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Towards understanding the effects of individual gamification elements on intrinsic motivation and performance
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020 · Cited by 18,666 · cited 12×
“…Nicklin, & Ford, 2014; for an overview), but only the latter has been associatedwith improved psychological well-being, enhanced creativity and learning outcomes (Ryan & Deci, 2000), as well as increases in the extent and quality of effort that people put into a given task (Cerasoli et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialFrom game design elements to gamefulness: defining "gamification"
Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. (2011) · Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments · doi:10.1145/2181037.2181040 · Cited by 8,402
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“Note that extrinsic incentives need not invariably be perceived as controlling and subsequently undermine intrinsic motivation (Cerasoli et al., 2014; Deci et al., 1999).”
InfluentialDoes Gamification Work? -- A Literature Review of Empirical Studies on Gamification
Hamari, J., Koivisto, J., & Sarsa, H. (2014) · 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.1109/hicss.2014.377 · Cited by 5,201
The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6 · Cited by 5,094
Gamification in theory and action: a survey
Seaborn, K., & Fels, D. I. (2015) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2014.09.006 · Cited by 2,515 · cited 14×
“But most empirical gamification studies investigate the impact of multiple game elements, making it difficult to pinpoint how and to what extent these game elements contribute to user motivation and behavior (Hamari et al., 2014; Seaborn & Fels, 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGamification. using game-design elements in non-gaming contexts
Deterding, S., Sicart, M., Nacke, L., O'Hara, K., & Dixon, D. (2011) · CHI '11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1979742.1979575 · Cited by 2,413
Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.
Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., & Ford, M. T. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035661 · Cited by 1,981 · cited 8×
“Note that extrinsic incentives need not invariably be perceived as controlling and subsequently undermine intrinsic motivation (Cerasoli et al., 2014; Deci et al., 1999).”
InfluentialHanus, M. D., & Fox, J. (2015) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.08.019 · Cited by 1,918 · cited 6×
“Thus, the threat of contextual factors acting as confounding influence (e.g., school being a potentially controlling setting (Hanus & Fox, 2015)) is minimized.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialA Motivational Model of Video Game Engagement
Przybylski, A. K., Rigby, C. S., & Ryan, R. M. (2010) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019440 · Cited by 1,422 · cited 7×
“The intrinsically motivating nature of digital games has been attributed to their potential to satisfy the psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness (Przybylski et al., 2010).”
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Potenziale von Videospielen (Serious Games) für gesundheitliche und psychotherapeutische Maßnahmen
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Pérez, L. G., & Santos, M. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42519-6_20
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Vermeir, J. F. (2023) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.242456
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“Cependant, les éléments de jeu dans les systèmes gamifiés augmentent prioritairement la motivation extrinsèque, qui est associée à des augmentations à court terme de l'engagement et de la performance (Duggal et al., 2021 ; Lamprinou & Paraskeva, 2015 ; Mekler et al., 2017).”
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Miller, J. A. (2023) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20560789
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InfluentialWang, H. H., Qu, M., Liu, Y., & Li, W. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0331397 · Cited by 2
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Enhancing First-Year Mathematics Achievement Through a Complex Gamified Learning System
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“…2018; L. Li et al., 2024), others found that the use of gamification only creates extrinsic motivation by the implementing elements such as points or badges and does not necessarily make students more engaged, or lead to the increase in intrinsic motivation (Mekler et al., 2017; Hanus & Fox, 2015).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Mekler, E. D., Brühlmann, F., Tuch, A. N., & Opwis, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Basel (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Mekler, Elisa D.
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-06
- Volume
- 71
- Pages
- 525-534
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1410719325
- Semantic Scholar
- 70a4d654151234924c0a7ce7822f12108bf3db49
- Cited by
- 990
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 115 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 137 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 29
- FWCI
- 90.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Games and Gamification
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Games and Media
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Keywords
- gamification, intrinsic motivation, points, levels, leaderboards, competence, performance, image annotation, extrinsic rewards
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