The impact of age on website usability

In the paper

“In terms of impact on user satisfaction, the contribution of hedonic constructs was significant while the impact of utilitarian constructs was not.”

In the paper

“In terms of impact on user satisfaction, the contribution of hedonic constructs was significant while the impact of utilitarian constructs was not.”

In the paper

“Specifically, older adults were less able to create an accurate mental model of the web site and in turn had poorer performance with the web site.”

In the paper

“The results of the PLS analysis suggest that age has a more pronounced impact on utilitarian constructs than hedonic ones.”

In the paper

“Specifically, older adults were less able to create an accurate mental model of the web site and in turn had poorer performance with the web site.”

In the paper

“One-Way ANOVA tests were also conducted to determine whether the participants in each web site condition (Tree vs. Menu layout) differed significantly on any of the above mentioned measures.No statistical differences between the conditions were found.”

In the paper

“Female participants experienced higher levels of engagement (p<O.OOl).”

In the paper

“older adults have lower levels of spatial ability, less mental model accuracy, and lower levels of performance, as expected.”

In the paper

“Participants who had visited similar web sites in the past had higher MMA (p<O.OOl), indicating that some participants' preexisting mental models of the subject matter assisted them with the exercise.”

In the paper

“older adults have lower levels of spatial ability, less mental model accuracy, and lower levels of performance, as expected.”

In the paper

“Further, most of the other endogenous variables in the model have variance explanation great~r than 10% as”

In the paper

“Participants who were more familiar with the navigation layout of the web site had lower levels of Disorientation (p<O.OOl).”

In the paper

“This is likely because female participants were more familiar with the topic (p<O.OS) which suggests that they may be more interested in it.”

In the paper

“Participants who spend more hours per week online had better performance (p<O.OOl), implying that experience (as measured by current use level rather than length of use) has a positive impact on performance.”

In the paper

“While the utilitarian outcomes (spatial ability, MMA, and performance) all correlate more strongly with chronological age than the other age conceptualizations, the correlations with other constructs are less clear.”

In the paper

“Using a Bootstrapping process (with 500 resamples) it was determined that none of these new paths were statistically significant.”

In the paper

“older adults have lower levels of spatial ability, less mental model accuracy, and lower levels of performance, as expected.”

In the paper

“As discussed in section 5.3, older adults' subjective age had greater variance from their actual age than that of younger adults.”

In the paper

“Specifically, disorientation was found to have a negative impact on user performance (H8 supported) as was found in previous research by Otter &Johnson (2000} andWebster &Ahuja (2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Otter & Johnson (2000)
• Not checked yetcites Webster & Ahuja (2006)

In the paper

“Interestingly, older adults reported less perceived disorientation than younger ones, which is counter to expectation.”

In the paper

“In support of the notion that younger adults over-reported their disorientation is the lack of statistically significant correlation between disorientation and both MMA and performance within the younger subgroup.”

In the paper

“satisfaction does not correlate significantly with any of the conceptualizations.”

In the paper

“The most commonly studied relationships are those where Person attributes influence Behavior and Environment attributes.”

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  “researchers in this field have primarily been interested in determining what Person attributes lead to computer use by older adults as well as what Person attributes influence the success of the system Environment, particularly as measured by user performance.”

In the paper

“Spatial ability subsequently was an important determinant in participants' ability to form an accurate mental model (H4 supported), which is a novel finding.”

In the paper

“disorientation and engagement did both have a significant impact (HS and H7 supported).”

In the paper

“Disorientation correlates fairly equally with the chronological and subjective conceptualizations and satisfaction does not correlate significantly with any of the conceptualizations.”

In the paper

“the R 2 of satisfaction in the saturated model increased only slightly to 0.781 (from 0.765).”

In the paper

“Finally, older adults were more engaged and equally satisfied with the web site.”

In the paper

“Specifically, the less disorientated and more engaged a user was, the more satisfied.”

In the paper

“While performance did not have a significant impact on satisfaction (Hl not supported), disorientation and engagement did both have a significant impact (HS and H7 supported).”

In the paper

“Hours of Internet use per week correlated more strongly with subjective age, implying that older adults that feel younger may behave younger in terms of their Internet use.”

In the paper

“The results indicate that hedonic factors had more of an impact on user satisfaction than utilitarian factors.”

