The impact of age on website usability

In the paper

“There is no statistical difference between the older and younger groups on the mean scores on any of these demographic variables except life satisfaction, where older participants are more satisfied than younger ones (significance 0.001 using One-Way AN OVA test).”

In the paper

“While the variance explained in the endogenous construct Satisfaction shows very little increase in R 2 with the inclusion of any of the control variables, some did create statistically significant paths.”

In the paper

“Using this measure, the GoF for the current study is 0.531, or the effect size is large, indicating that the research model performed well.”

In the paper

“Participants in the menu condition experienced higher levels of perceived disorientation (p<O.OOl).”

In the paper

“Nine out of twelve paths in the model are significant (at p<O.OS or better) indicating that the model is reliable overall (see Table 27 for further details).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Table 27

In the paper

“The variance explanation of the endogenous variable Satisfaction is substantial at R 2 = 0.765 (Chin, 1998), supporting the validity of the model.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Chin, 1998

In the paper

“Relatively little research has examined how Behavior and Environment may influence the Person, or how Environment and Behavior interact with one another.”

In the paper

“older participants have more years of experience using the Internet, yet younger participants use the Internet more hours per week.”

In the paper

“MMA was expected to impact disorientation, but this was not found to be the case (H3 not supported).”

In the paper

“The average disorientation reported was 1.93 on a five point scale (1.699 for older and 2.143 for younger).”

In the paper

“Although younger adults' perceptions of disorientation were higher, this was not reflected in their utilitarian outcomes (mental models or performance).”

In the paper

“Age had a significant influence on both the hedonic and utilitarian constructs in the model.”

In the paper

“Despite the insignificant influence of utilitarian constructs, 76.5% of variance in satisfaction was explained.”

In the paper

“While engagement received relatively little research attention for a period of time, there has been a resurgence of activity on the topic as researchers attempt to reduce the ambiguity surrounding the construct (O'Brien, 2010; O'Brien & Toms, 2008, 2010; Scott & Walczak, 2009).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites O'Brien, 2010
• Not checked yetcites O'Brien & Toms, 2008, 2010
• Not checked yetcites Scott & Walczak, 2009

In the paper

“While the empirical results may be inconclusive, qualitative descriptions about the impact of computer use on the lives of older adults are generally positive.”

In the paper

“older participants are statistically more familiar with healthy living topics (significance 0.006 using One-Way ANOVA test), but there is no significant difference in frequency of web site visits.”

In the paper

“Each of the paths that is significant in the PLS model has significant effect size (at least p<O.OS).”

In the paper

“There were no qualitative differences in the statistical results: no paths gained or lost significance and no paths changed signs.Thus, as described in Liang et al. (2007), it was feasible to use the method with all constructs modeled as reflective.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Liang et al. (2007) source

In the paper

“since older participants did have less accurate mental models, but reported lower perceived disorientation than younger participants.”

In the paper

“This analysis identified three multivariate outliers:”

In the paper

“the resulting scores performed well on the utilitarian side of the PLS model, being positively influenced by spatial ability (H4 supported) and having a positive influence on performance (H2 supported).”

In the paper

“The study conducted in this •dissertation addresses some of these gaps by exploring hedonic (disorientation and engagement) and utilitarian (MMA) constructs that have not previously been studied in the context of web usability for older adults.”

In the paper

“Therefore, there is evidence that the variables in the research model do not load on a single factor, which implies that the risk of common method bias is minimal.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003 source

In the paper

“It has been associated with important outcomes such as error reduction and positive attitudes (Venkatesh & Agarwal, 2006), and has been shown to increase users' intentions to use computers as well as subsequent usage behavior (Legris, Ingham, & Collerette, 2003;McCloskey, 2006;Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Legris, Ingham, & Collerette, 2003 source
• Not checked yetcites McCloskey, 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003 source

