee, W.-W., Tsang, M., Krishnan, E., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2012) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2963 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Self-citationExtracellular Adenosine-Mediated Modulation of Regulatory T Cells
Ohta, A., & Sitkovsky, M. V. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00304 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Generation and maintenance of memory CD4+ T Cells
van Leeuwen, E. M. M., Sprent, J., & Surh, C. D. (2009) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2009.02.005 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Marshall, H. D., Chandele, A., Jung, Y. W., Meng, H., Poholek, A. C., Parish, I. A., Rutishauser, R. L., Cui, W., Kleinstein, S. H., Craft, J. E., et al. (2011) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.08.016 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Requirement for T-bet in the aberrant differentiation of unhelped memory CD8+ T cells
Intlekofer, A. M., Takemoto, N., Kao, C., Banerjee, A., Schambach, F., Northrop, J. K., Shen, H., Wherry, E. J., & Reiner, S. L. (2007) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20070841 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Autocrine regulation of T‐cell activation by ATP release and P2X 7 receptors
Yip, L., Woehrle, T., Corriden, R., Hirsh, M., Chen, Y., Inoue, Y., Ferrari, V., Insel, P. A., & JUNGER, W. G. (2009) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.08-126458 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Friedman, D. J., Künzli, B. M., A-Rahim, Y. I., Sevigny, J., Berberat, P. O., Enjyoji, K., Csizmadia, E., Friess, H., & Robson, S. C. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0902869106 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
<scp>AMPK</scp> α1: A glucose sensor that controls <scp>CD</scp> 8 <scp>T</scp> ‐cell memory
Rolf, J., Zarrouk, M., Finlay, D. K., Foretz, M., Viollet, B., & Cantrell, D. A. (2013) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201243008 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Expression of CD39 by Human Peripheral Blood CD4+CD25+ T Cells Denotes a Regulatory Memory Phenotype
Dwyer, K. M., Hanidziar, D., Putheti, P., Hill, P., Pommey, S., McRae, J. L., Winterhalter, A. C., Doherty, G. A., Deaglio, S., Koulmanda, M., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03291.x · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Zhao, J., Cao, Y., Zhang, L., Yang, Z., Zhang, B., & Huang, B. (2010) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0283 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Rapid Culling of the CD4+ T Cell Repertoire in the Transition from Effector to Memory
Williams, M. A., Ravkov, E. V., & Bevan, M. J. (2008) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.014 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Dormitzer, P. R., Galli, G., Castellino, F., Golding, H., Khurana, S., Giudice, G. D., & Rappuoli, R. (2010) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00974.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Myc-induced AMPK-phospho p53 pathway activates Bak to sensitize mitochondrial apoptosis
Nieminen, A. I., Eskelinen, V., Haikala, H. M., Tervonen, T. A., Yan, Y., Partanen, J. I., & Klefström, J. T. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1208530110 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Moncrieffe, H., Nistala, K., Kamhieh, Y., Evans, J., Eddaoudi, A., Eaton, S. D., & Wedderburn, L. R. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0803474 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Interindividual variation in human T regulatory cells
Ferraro, A., D’Alise, A. M., Raj, T., Asinovski, N., Phillips, R., Ergün, A., Replogle, J. M., Bernier, A. V., Laffel, L. M., Stranger, B. E., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1401343111 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Immune senescence and vaccines to prevent herpes zoster in older persons
Levin, M. J. (2012) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2012.06.002 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Boeynaems, J., Communi, D., Gonzalez, N. S., & Robaye, B. (2005) · Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis · doi:10.1055/s-2005-869519 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Dong, R., Tachibana, K., Hegen, M., Munakata, Y., Cho, D., Schlossman, S. F., & Morimoto, C. (1997) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.159.12.6070 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Yu, M., Li, G., Lee, W.-W., Yuan, M., Cui, D., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1109797109 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationExtracellular adenosine activates AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK)
Aymerich, I., Foufelle, F., Ferré, P., Casado, F. J., & Pastor‐Anglada, M. (2006) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.02865 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Aged-related shifts in T cell homeostasis lead to intrinsic T cell defects
Haynes, L., & Swain, S. L. (2012) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2012.04.001 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Tumor suppressor TSC1 is critical for T-cell anergy
Xie, D., Wu, J., Lou, Y., & Zhong, X. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1119744109 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Modulation of Replicative Senescence of Diploid Human Cells by Nuclear ERK Signaling
Tresini, M., Lorenzini, A., Torres, C. A., & Cristofalo, V. J. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m604955200 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
CD26: A negative selection marker for human Treg cells
Salgado, F. J., Pérez, A. C., Villanueva, N. M., Lamas, O., Arias, P., & Nogueira, M. (2012) · Cytometry Part A · doi:10.1002/cyto.a.22117 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
CD4 T cell defects in the aged: Causes, consequences and strategies to circumvent