In the paper

“The second insignificant relationship between the utilitarian and hedonic sides of the model was that between engagement and performance (H6 not supported).”

In the paper

“Finally, older adults were more engaged and equally satisfied with the web site.”

In the paper

“Although engagement correlated more strongly with chronological age, this may be because chronological age correlated with topic familiarity (and thus interest in the topic) and may not be a result of age on its own.”

In the paper

“disorientation and engagement did both have a significant impact (HS and H7 supported).”

In the paper

“Of the three relationships hypothesized between the utilitarian and hedonic constructs, only one was found to be significant.”

In the paper

“On the utilitarian side, as age increased, spatial ability decreased (H10 supported) as described in Salthouse (1982).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Salthouse (1982)

In the paper

“Age also had a significant impact on performance directly (H11 supported) as expected based on the literature reviewed in Chapter 2.”

In the paper

“The results of this study indicate that the answer to this question from the performance (utilitarian) aspect of usability is quite clear: age has a negative impact on performance in this context.”

In the paper

“This decline continues well into the older group, without an increase until the 70-74 age block of participants.”

In the paper

“MMA did not impact disorientation on the hedonic side as expected (H3 not supported).”

In the paper

“Although three relationships were hypothesized based on previous studies, the only statistically significant relationship is between disorientation and performance.”

In the paper

“As shown in the table, age improved R 2 (0.087) more than twice as much as experience (0.033).”

In the paper

“the highest level of disorientation is reported by the youngest participants.”

In the paper

“within the group of younger participants, disorientation declines with age.”

In the paper

“and the relationship between age and these other hedonic constructs is uncertain.”

In the paper

“Participants' MMA was also positively influenced by previous experience with similar sites.”

In the paper

“This study found the relationship between age and user satisfaction to be fully mediated by other hedonic constructs (disorientation and engagement)”

In the paper

“It is apparent from the PLS results that there is a disconnect between the utilitarian and hedonic elements in the research model.”

In the paper

“In particular, declining spatial ability has been identified as a challenge for older adults in terms of computer and Internet use {Pak, Czaja, Sharit, Rogers, & Fisk, 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pak, Czaja, Sharit, Rogers, & Fisk, 2008

In the paper

“Older adults have unique needs in this context as a result of the natural changes caused by the aging process (Hawthorn, 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hawthorn, 2000 source

In the paper

“Usability is particularly important in the context of older users since they tend to be more severely impacted by usability problems than younger users.This has been shown to be true for both utilitarian and hedonic considerations (Pernice & Nielsen, 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pernice & Nielsen, 2005

In the paper

“The interface usability concerns of older computer users are distinct from those of younger ones as a result of the physical and cognitive changes associated with the natural aging process, which become more noticeable at roughly 45 years of age (Hawthorn, 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hawthorn, 2000 source

In the paper

“Further, many of these guidelines are based on extrapolations from the study of older users using offline applications, as well as general research on aging.”

In the paper

“Spatial abilities are believed to support web site navigation by enabling users to create a mental representation of the system's structure (Nielsen, 1995).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nielsen, 1995

In the paper

“Disorientation has been recognized as one of the most significant issues with web navigation (Webster & Ahuja, 2006}, yet it has not been explicitly included in usability measures proposed in the IS literature (Agarwal & Venkatesh, 2002).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Webster & Ahuja, 2006

In the paper

“similar findings have been observed in web-based studies: spatial ability leads to better performance in hypertext navigation tasks (Hook, Dahlback, & Sjolinder, 1996); and age, spatial visualization ability and working memory had the strongest impact on performance of a complex online grocery store task (Sjolinder, Hook, & Nilsson, 2003).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sjolinder, Hook, & Nilsson, 2003

In the paper

“similar findings have been observed in web-based studies: spatial ability leads to better performance in hypertext navigation tasks (Hook, Dahlback, & Sjolinder, 1996); and age, spatial visualization ability and working memory had the strongest impact on performance of a complex online grocery store task (Sjolinder, Hook, & Nilsson, 2003).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hook, Dahlback, & Sjolinder, 1996

In the paper

“Disorientation has been recognized as one of the most significant issues with web navigation (Webster & Ahuja, 2006}, yet it has not been explicitly included in usability measures proposed in the IS literature (Agarwal & Venkatesh, 2002).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Agarwal & Venkatesh, 2002

In the paper

“Users who are unable to construct a mental representation are more likely to feel lost, or disoriented, within a web site.”