In the paper

“Older adults (of any chronological age) are a very heterogeneous group since they have more varied life experiences than younger adults and are affected by age-related deterioration and illnesses at different rates (Dickinson, Arnott, & Prior, 2007;Lippincott, 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dickinson, Arnott, & Prior, 2007 source
• Not checked yetcites Lippincott, 2004

In the paper

“For example, physical changes associated with aging include declines in vision, hearing, and psychomotor coordination (Hawthorn, 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hawthorn, 2000 source

In the paper

“Although usability is a key concept of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) research (Hornbaek, 2006), its application in the Information Systems (IS) literature has been limited to date (Venkatesh & Ramesh, 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hornbaek, 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Venkatesh & Ramesh, 2006

In the paper

“It has been associated with important outcomes such as error reduction and positive attitudes (Venkatesh & Agarwal, 2006), and has been shown to increase users' intentions to use computers as well as subsequent usage behavior (Legris, Ingham, & Collerette, 2003;McCloskey, 2006;Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Venkatesh & Agarwal, 2006

In the paper

“For example, in a recent web site study Venkatesh & Ramesh (2006} found that the usability theoretical lens outperformed the popular Technology Acceptance Model in terms of richness and variance explained in a web site study.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Venkatesh & Ramesh, 2006

In the paper

“Similarly, cognitive changes such as reduced attention span, declines in memory, and changes in spatial abilities create a need for interfaces that have fewer distractions, provide memory cues, and are simple to learn and understand (Hawthorn, 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hawthorn, 2000 source

In the paper

“Thus, improved web usability for older adults will facilitate their use of the Internet, thereby enhancing their personal and professional lives.”

In the paper

“Further, many researchers assert that age is much more than a chronological measure and that the use of chronological age in research is a limitation (Morris & Venkatesh, 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Morris & Venkatesh, 2000 source

In the paper

“Use of the Internet can help older adults to enhance their independence by reducing the barriers caused by lack of mobility, expanding educational and communication opportunities, augmenting memory though reminders, and providing an electronic link to health care (Czaja, 1997).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Czaja, 1997

In the paper

“Older adults now make up the fastest growing consumer segment of computer buyers and Internet users (Chevalier & Rossetti, 2010;Stevens, 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Chevalier & Rossetti, 2010
• Not checked yetcites Stevens, 2010

In the paper

“They found that gender differences became more pronounced among older workers, where older male workers were more likely to be computer users than older female workers.”

• Also stated in: § Independent Variable Impact* Dependent Variable References · plain

  “This pattern did not, however, exist among younger workers.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Morris et al. (2005)

In the paper

“While some of these guidelines are very specific (i.e.font size, typeface, colors, etc.L the recommendations for other aspects, such as navigation systems, site topologies, and accommodation of changes in spatial abilities, are much vaguer.”

In the paper

“Friedberg (2003) found that rates of computer use in the workplace were similar for all but the oldest workers, who exhibited lower levels of use.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Friedberg (2003)

In the paper

“In particular, as age increases, correct answers, browsing efficiency, overall efficiency, quality, and work output tend to decrease.”

• Also stated in: § Person ~Environment · plain

  “Similarly, number of errors, amount of support sought, and time to complete exercises all increase with age.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Table 6

In the paper

“It has been argued that different contexts of use require new measures of usability to adequately capture what is considered important in the particular context (Hornbaek, 2006}.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hornbaek, 2006 source

In the paper

“Czaja et al. (2006) found that both attitudinal and cognitive variables were necessary to predict computer use since cognitive ability was necessary but not sufficient to predict.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Czaja et al. (2006)

In the paper

“Further, the majority of the research concerning computer use by older adults examines utilitarian outcomes such as performance (Wagner et al., 2010), while hedonic aspects are largely unexplored.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wagner et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“This lack of empirical testing creates many opportunities for future research in the area of web usability for older users.”

