Predicting adolescents' use of social networking sites from an extended theory of planned behaviour perspective

“…using, which is a major factor affecting people’s intention to join SNS, as the SNS design is for the purpose of letting the acquainted keep in touch, especially when they are allowed to share with their friends at any time (Baker & White, 2010; Li & Bernoff, 2008; Powell, 2009; Tapscott, 2008).”

“Furthermore, the service includes elements related to social interaction, which are commonly implemented within social network services (Baker & White, 2010; Boyd & Ellison, 2008; Lin & Lu, 2011), such as status updating, ‘‘liking,’’ and commenting.”

“A strong relationship between attitude and use intentions has been shown in several studies (e.g. Baker & White, 2010; Bock et al., 2005; Lin & Bhattacherjee, 2010; Mäntymäki et al., 2014).”

“Furthermore, the number of people using a service has, indeed, been deemed important for services that are centred on social interaction (Baker & White, 2010; Lin & Lu, 2011; Sledgianowski & Kulviwat, 2009).”

“TPB has been successfully applied to individual acceptance of technology products and information systems (Baker & White, 2010; Huang & Chuang, 2007).”

“In the present study, however, “perceived behavioural control” did not predict “continuance participation behaviour”, a finding that is not inconsistent with other studies [11,31].”

“Among the small handful of studies on SNSs, Baker and White (2010) found that Australian adolescents’ perceived behavioral control over regular SNS visits predicted how frequently they visited SNSs in one week. Nevertheless, Pelling and White (2009) observed that young people’s specific perceived efficacy of SNS use d…”

“With features such as group-forming, profile-building, and content sharing the service holds similarities with many social networking services (Baker & White, 2010; Boyd & Ellison, 2008; Lin & Lu, 2011; Ellison, Steinfeld & Lampe, 2007; Pfeil, Arjan & Zaphiris, 2009).”

“…also maintained that an individual’s intention to use a social networking site, which is a pleasure-oriented information system, increases when its participants reach a significant number, especially when more peers join (Baker and White, 2010; Sledgianowski and Kulviwat, 2009; Tapscott, 2008).”

“Baker and White (2010), employing the theory of planned behavior (TPB), found that subjective norm and group norm affect how adolescents use social networking sites.”

“The mobile SNS design is for the purpose of letting the acquainted keep in touch and share with friends at anytime from anywhere (Baker and White, 2010; Powell, 2009; Tapscott, 2008).”

“…were assessed so as to understand online and SNS behaviors with regard to perceived social pressure (e.g., Chang & Zhu, 2011; Picazo-Vela et al., 2010), group norm and self-esteem (e.g., Baker & White, 2010) and expression of self and social identity (e.g., Zoonen, Verhoeven, & Elving, 2014).”

“…& Moore, 2004; Huang & Leung, 2012; Mehdizadeh, 2010; Vogel, Rose, Roberts, & Eckles, 2014), positive (Donchi & Moore, 2004; Gross, 2009; Valkenburg, Peter, & Schouten, 2006), and no associations (Baker & White, 2010; Wilson, Fornasier, & White, 2010) between self-esteem and social media use.”

“Baker and White (2010) found that attitude has significant effect on adolescents’ intentions to use SNS. Subjective norm reflects an individual’s perception that most people who are important to him think he should or should not perform the behavior in question (Ajzen, 1991).”

“Similarly, Baker and White (2010) extended the TPB with group norm and self-esteem factors to predict frequent social networking sites use.”

“As a growing number of researchers argue that SNSs emerge as pleasure-oriented information systems that individuals become increasingly willing to use as more friends or peers join [1,49,67,74,78], it is rational to assume that whether and to what extent fulfilling SNS users’ social motives leads to revisit and proble…”

“Users ’ continuance intention to use SNS intensifies and their usefulness perception enhances when users perceive their friends ’ or relatives ’ usage pressure and they anticipate more friends or relatives using the SNS in the future (Baker and White 2010; Venkatesh and Bala 2008).”

“Baker and White (2010) report that attitude and perceived behavioral control significantly predict consumers’ intentions to engage in frequent SNS use.”

“In addition, Baker and White (2010) found that, when the number of Internet users increases, the intention to join an SNS increases.”