In the paper

“The literature strongly indicates that there is a negative relationship between age and performance (see Table 6 below).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Table 6

In the paper

“As a result of the decline in spatial ,abilities with age, disorientation has been found to be a more severe issue for older users (Lin, 2003a).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lin, 2003a

In the paper

“Empirical usability research in particular has been skewed toward the characteristics and attitudes of highly educated young people through the use of student samples (Dickinson et al., 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dickinson et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“While the relative importance of each is uncertain, age and experience certainly have strong implications on computer performance by older adults.”

In the paper

“The most recent study, by Sharit et al. (2008) found that after accounting for knowledge and cognitive ability factors, the influence of age was negligible.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sharit et al. (2008)

In the paper

“Computer performance among older adults has been found to vary widely (Czaja, Sharit, Ownby, Roth, & Nair, 2001;lindberg et al., 2006}”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Czaja, Sharit, Ownby, Roth, & Nair, 2001 source
• Not checked yetcites lindberg et al., 2006

In the paper

“Disorientation is considered a hedonic construct since it is associated with the emotion of frustration (Lazar, Bessiere, Ceaparu, Robinson, & Shneiderman, 2003;McDonald & Stevenson, 1998).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lazar et al., 2003
• Not checked yetcites McDonald & Stevenson, 1998

In the paper

“Disorientation was found, in a previous IS study (Webster & Ahuja, 2006), to influence both performance and engagement with a web site.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Webster & Ahuja, 2006

In the paper

“while Czaja & Sharit (1993) found that experience accounted for the largest portion of variance.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Czaja & Sharit (1993)

In the paper

“it seems that high quality systems have a positive impact on the older adult.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Table 9

In the paper

“Studies have shown that individuals with low spatial ability were more likely to report being lost within the structure of a system because they could not understand it (Ziefle & Bay, 2006)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ziefle & Bay, 2006 source

In the paper

“Both Doll & Torkzadeh {1988) and Bhattancherjee (2001) found that satisfaction is indicative of future intention.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Doll & Torkzadeh, 1988
• Not checked yetcites Bhattancherjee, 2001

In the paper

“In a general context, users with lower spatial ability tend to have more difficulty creating a mental model of an environment (Egan & Gomez, 1985; Kim & Hirtle, 1995; Vicente & Williges, 1988).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Egan & Gomez, 1985
• Not checked yetcites Kim & Hirtle, 1995
• Not checked yetcites Vicente & Williges, 1988

In the paper

“In, Ziefle & Bay (2006), users who were provided with structural indicators about the menu structure (i.e.structural knowledge) in a mobile application had better performance.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ziefle & Bay, 2006 source

In the paper

“Users who are familiar with the structure of a web site, or have a more accurate mental model, are less likely to become confused or lost (Galletta et al., 2006;Otter & Johnson, 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Galletta et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Otter & Johnson, 2000

In the paper

“In Galletta, Henry, McCoy, & Polak {2006) users' mental model of the subject matter of the web site, as measured by their self-assessed familiarity level, had a positive influence on their performance in the site.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Galletta et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“Engagement and its related constructs (as described above) have consistently been found to indicate future intention.”

In the paper

“There have, however, been studies examining the relationship between related concepts such as flow and enjoyment (Trevino & Webster, 1992;Webster & Martocchio, 1995) and performance, where the engagement-related concept had a positive relationship with performance.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Trevino & Webster, 1992
• Not checked yetcites Webster & Martocchio, 1995

In the paper

“A number of studies have also shown that a web site that is difficult to use is a barrier to engagement ( O'Brien & Toms, 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites O'Brien & Toms, 2008

In the paper

“abandonment or disengagement with a site (Ahuja & Webster, 2001; Jacques, Preece, & Carey, 1995)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ahuja & Webster, 2001
• Not checked yetcites Jacques, Preece, & Carey, 1995

In the paper

“PEOU has been shown to influence enjoyment (Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000;Roca et al., 2006;Venkatesh, 2000;Vi & Hwang, 2003)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000
• Not checked yetcites Roca et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Venkatesh, 2000

In the paper

“The decline of spatial ability with age has been well documented, as discussed in section 3.3 and summarized in (Ziefle & Bay, 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ziefle & Bay, 2006 source