Zhang, W., Brahmakshatriya, V., & Swain, S. L. (2014) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2014.01.002 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation
Chaudhary, N., Weissman, D., & Whitehead, K. A. (2021) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-021-00283-5 · Cited by 1,555 · see citing works
The ectonucleotidases <scp>CD</scp> 39 and <scp>CD</scp> 73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets
Allard, B., Longhi, M. S., Robson, S. C., & Stagg, J. (2017) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12528 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Aging of the Immune System. Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets
Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2016) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.201602-095aw · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms underlying T cell ageing
Goronzy, J. J., & Weyand, C. M. (2019) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-019-0180-1 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Self-citationImmunosenescence: a key player in cancer development
Lian, J., Yue, Y., Yu, W., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-020-00986-z · Cited by 510 · see citing works
The aging lung: Physiology, disease, and immunity
Schneider, J. L., Rowe, J. H., Garcia-de-Alba, C., Kim, C. F., Sharpe, A. H., & Haigis, M. C. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.005 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Targeting Adenosine in Cancer Immunotherapy to Enhance T-Cell Function
Viganó, S., Alatzoglou, D., Irving, M. B., Ménétrier‐Caux, C., Caux, C., Romero, P. J., & Coukos, G. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00925 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Successful and Maladaptive T Cell Aging
Goronzy, J. J., & Weyand, C. M. (2017) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.03.010 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Self-citationMoesta, A. K., Li, X.-Y., & Smyth, M. J. (2020) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0376-4 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Immunometabolism in early and late stages of rheumatoid arthritis
Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2017) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2017.49 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of immune aging on vaccine responses
Gustafson, C. E., Kim, C., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2020) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.03.017 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Self-citationCD39 Regulation and Functions in T Cells
Timperi, E., & Barnaba, V. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22158068 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Hallmarks of the aging T‐cell system
Zhang, H., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2021) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.15770 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolic signatures of T-cells and macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis
Weyand, C. M., Zeisbrich, M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2017) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2017.04.010 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the mechanism of anti-CD39 immune checkpoint therapy
Allard, D., Allard, B., & Stagg, J. (2020) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2019-000186 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Khaja, A. S. S., Toor, S. M., Salhat, H. E., Faour, I., Haq, N. U., Ali, B. R., & Elkord, E. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.16565 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Kim, C., Hu, B., Jadhav, R. R., Jin, J., Zhang, H., Cavanagh, M., Akondy, R. S., Ahmed, R., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.074 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationHai, Z., Bo, C., Kang, Y., & Li, H. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00727 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Fighting against a protean enemy: immunosenescence, vaccines, and healthy aging
Giudice, G. D., Goronzy, J. J., Grubeck‐Loebenstein, B., Lambert, P., Mrkvan, T., Stoddard, J. J., & Doherty, T. M. (2017) · npj Aging and Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1038/s41514-017-0020-0 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationElyahu, Y., & Monsonego, A. (2020) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101231 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Jadhav, R. R., Cao, W., Goronzy, I. N., Zhao, T. V., Jin, J., Ohtsuki, S., Hu, Z., Morales, J., Greenleaf, W. J., et al. (2022) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-022-01369-x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationTargeting purine metabolism in ovarian cancer
Liu, J., Hong, S., Jiang, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Wang, H., Peng, J., & Hong, L. (2022) · Journal of Ovarian Research · doi:10.1186/s13048-022-01022-z · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The Transcription Factor TCF1 in T Cell Differentiation and Aging
Kim, C., Jin, J., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21186497 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationPoels, R., Drent, E., Lameris, R., Katsarou, A., Themeli, M., van der Vliet, H. J., de Gruijl, T. D., van de Donk, N. W. C. J., & Mutis, T. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22031096 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Lakshmikanth, T., Olin, A., Chen, Y., Mikeš, J., Fredlund, E., Remberger, M., Omazic, B., & Brodin, P. (2017) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.021 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Jin, J., Mu, Y., Zhang, H., Sturmlechner, I., Wang, C., Jadhav, R. R., Xia, Q., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2023) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-023-00399-w · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of immune responses through CD39 and CD73 in cancer: Novel checkpoints