In the paper

“To date, a considerable amount of effort has been dedicated to exploring web usability issues for older adults and a number of guidelines have been developed (Morrell et al., 2003;Zaphiris, Kurniqwan, & Ghiawadawala, 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Morrell et al., 2003
• Not checked yetcites Zaphiris, Kurniqwan, & Ghiawadawala, 2007

In the paper

“This study found that upcoming retirement, not simply age, may influence an older worker's computer use patterns.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Friedberg (2003)

In the paper

“Historically, usability evaluation has primarily concerned itself with performance-based measures of usability (Hornbaek, 2006;Otter & Johnson, 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hornbaek, 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Otter & Johnson, 2000

In the paper

“Despite the growing level of interest and research in issues relating to older adults and computers (Goodman & Lundell, 2005), there remain a number of gaps in the literature (Wagner, Hassanein, & Head, 2007;Wagner et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wagner, Hassanein, & Head, 2007
• Not checked yetcites Wagner et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“The same study concluded further that there was a strong age effect, independent of the effect of attitudes and cognitive ability”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Czaja et al. (2006)

In the paper

“More recently, however, researchers have emphasized the importance of bringing more focus to the hedonic considerations (O'Brien & Toms, 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites O'Brien & Toms, 2008

In the paper

“In particular, spatial ability has long been suspected of impacting the performance of computer tasks (Czaja, 1997) and several studies have found this to be the case (Benyon & Murray, 1993;Egan & Gomez, 1985;Vicente & Williges, 1988).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Czaja, 1997
• Not checked yetcites Benyon & Murray, 1993
• Not checked yetcites Egan & Gomez, 1985

In the paper

“Agarwal & Venkatesh (2002} did, however, include perceived ease of use in their conceptualization, which has been found to be similar yet distinct from disorientation (Ahuja & Webster, 2001).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ahuja & Webster, 2001

In the paper

“Spatial ability is known to decline with age and is resistant to training (Salthouse, 1982), making it an especially important consideration in web usability for older users.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Salthouse, 1982

In the paper

“The findings for this attribute have been much more consistent, almost unanimously indicating that use of computers improves attitudes toward computers among older adults.”

In the paper

“finding that older adults develop meaningful and longlasting relationships online (Malta, 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Malta, 2007

In the paper

“the level of social presence of the online interface (an Environment construct) has been shown to positively impact antecedents to attitudes towards shopping web sites using student samples (e.g.Hassanein & Head, 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hassanein & Head, 2007

In the paper

“suggesting that predictions should not be based solely on chronological age.”

In the paper

“As suggested by Aula (2005), access to computers is not sufficient for older adults; they need support and need to be motivated to undertake their first experience.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Aula (2005)

In the paper

“The few studies conducted indicate that increased use of computers improves learning outcomes and improves performance”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Table 10

In the paper

“There remains plenty of opportunity in the other SCT relationships, particularly in those between Behavior and Environment.”

In the paper

“They concluded that the results of these studies were flawed for a variety of reasons and that computer use in fact did not have a positive impact.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dickinson & Gregor (2006)

In the paper

“Some of these antecedents include information and system quality (Petter & Mclean, 2009), perceived benefits and organization support (Mahmood, Burn, Gemoets, & Jacquez, 2000), and usability related considerations such as perceived ease of use (Bhattacherjee, 2001).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Petter & Mclean, 2009
• Not checked yetcites Mahmood et al., 2000
• Not checked yetcites Bhattacherjee, 2001 source

In the paper

“the influence of Person on Behavior and Environment are the only two relationships that have received considerable research attention.”

In the paper

“Studies also suggest that use of computers leads to increased social support.”

In the paper

“Some suggest that age effects are largely mediated by contextual factors such as experience and cognitive abilities (Czaja et al., 2001).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Czaja et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“Performance includes measures of both efficiency (time) and effectiveness (score), which is typical in usability studies (Hornbaek, 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hornbaek, 2006 source

In the paper

“higher levels of performance and satisfaction have a positive impact on older adults by improving their attitudes and confidence, and reducing their anxiety towards computer use.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Table 9

In the paper

“with good support and training leading to higher levels of self-efficacy, confidence, attitudes, and reduced anxiety.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Table 9

In the paper

“Satisfaction has been described as being caused by effectiveness and efficiency (Pernice & Nielsen, 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pernice & Nielsen, 2005

In the paper

“This theoretical lens has been applied in previous IS research, such as Venkatesh & Agarwal (2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Venkatesh & Agarwal (2006)

In the paper

“Several studies have found that computer use has a positive impact on psychosocial outcomes; improving general well being, reducing life stress, and loneliness.”