“…(Casaló et al. 2010), acceptance of e-services (Hsu and Chiu 2004), adoption of e-commerce (Grandón et al. 2011), adoption of e-banking (Shih and Fang 2004), online trading (Gopi and Ramayah, 2007), online social networking (Baker and White 2010), and spreading of e-WoM (Fu et al. 2015).”

“The TPB has been applied to various behaviors, including those involving Internet use and, specifically, SNS engagement.(12,13) A meta-analysis revealed that, on average, the model accounted for 39 percent and 27 percent of the variance in intention and behavior, respectively.”

“This study used convenience sampling, which is consistent with the sampling approach adopted in many acceptance of social media technologies (e.g. Baker and White, 2010; Hong et al., 2014; Peng et al., 2016).”

“Effective behavior prediction requires that PBC accurately reflect actual control, but sometimes PBC cannot do this exactly [33].”

“According to scholars, social influence is essential for adolescents since it helps them to maintain positive identity, which could help them in creating favorable self-influence over significant others (Baker & White, 2010; Dhir, 2016).”

“These determinants of emotions have been measured based on the users ’ planned behaviour and integrated concepts of attention, cognition, and actions (from the perspective of both theories ‘ TPB ’ and ‘ Self-Construal ’ ).”

“Scholars have also proposed applying theories such as the theory of planned behavior or Caplan’s problematic Internet use to the context of SNSs use (Baker and White, 2010; LaRose et al., 2010; Pelling and White, 2009).”

“TPB has been applied widely to account for the complexity of influences in the behavioral decision-making via the identification of the predictors of the behavior of an individual [38] in various studies, such as food consumption decisions [39], intention to use digital coupons [40], and purchase intention of green pr…”

“The possibility of playing as a group, creating a profile, and having access to the answers of other users allows for an interaction similar to that of a social network (Baker & White, 2010; Lin & Lu, 2011).”

“Adolescents and young adults are the largest population using the internet as it has become essential for their schoolwork, information collection, and socializing [1-6].”

“Mäntymäki and Salo, 2011; Baker and White, 2010) or only included adults (e.g. Lee et al., 2011). Moreover Pfeil et al. (2009) contrasted the usage behaviour of MySpace between teenagers and people aged over 60, i.”

“Previous studies found that college students’ engagement with SNSs would be predicted by peer and social influence (Baker and White 2010; Saeri et al. 2014).”

“The relationship between behavioral intention and use behavior in the social media context has been demonstrated in previous studies (Al-Debei et al., 2013; Baker & White, 2010; Leng et al., 2011).”

“However, because of previous studies having shown that it is a significant predictor of BI within the TPB, it was retained (Al-Debei et al. 2013; Baker & White 2010; Heirman & Walrave 2012; Leng et al. 2011; Truong 2009; Wang et al. 2007).”

“…two mind systems, several studies provide evidence on the impact of personality traits, self-identity, and social identity theories on the extent of social media use (Baker & White, 2010; Ho et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2017; Pelling & White, 2009; Polites et al., 2018; Wilcox & Stephen, 2013).”

“For example, it has been used in the context of internet behaviors (Baker and White, 2010; Cha, 2013); the acceptance of computers and information communication technologies (Jiang et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2016; Mou and Lin, 2015); online service applications (Cheng and Huang, 2013; Cheung and To,…”

“…influence SNS usage intentions (Chang & Zhu, 2012; C. Lee & Ma, 2012; Lin & Lu, 2011) and social norms influence intentions to adopt and use SNSs (Baker & White, 2010; Chang & Zhu, 2012) SNS continuance intention is influenced by SNS users’ satisfaction about the SNS use (Chang & Zhu, 2012), as…”

“It has also been used to predict youth media use (Baker & White, 2010; Pelling & White, 2009).”

“Intention to Use (IU) is estimated with four questions from [76–78], using items such as “I would say that using the application is a good thing.””

“In order to improve the predictive power of planned behavior theory, different scholars have added undiscovered factors, such as descriptive norms, moral norms and expected regret, on the basis of attitude, subjective norms and intuitive behavioral control (Moan and Rise 2007; Baker and White 2010).”

“The possibility of playing as a group, creating a profile, and having access to other users’ answers allows for an interaction similar to that of a social network (Baker & White, 2010; Lin & Lu, 2011).”