Baghbani, E., Noorolyai, S., Shanehbandi, D., Mokhtarzadeh, A., Maleki, L. A., Khaze, V., Brunetti, O., Rahmani, S., Shadbad, M. A., Baghbanzadeh, A., et al. (2021) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119826 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Defective T Memory Cell Differentiation after Varicella Zoster Vaccination in Older Individuals
Qi, Q., Cavanagh, M., Saux, S. L., Wagar, L. E., Mackey, S., Hu, J., Maecker, H. T., Swan, G. E., Davis, M. M., Dekker, C. L., et al. (2016) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005892 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationCancer-associated fibroblasts drive CXCL13 production in activated T cells via TGF-beta
O’Connor, R. A., Martinez, B. R., Koppensteiner, L., Mathieson, L., & Akram, A. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1221532 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Activation of mTORC1 at late endosomes misdirects T cell fate decision in older individuals
Jin, J., Kim, C., Xia, Q., Gould, T. M., Cao, W., Zhang, H., Li, X., Weiskopf, D., Grifoni, A., Sette, A., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abg0791 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationmiR-181a-regulated pathways in T-cell differentiation and aging
Kim, C., Ye, Z., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2021) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-021-00240-1 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationImmune cell repertoires in breast cancer patients after adjuvant chemotherapy
Gustafson, C. E., Jadhav, R. R., Cao, W., Qi, Q., Pegram, M. D., Tian, L., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2020) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.134569 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, X., Gu, S., Liu, C., Zhang, L., Zhang, Z., Zhao, Y., Khoong, Y., Li, H., Gao, Y., Liu, Y., et al. (2021) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2021.07.181 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The life cycle of a T cell after vaccination – where does immune ageing strike?
Kim, C., Fang, F., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2016) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.12829 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationCD73 Ectonucleotidase Restrains CD8+ T Cell Metabolic Fitness and Anti-tumoral Activity
Briceño, P., Rivas-Yáñez, E., Rosemblatt, M. V., Parra-Tello, B., Farías, P., Vargas, L., Simon, V., Cárdenas, C., Lladser, Á., Salazar‐Onfray, F., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.638037 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Metabolic reprogramming in memory CD4 T cell responses of old adults
Yanes, R. E., Zhang, H., Shen, Y., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2019) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2019.07.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationFang, F., Cao, W., Zhu, W., Lam, N., Li, L., Gaddam, S., Wang, Y., Kim, C., Lambert, S., Zhang, H., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109981 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationImplications of CD39 in immune-related diseases
Zeng, J., Ning, Z., Zhang, H., Dong, G., Zhang, J., Shi, H., Yan, F., Zhao, M., Wang, C., Ma, Q., et al. (2020) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107055 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Regulatory role of CD39 and CD73 in tumor immunity
Kaplinsky, N., Williams, K., Watkins, D., Adams, M., Stanbery, L., & Nemunaitis, J. J. (2024) · Future Oncology · doi:10.2217/fon-2023-0871 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Dorneles, G. P., da Silva, I., Boeira, M. C. R., Valentini, D., Fonseca, S. G., Lago, P. D., Peres, A., & Romão, P. R. T. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13506 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The TGF‐b/SOX4 axis and ROS‐driven autophagy co‐mediate CD39 expression in regulatory T‐cells
Gerner, M. C., Ziegler, L. S., Schmidt, R. L. J., Krenn, M., Zimprich, F., Uyanik‐Ünal, K., Konstantopoulou, V., Derdak, S. V., Favero, G. D., Schwarzinger, I., et al. (2020) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201902664 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
O’Connor, R. A., Chauhan, V., Mathieson, L., Titmarsh, H. F., Koppensteiner, L., Young, I., Tagliavini, G., Dorward, D. A., Prost, S., Dhaliwal, K., et al. (2021) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2021.1940675 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
T-Cell Aging-Associated Phenotypes in Autoimmune Disease
Zhao, T. V., Sato, Y., Goronzy, J. J., & Weyand, C. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2022.867950 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationT follicular helper cell development and functionality in immune ageing
Gustafson, C. E., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2018) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20171157 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetically driven CD39 expression shapes human tumor‐infiltrating CD8 + T‐cell functions
Gallerano, D., Ciminati, S., Grimaldi, A., Piconese, S., Cammarata, I., Focaccetti, C., Pacella, I., Accapezzato, D., Lancellotti, F., Sacco, L., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.33131 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Gardner, J. K., Mamotte, C. D. S., Jackaman, C., & Nelson, D. J. (2017) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2017.07.002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Patrick, M. S., Cheng, N., Kim, J., An, J., Dong, F., Yang, Q., Zou, I., & Weng, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01993 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Role of T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Focus on Immunometabolism Dysfunctions
Masoumi, M., Alesaeidi, ., Khorramdelazad, H., Behzadi, M., Baharlou, R., Alizadeh‐Fanalou, S., & Karami, J. (2022) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-022-01751-9 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Ecto-NTPDase CD39 is a negative checkpoint that inhibits follicular helper cell generation.