In the paper

“older adults have also been shown to exhibit higher levels of perceived disorientation (Pernice & Nielsen, 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pernice & Nielsen, 2005

In the paper

“Also, older users tended to require more navigational steps to accomplish the same task (Fukuda & Bubb, 2003;Meyer et al., 1997•)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fukuda & Bubb, 2003
• Not checked yetcites Meyer et al., 1997

In the paper

“Older adults tend to have more difficulty creating an accurate mental model than younger adults (Sjolinder et al., 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sjolinder et al., 2005

In the paper

“Several studies have found disorientation to be more severe for older users than younger ones.”

In the paper

“In the case of satisfaction, two previous studies found no relationship with age (see Table 7 for details)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Table 7

In the paper

“General web usability studies have found that disorientation is more severe for users with deterioration in cognitive function, such as older users (Ziefle & Bay, 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ziefle & Bay, 2006 source

In the paper

“and attempted unsuitable navigation steps such as clicking on a navigational link for the page they are currently on (Chadwick-Dias, McNulty, & Tullis, 2003).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Chadwick-Dias, McNulty, & Tullis, 2003

In the paper

“implying that experience (as measured by current use level rather than length of use) has a positive impact on performance.”

In the paper

“In other words, participants who have experience using web sites with similar navigation layouts were less likely to feel lost.”

In the paper

“the VIFs are well below the cutoff of 3.3 as recommended by Petter, Straub, & Rai {2007).Further, the inter-item correlations are all below the limit of 0.8 suggested by Stevens (1996).Therefore, multicollinearity is not an issue with the formative constructs in the model.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Petter, Straub, & Rai, 2007 source
• Not checked yetcites Stevens, 1996

In the paper

“Thus, the reflective constructs demonstrate sufficient convergent validity.”

In the paper

“In this case, the most complex construct in the model has seven items (both disorientation and engagement) and satisfaction has the most independent variables with four.Thus, according to the guideline, the minimum suggested sample size is 70.”

In the paper

“The minimum suggested sample size for PLS modelling is the greater of 1) ten• times the number of items in the most complex construct in the model, or 2) ten times the number of paths leading to the dependent variable in the model with the most independent variables (Chin, 1998;Gefen et al., 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Chin, 1998
• Not checked yetcites Gefen et al., 2000

In the paper

“The ratio of substantive variance to method variance is roughly 83:1, and only one of the method factor loadings is significant, supporting the notion that method variance is not contaminating the results of this study.”

In the paper

“A total of 101 individuals participated in the experiment, resulting in 97 usable cases.Thus, the sample size for data analysis using PLS is sufficient.”

In the paper

“indicating that some participants' preexisting mental models of the subject matter assisted them with the exercise.”

In the paper

“Two aspects of spatial ability have been determined to be most relevant for technology-based performance: spatial orientation (i.e.mental rotation) and spatial visualization (Wu, Zhang, & Zhang, 2009).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wu, Zhang, & Zhang, 2009

In the paper

“This is likely because the collapsible tree in the tree condition provided participants with a visual representation of the web site, which the participants in the menu condition did not have.”

In the paper

“Thus, these conceptualizations may have greater importance when studying older adults.”

In the paper

“this guideline was met for each of the constructs indicating sufficient discriminant validity.”

In the paper

“In all likelihood, it is probably a combination of these two issues.”

In the paper

“Younger adults over-reported their feelings of disorientation since the site did not provide the additional navigation cues that they may be accustomed to, such as breadcrumbs or search functionality, which may have caused them to feel unsupported.”

In the paper

“implying that older adults that feel younger may behave younger in terms of their Internet use.”

In the paper

“Findings indicate that as experience increases, time decreases.”

In the paper

“Overall, the formative constructs of the research model have met the validation requirements set out by Diamantopoulos &”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Diamantopoulos &

In the paper

“Thus the research model encompasses all of the key relationships between the constructs.”

In the paper

“Thus the findings are also different fromCzaja & Sharit (1993)andSharit et al. (2008)who found that experience had a greater effect than age.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Czaja & Sharit (1993)
• Not checked yetcites Sharit et al. (2008)

In the paper

“One-way ANOVA tests confirmed that there was no statistical difference between the performance of those who participated in the comfort of their homes and those that did not.”