In the paper

“application of the usability lens involves consideration of both utilitarian and hedonic aspects, and their ultimate impact on user satisfaction.”

In the paper

“Charness et al. (2001) found that age and experience trade off with roughly equal weight”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Charness et al. (2001)

In the paper

“The measurement of user performance is the most common benchmark for usability in hypertext (Otter & Johnson, 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Otter & Johnson, 2000

In the paper

“The accuracy of the mental model that a user develops has been found to impact the effectiveness and efficiency of their navigation in previous studies.”

In the paper

“For example, cognitive absorption (Roca, Chiu, & Martinez, 2006), cognitive involvement (Patwardhan, 2004), and playfulness (Lin, Wu, & Tsai, 2005) have each been found to lead to satisfaction.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Roca et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Patwardhan, 2004
• Not checked yetcites Lin et al., 2005

In the paper

“In their study, they hypothesized and confirmed that engagement related positively to future intention within the context of e-learning.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Webster & Ahuja (2006)

In the paper

“Spatial abilities are resistant to training and decline as age increases (Salthouse, 1982)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Salthouse, 1982

In the paper

“users preferred sites in which they performed best (Coyne & Nielsen, 2002; Parton, Huffman, Pridgen, Norman, & Shneiderman, 1985; Pernice & Nielsen, 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Coyne & Nielsen, 2002
• Not checked yetcites Parton et al., 1985
• Not checked yetcites Pernice & Nielsen, 2005

In the paper

“it has been found that users who were able to use a system with greater efficiency reported higher levels of satisfaction (Simon, Grover, Teng, & Whitcomb, 1996)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Simon, Grover, Teng, & Whitcomb, 1996

In the paper

“some studies have found that the relationship between perceived disorientation and performance is stronger than the relationship between objective measures of disorientation and performance (Ahuja & Webster, 2001;Otter & Johnson, 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ahuja & Webster, 2001
• Not checked yetcites Otter & Johnson, 2000

In the paper

“Disorientation can lead to loss of interest in a web site (McDonald & Stevenson, 1998)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites McDonald & Stevenson, 1998

In the paper

“By definition, less efficient navigation results in poorer performance, indicating a causal relationship between •objective measures of disorientation and performance (Galletta et al., 2006;Lee & Boling, 2008;McDonald & Stevenson, 1996;Otter & Johnson, 2000;Roca et al., 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Galletta et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Lee & Boling, 2008
• Not checked yetcites Otter & Johnson, 2000

In the paper

“Despite research efforts to date to reduce disorientation through interface design elements, disorientation remains a significant issue with web navigation (Ahuja & Webster, 2001;Otter & Johnson, 2000;Webster & Ahuja, 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ahuja & Webster, 2001
• Not checked yetcites Otter & Johnson, 2000
• Not checked yetcites Webster & Ahuja, 2006

In the paper

“A review by Roca et al. (2006) found several studies where PEOU led to satisfaction, which was also confirmed in their own study and Sjolinder (2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Roca et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Sjolinder, 2006

In the paper

“Perceived disorientation is a conceptually similar yet distinct construct to perceived ease of use (PEOU) in that if a web site is easy to use, a user is less likely to feel lost (Ahuja & Webster, 2001).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ahuja & Webster, 2001

In the paper

“Webster & Ahuja (2006) also hypothesized and confirmed that engagement related positively to performance within an e-learning context.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Webster & Ahuja (2006)

In the paper

“and playfulness (Chung & Tan, 2004; Moon & Kim, 2001)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Chung & Tan, 2004
• Not checked yetcites Moon & Kim, 2001