Cao, W.-Q., Fang, F., Gould, T. M., Li, X., Kim, C., Gustafson, C., Lambert, S., Weyand, C., & Goronzy, J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci132417 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationEctonucleotidases in Blood Malignancies: A Tale of Surface Markers and Therapeutic Targets
Vaisitti, T., Arruga, F., Guerra, G., & Deaglio, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02301 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Alterations in CD39/CD73 axis of T cells associated with COVID‐19 severity
Dorneles, G. P., Teixeira, P. C., da Silva, I. M., Schipper, L. L., Filho, P. S., Rodrigues, L. C., Bonorino, C., Peres, A., Fonseca, S. G., Monteiro, M. C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.30805 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Nguyen, L. N., Zhao, J., Cao, D., Dang, X., Wang, L., Lian, J., Zhang, Y., Jia, Z., Wu, X. Y., Morrison, Z. D., et al. (2018) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-018-0897-y · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Heterogeneity of memory T cells in aging
Jain, A. K., Sturmlechner, I., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1250916 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationT cell aging and Alzheimer’s disease
Guo, L., Li, X., Gould, T. M., Wang, Z., & Cao, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154699 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Schwartzman, J. D., McCall, M., Ghattas, Y. S., Pugazhendhi, A. S., Wei, F., Ngo, C., Ruiz, J., Seal, S., & Coathup, M. J. (2024) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122683 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Bhalla, M., Simmons, S. R., Abamonte, A., Herring, S. E., Roggensack, S. E., & Ghanem, E. N. B. (2020) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13218 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
T cell fate decisions during memory cell generation with aging
Sturmlechner, I., Jain, A. K., Mu, Y., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2023) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2023.101800 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationEcto-ATPase CD39 Inactivates Isoprenoid-Derived Vγ9Vδ2 T Cell Phosphoantigens
Gruenbacher, G., Gander, H., Rahm, A., Idzko, M., Nussbaumer, O., & Thurnher, M. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.009 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Alam, M. S., Cavanaugh, C., Pereira, M., Babu, U. S., & Williams, K. M. (2020) · International Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2020.151397 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Koch, M., Zdioruk, M. I., Nowicki, M. O., Griffith, A. M., Aguilar, E., Aguilar, L. K., Guzik, B. W., Barone, F., Tak, P. P., Tabatabai, G., et al. (2022) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2021-003368 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Frumento, G., Zuo, J., Verma, K., Croft, W. D., Ramagiri, P., Chen, F. E., & Moss, P. A. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00468 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Lysosomes in T Cell Immunity and Aging
Jin, J., Zhang, H.-M., Weyand, C., & Goronzy, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2021.809539 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationImmune phenotype of the CD4+ T cells in the aged lymphoid organs and lacrimal glands
Trujillo-Vargas, C. M., Mauk, K. E., Hernandez, H., de Souza, R. G., Yu, Z., Galletti, J. G., Dietrich, J., Paulsen, F. P., & de Paiva, C. S. (2022) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-022-00529-z · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Zuelgaray, E., Boccara, D., Ly Ka So, S., Boismal, F., Mimoun, M., Bagot, M., Bensussan, A., Bouaziz, J., & Michel, L. (2019) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.13842 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Zahran, A. M., Rayan, A., Zahran, Z. A. M., Mohamed, W. M. Y., Mohamed, D. O., Abdel-Rahim, M. H., & El‐Badawy, O. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262650 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