“Research on factors affecting SNS usage has been conducted through uses and gratification theory (Cheung, Chiu, and Lee 2011; Smock et al. 2011), technology acceptance modelling (Guo, Shim, and Otondo 2010; Kwon and Wen 2010), and the TBP (Baker and White 2010; Darvell, Walsh, and White 2011).”

“In addition, Baker and White [80] stress the fact that many individuals use and intend to continuously use SNS because they feel that a lot of their friends use SNS and anticipate more friends joining SNS in the near future.”

“The useful application of the TPB to technological innovations has been established in many studies (eg, Baker & White, 2010; Cameron, Ginsburg, Westhoff & Mendez, 2012; Lee, Cerreto & Lee, 2010), but its application to the topic of preservice teachers’ training in Web 2.0 technologies is still…”

“In recent years, the number of people using social networking sites (SNSs) has rapidly increased (Baker and White 2010; Lin, Li, and Qu 2017).”

“For instance, a study on adolescent use of social network sites indicated that descriptive (or group) norm, attitude, and perceived behavioral control predicted future intentions to utilize social network sites, but not subjective (or injunctive) norm (Baker & White, 2010).”

“Overcoming the contraposition between a positive versus negative evaluation of the impact of SNS use on adolescents, which characterized most of the previous studies [48], these findings highlight that SNSs may enhance both wellbeing or risks [28,81].”

“For example, researchers examined adolescent use of social networking sites based upon an extended version of TPB [6].”

“Studies have shown the utility of TPB in predicting health-related behaviors (e.g., Povey et al., 2000; Sheeran et al., 2001), as well as the use of new technology (e.g., Al-Debei et al., 2013; Baker & White, 2010; Leung & Chen, 2017).”

“Perceived behavioural control entails control beliefs regarding the power of both internal and situational variables to facilitate or militate against the performing of the behaviour (health insurance subscription) [28, 29].”

“…attitude has been found to positively influence the intention to participate in virtual communities directly (e.g. Casalo, Flavian, and Guinaliu 2010a; Bagozzi and Dholakia 2002; Lin 2006) and behaviour indirectly through intention (Bagozzi, Dholakia, and Mookerjee 2006; Baker and White 2010).”

“This is a major factor influencing people’s intentions to participate in an SNS since the aim of an SNS is to allow people to keep in touch with one another (Baker & White, 2010; K. Y. Lin & Lu, 2011).”

“…and electronic service adoption (e.g., Baker, AlGahtani, and Hubona 2007; Lee 2009; Liao, Chen, and Yen 2007; Teo and Lee 2010; Wu and Chen 2005; Zhou 2007) and e-commerce and social media research (e.g., Baker and White 2010; Chang and Zhu 2011; Kim, Sohn, and Choi 2011; Pelling and White 2009).”

“Based on TPB, when people hold positive attitudes toward certain behaviors, they become more willing to engage in the behavior.(19,21) Therefore, it is expected that young Chinese women with a positive attitude toward HPV vaccination would more likely uptake HPV vaccination than those with”

“The results confirm the positive impact of attitude toward Facebook, perceived behavioural control and subjective norm on users’ interactions with friends and thus validate that the TPB also performs well for the explanation and prediction of consumer behaviour in OSNs (see also Pelling and White, 2009; Baker and Whit…”

“Studies by Baker and White (2010), Hocevar, Flanagin and Metzeger (2014), as well as Leng et al. (2011) have found that perceived behavioural control (selfefficacy) exerts significant positive influence attitude towards the use of social networking sites.”

“Furthermore, studies based on TRA have indicated that normative pressure or the subjective norm has a significant effect on behavioural intention (Sledgianowski and Kulviwat 2009; Baker and White 2010) and attitude (Tarkiainen and Sundqvist 2005; Aertsens et al. 2009).”

“In addition, the TPB has shown good predictive validity toward intentions to engage in a variety of computer-mediated behaviors, such as social networking 16 and pod-casting.”

“Youths regard SNSs disclosures to be important for self-expression and relationship maintenance (Baker & White, 2010; Christofides, Muise, & Desmarais, 2009; Medizadeh, 2010).”

“Studies that have been carried out to operationalize the theory of planned behavior have focused on adoption of social media (see [39], [40]) or have utilized surveys [41].”