In the paper

“Perceived disorientation is a conceptually similar yet distinct construct to perceived ease of use (PEOU) (Ahuja & Webster, 2001).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ahuja & Webster, 2001

In the paper

“and frustration (Lazaret al., 2003; McDonald & Stevenson, 1996).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lazaret al., 2003
• Not checked yetcites McDonald & Stevenson, 1996

In the paper

“Jacques et al. (1995) assert that if users of a web site do not feel that it is easy to navigate or are uncomfortable with its structure, they will not be sufficiently engaged.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jacques et al., 1995

In the paper

“age has been shown in empirical research to impact computer use in a variety of ways as a result of changes caused by the natural process of aging.”

In the paper

“older users had more difficulty recalling previous actions and the locations of previo~sly viewed information and they returned to previously visited pages while performing a single search task significantly more often than younger adults (Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000;Lin, 2003aLin, , 2004;;Mead et al., 1999;Meyer, Sit, Spaulding, Mead, & Walker, 1997;Morrell et al., 2003;Pernice & Nielsen, 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000
• Not checked yetcites Lin, 2003a
• Not checked yetcites Mead et al., 1999

In the paper

“Measurement of the participants' mental model development required that participants had not seen the experimental web site before, thus a new web site was designed and built for this experiment.”

In the paper

“Usability guidelines were consulted in the development of the site including”

In the paper

“Spatial abilities have consistently been found to increase during adolescence, reach their peak during the second or third decade of life, and decrease steadily after that (Salthouse, 1982).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Salthouse, 1982

In the paper

“there is consistent evidence that performance declines as age increases, including in a web site context.”

In the paper

“The order of the tasks was consistent across participants to enable comparison between participants.”

In the paper

“a panel of six subject matter experts was consulted to judge content for correctness, logic of layout, and appropriateness of labels.”

• Also stated in: § 4.2 Experimental Web Site · plain

  “No significant changes were suggested for the content.”

In the paper

“A balance between objective and subjective measures is particularly important when conducting experiments with older adults since self-reports of older adults are more likely to be inconsistent with observations than those of younger adults (Dickinson et al., 2007}.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dickinson et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Participants were allowed up to fifteen minutes to complete the exercise.This length of time was deemed to be reasonable as a result of the pilot study.”

In the paper

“This is related to the fact that it is more difficult for older user to learn the spatial structure of new environments, and thus tend to become disoriented (Lin, 2003a).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lin, 2003a

In the paper

“The web site files were stored locally on the laptop to ensure fast and consistent navigation.”

In the paper

“Each site had identical content, labels, and underlying structure, but different navigation layouts.”

In the paper

“Using these new constraints, the remaining 13 pilot sessions ran smoothly and the procedure was deemed appropriate.”

In the paper

“The collected data was screened for missing data, and univariate and multivariate outliers.”

In the paper

“A pilot study was conducted prior to the full study to ensure that the experimental procedure was appropriate and that the wording of the questions was not confusing.”

In the paper

“Within the options for SEM analysis, Partial least Squares (PLS) was chosen over the alternative covariance-based techniques for a number of reasons (Gefen et al., 2000):”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gefen et al., 2000

In the paper

“Cronbach's Alpha statistic exceeded the recommended value of 0.70 for each construct (Cronbach, 1951L indicating that the constructs demonstrated high internal consistency and were sufficiently reliable.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cronbach, 1951 source

In the paper

“As Table 24 shows, these criteria were met for each of the formative constructs except performance (performance ~ satisfaction is not significant).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Table 24

In the paper

“These tests have been commonly used in the Information Systems literature (Ziefle & Bay, 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ziefle & Bay, 2006 source

In the paper

“As a result the following changes to the procedure were made: the browsing time was reduced to five minutes, the web site was reduced to 39 pages, and a 15 minute time limit was set for the MMA exercise.”