CD39 Is Expressed on Functional Effector and Tissue-resident Memory CD8+ T Cells
Isaacs, J. F., Degefu, H. N., Chen, T., Kleist, S. A., Musial, S. C., Ford, M. A., Searles, T. G., Lin, C., Skorput, A. G. J., Shirai, K., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2400151 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
B cells imprint adoptively transferred CD8 + T cells with enhanced tumor immunity
Smith, A. S., Knochelmann, H. M., Wyatt, M. M., Rivera, G. O. R., Rivera-Reyes, A. M., Dwyer, C. J., Ware, M. B., Cole, A. C., Neskey, D. M., Rubinstein, M. P., et al. (2022) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2021-003078 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Garnica, M., Aiello, A., Ligotti, M. E., Accardi, G., Arasanz, H., Bocanegra, A., Blanco, E., Calabrò, A., Chocarro, L., Echaide, M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23179797 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Age-dependent changes in T follicular helper cells shape the humoral immune response to vaccination
Linterman, M. A. (2023) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2023.101801 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Tomić, A., Tomic, I., Dekker, C. L., Maecker, H. T., & Davis, M. M. (2019) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-019-0213-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationJinna, N., Rida, P. C. G., Su, T., Gong, Z., Yao, S., LaBarge, M. A., Natarajan, R. D., Jovanović‐Talisman, T., Ambrosone, C. B., & Seewaldt, V. L. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11233818 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dorneles, G. P., da Silva, I. M., Santos, M. A., Elsner, V. R., Fonseca, S. G., Peres, A., & Romão, P. R. T. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78750-z · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Altered Ca2+ Homeostasis in Immune Cells during Aging: Role of Ion Channels
Zöphel, D., Hof, C., & Lis, A. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22010110 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Barros, E., Carotti, V., Vries, C. R. S., Witsel, F., Arntz, O. J., van de Loo, F. A. J., Carvajal, C. A., Bindels, R. J. M., Hoenderop, J. G. J., & Rigalli, J. P. (2021) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202002559r · Cited by 15 · see citing works
IL-4 prevents adenosine-mediated immunoregulation by inhibiting CD39 expression
Fang, F., Cao, W., Mu, Y., Okuyama, H., Li, L., Qiu, J., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.157509 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationRisnes, L. F., Reims, H. M., Doyle, R., Qiao, S., Sollid, L. M., Lundin, K. E. A., & Christophersen, A. O. (2024) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2024.03.027 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ectonucleotidase Modulation of Lymphocyte Function in Gut and Liver
Savio, L. E. B., Robson, S. C., & Longhi, M. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.621760 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rabbani, P. S., Ramkhelawon, B., & Cronstein, B. N. (2025) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2025.102695 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Immune Aging, Immunosenescence, and Inflammaging: Implications for Vaccine Response in Older Adults
Falahi, S., Abdoli, A., & Kenarkoohi, A. (2025) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.71119 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The presence of cytotoxic CD4 and exhausted-like CD8+ T-cells is a signature of active tuberculosis
Flores‐González, J., Ramón‐Luing, L. A., Falfán‐Valencia, R., Batista, C. V. F., Soto-Alvarez, S., Huerta-Núñez, L. F. E., & Chávez‐Galán, L. (2024) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167219 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Targeting ectonucleotidases to treat inflammation and halt cancer development in the gut
Longhi, M. S., Feng, L., & Robson, S. C. (2021) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114417 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
CD39 (ENTPD1) in tumors: a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker.
Li, C., Zhang, L., Jin, Q., Jiang, H., & Wu, C.-Y. (2023) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm-2023-0202 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Witzleben, A. V., Fehn, A., Grages, A., Ezić, J., Jeske, S. S., Puntigam, L. K., Brunner, C., Kraus, J. M., Kestler, H. A., Doescher, J., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.33446 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Heme and iron toxicity in the aged spleen impairs T cell immunity through iron deprivation
Ezuz, D., Ombashe, H., Watad, L., Rakhymzhanova, A., Pandey, S., Atar, O., Meyron‐Holtz, E. G., & Ron‐Harel, N. (2025) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-025-00981-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kudryavtsev, I. V., Серебрякова, М. К., Zhiduleva, E. V., Murtazalieva, P., Titov, V., Malashicheva, A., Shishkova, А. А., Semenova, D., Irtyuga, O. B., Isakov, D., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00604 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Adhikary, S. R., Cuthbertson, P., Turner, R. J., Sluyter, R., & Watson, D. (2020) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1111/imcb.12328 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
MacLean, F., Tsegaye, A. T., Graham, J. B., Swarts, J. L., Vick, S. C., Potchen, N. B., Talavera, I. C., Warrier, L., Dubrulle, J., Schroeder, L. K., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci184609 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ko, A., Coward, V. S., Gökgöz, N., Dickson, B. C., Tsoi, K. M., Wunder, J. S., & Andrulis, I. L. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14030548 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
CD39 and immune regulation in a chronic helminth infection: The puzzling case of Mansonella ozzardi
Lima, N. F., Gonçalves, R. M., Kruize, Y. C. M., Yazdanbakhsh, M., & Ferreira, M. U. (2018) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006327 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Low expression of CD39 and CD73 genes in centenarians compared with octogenarians
Crooke, A., Hernández, J. M., Martínez‐López, J., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Huete‐Toral, F., & Pintor, J. J. (2017) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-017-0094-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Huot, N., Rascle, P., Planchais, C., Contreras, V., Passaes, C., Grand, R. L., Beignon, A., Kornobis, É., Legendre, R., Varet, H., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.695148 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bodogai, M., Park, B. S., Braikia, F.-Z., Naqing, F., Kumaraswami, K., Chen, C., Ragonnaud, E., Stack, S. M., Ormanns, S., Guenther, M., et al. (2025) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-025-00966-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The influence of three-dimensional structure on naïve T cell homeostasis and aging
Lambert, S., Cao, W., Zhang, H., Colville, A., Liu, J.-Y., Weyand, C. M., Goronzy, J. J., & Gustafson, C. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2022.1045648 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationFisher, J. S., Adán‐Barrientos, I., Kumar, N., & Lancaster, J. N. (2024) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.14140 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Immunological Landscapes in Lung Transplantation: Insights from T Cell Profiling in BAL and PBMC
de Silva, T. A., Apte, S. H., Voisey, J., Spann, K. M., Tan, M. E., Chambers, D. C., & O’Sullivan, B. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25052476 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fehn, A., Witzleben, A. V., Grages, A., Kors, T. A., Ezić, J., Betzler, A. C., Brunner, C., Schuler, P. J., Theodoraki, M., Hoffmann, T. K., et al. (2024) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1016/j.neo.2024.101086 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Stelmach, P., Pütz, M., Pollmann, R., Happel, M., Stei, S., Schlegel, K., Seipelt, M., Eienbröker, C., Eming, R., Mandić, R., et al. (2020) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2020.145021 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Metabolic Signaling as a Driver of T Cell Aging
Choi, M. S., Choi, S., Cho, M., & Kim, C. (2025) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2025.25.e14 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Circulating Ectonucleotidases Signal Impaired Myocardial Perfusion at Rest and Stress
Kroll, R. G., Powell, C. C., Chen, J., Snider, N. T., Hilaire, C. S., Reddy, A., Kim, J. S., Pinsky, D. J., Murthy, V. L., & Sutton, N. R. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.122.027920 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Horibata, S., Rice, E. J., Zheng, H., Mukai, C., Chu, T., Marks, B. A., Coonrod, S. A., & Danko, C. G. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194522 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fang, F., Yu, M., Cavanagh, M. M., Hutter Saunders, J., Qi, Q., Ye, Z., Le Saux, S., Sultan, W., Turgano, E., Dekker, C. L., Tian, L., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J.
- Affiliations
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goronzy, Jörg J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1218-1231
- ISSN
- 2211-1247 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4851554
- OpenAlex
- W2270570599
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 6.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (U19 AI090019, R01 AI044142, R01 HL117913, I01 BX001669, R01 AR042547, P01 HL058000, R01 AG015043, U19 AI057266, U01 AI089859-IOF, R01 AI108891, R01 EY011916, R01 AI108906)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Adenosine and Purinergic Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Biochemical and Molecular Research
- Keywords
- CD39, CD4+ T cells, aging, effector T cells, memory T cells, ATPase activity, apoptosis, metabolic stress, T cell survival, vaccine response, immunosenescence
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Triphosphatases, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Apyrase, Cell Survival, Clone Cells, Humans, Lymphocyte Activation, Middle Aged, Stress, Physiological, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Antigens, CD, Apoptosis, Cell Proliferation, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