In the paper

“all of the item loadings exceeded the recommended value of 0.7 (Nunnally, 1978) and are significant.Overall, the reflective constructs of the research model exhibit sufficient reliability and validity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nunnally, 1978

In the paper

“which suggests that they may be more interested in it.”

In the paper

“It was concluded that the exercises and questionnaires were clear and appropriate for the full study.”

In the paper

“Since these three participants were both univariate and multivariate outliers, they were excluded from the data set.As a result the final data set consists of 97 individuals.”

In the paper

“As discussed in Kooij et al. (2008), chronological age is one of five conceptualizations of aging.Other conceptualizations include functional (performance based), subjective (perceived), organizational (in an employment context}, and life span.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kooij et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“in general it seems that higher levels of cognitive abilities and experience both have a positive impact on performance measures.”

In the paper

“While the importance of these less often studied relationships may not be as intuitive, given the triadic reciprocality of SCT they may offer alternative routes for influencing the computer use behaviors of older adults.”

In the paper

“this may be because chronological age correlated with topic familiarity (and thus interest in the topic) and may not be a result of age on its own.”

In the paper

“This may imply that chronological age is a strong predictor of utilitarian outcomes, whereas other conceptualizations could add insight to the more complex study of hedonic outcomes.”

In the paper

“It may be that engaged users lost focus on the tasks because of their engagement with the web site, and as a result their performance suffered.”

In the paper

“the square root of AVE of a construct should be greater than its correlations with all other constructs.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fornell & larcker (1981) source

In the paper

“The relationship between cognitive abilities and time is less clear with two studies finding a negative relationship and two others finding no relationship.”

In the paper

“Older adults under-reported their feelings of disorientation since older participants have a tendency to focus on the positive aspects of their experience and report feelings more positive than observed by the experimenter (Sayers, 2004), and have more of a desire to be polite and socially desirable (Dickinson et al., 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sayers, 2004 source
• Not checked yetcites Dickinson et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Participants were randomly assigned using the random number generating function in MS Excel to a web site condition (either Menu or Tree as discussed in section 4.2).”

In the paper

“Disorientation was measured using the same seven items as in Webster & Ahuja (2006), a previously validated scale from Ahuja & Webster (2001).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Webster & Ahuja (2006)
• Not checked yetcites Ahuja & Webster (2001)

In the paper

“In addition, three older participants did not answer the question”

In the paper

“Engagement was measured using the same seven items as in Webster & Ahuja (2006), a previously validated scale from Webster & Ho (1997).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Webster & Ahuja (2006)
• Not checked yetcites Webster & Ho (1997)

In the paper

“This method is used in a variety of disciplines for calculating the difference (or distance) between two hierarchical trees (Bille, 2005), but had not been used previously for assessing users' mental model of a web site.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bille, 2005 source

In the paper

“SCT was chosen from a list of 83 theories listed at a wiki summarizing Theories Used in IS Research 3 • Of the 83 theories, 38 examined individual level phenomenon, of which two were sufficiently broad to examine this diverse body of literature.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites http://www.fsc.yorku.ca/york/istheory/wiki/i ndex.php/MainPage

In the paper

“This scoring method was more sophisticated than that used in previous mental model studies (which only allotted one point for each node connected to the correct parent node)”

In the paper

“Satisfaction was measured in this study using the four item scale from Bhattacherjee (2001), which adapts a previously validated scale for overall satisfaction to a web site context.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bhattacherjee (2001) source

In the paper

“Thus, MMA assisted participants in performing from a utilitarian perspective, but did not have significant influence on their hedonic perceptions.”

In the paper

“Univariate outliers were investigated by conducting a z-test for extreme values.”

• Also stated in: § Additional information · plain

  “This test resulted in three outliers:”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tabachnick & Fidell (2001)

In the paper

“The total recruitment goal for the experiment was 100 participants to ensure sufficient sample size for the PLS analysis.”

In the paper

“Finally, the card sorting exercise was abandoned by one participant.This participant (82) was removed from the data since no substitution for this measure was deemed appropriate.”