Cited by 990Educational Games and GamificationDigital Games and MediaMotivation and Self-Concept in Sports

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Towards understanding the effects of individual gamification elements on intrinsic motivation and performance

Mekler, Elisa D., Brühlmann, Florian, Tuch, Alexandre N., Opwis, Klaus·2017·Computers in Human Behavior

DOI 10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.048

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“Note that extrinsic incentives need not invariably be perceived as controlling and subsequently undermine intrinsic motivation (Cerasoli et al., 2014; Deci et al., 1999).”
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“But most empirical gamification studies investigate the impact of multiple game elements, making it difficult to pinpoint how and to what extent these game elements contribute to user motivation and behavior (Hamari et al., 2014; Seaborn & Fels, 2015).”
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“The intrinsically motivating nature of digital games has been attributed to their potential to satisfy the psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness (Przybylski et al., 2010).”
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“Several studies have since acknowledged these suggestions, and have sought to strengthen the depth of research by addressing known gaps (see e.g. Hanus & Fox, 2015; Mekler et al., 2015).”
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“…Ibanez et al., 2014; Knutas et al., 2014b; Lambruschini & Pizarro, 2015; Laskowski & Badurowicz, 2014; Latulipe et al., 2015; Leach et al., 2014; Mekler et al., 2015; Morschheuser et al., 2014; Pedro et al., 2015b; Perry, 2015; Poole et al., 2014; Shi et al., 2014; Sillaots, 2014; Simoes et…”
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“…et al. 2013; Robson et al. 2015; Simões et al. 2013; Warmelink et al. 2018; Zuk 2012), a commonly applied definition is that of Deterding et al. (De-Marcos et al. 2014; Deterding et al. 2011; Dicheva et al. 2015; Lister et al. 2014; Mekler et al. 2017; Sailer et al. 2017; Seaborn and Fels 2015).”
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Background
Social robots and gamification for technology supported learning: An empirical study on engagement and motivation
Donnermann, M., Lein, M., Messingschlager, T. V., Riedmann, A., Schäper, P., Steinhaeusser, S. C., & Lugrin, B. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106792 · Cited by 130
Immersive Virtual Reality and Gamification Within Procedurally Generated Environments to Increase Motivation During Gait Rehabilitation
Kern, F., Winter, C., Gall, D., Käthner, I., Pauli, P., & Latoschik, M. E. (2019) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr.2019.8797828 · Cited by 120
“Intrinsic motivation relies on the experience of autonomy and relatedness in addition to competence [32, 40, 41].”
BackgroundInfluential
Consumer attitudes towards electric vehicles
Bennett, R., & Vijaygopal, R. (2018) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-09-2016-0538 · Cited by 116
Counterproductive effects of gamification: An analysis on the example of the gamified task manager Habitica
Diefenbach, S., & Müssig, A. (2018) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.09.004 · Cited by 105
A Bibliometric Analysis of Gamification Research
Trinidad, M., Ruiz, M., & Calderón, A. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3063986 · Cited by 129
“In 2017, Mekler et al. delve into the effects of different gamiﬁcation elements on motivation and performance [143].”
BackgroundInfluential
Understanding how Gamification Influences Behaviour in Social Marketing
Mitchell, R., Schuster, L., & Drennan, J. C. (2016) · Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ) · doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2016.12.001 · Cited by 103
Social network analysis of a gamified e-learning course: Small-world phenomenon and network metrics as predictors of academic performance
de‐Marcos, L., García‐López, E., García‐Cabot, A., Medina, J., Domínguez‐Díaz, A., Martínez-Herráiz, J.-J., & Díez-Folledo, T. I. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.052 · Cited by 102
Engaging donors on crowdfunding platform in Disaster Relief Operations (DRO) using gamification: A Civic Voluntary Model (CVM) approach
Behl, A., & Dutta, P. (2020) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102140 · Cited by 105
From top to bottom: How positions on different types of leaderboard may affect fully online student learning performance, intrinsic motivation, and course engagement
Bai, S., Hew, K. F., Sailer, M., & Jia, C. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104297 · Cited by 119
Gamification in Management Education: A Systematic Literature Review
Silva, R., Rodrigues, R. G., & Leal, C. T. P. (2019) · BAR - Brazilian Administration Review · doi:10.1590/1807-7692bar2019180103 · Cited by 124
“, 2013), attitudes (Codish & Ravid, 2015; Domínguez et al., 2014; Hanson-Smith, 2016; Koivisto & Hamari, 2014; Kuo & Chuang, 2016; Mekler et al., 2017; Schoech et al., 2013), and flow (Ahmed & Sutton, 2017; Betts et al.”
Effects on Personal Factors Through Flipped Learning and Gamification as Combined Methodologies in Secondary Education
Segura-Robles, A., Cabrera, A. F., González, M. E. P., & López-Belmonte, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01103 · Cited by 123
Exploring the influence of common game elements on ideation output and motivation
Zimmerling, E., Höllig, C. E., Sandner, P., & Welpe, I. M. (2018) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.02.030 · Cited by 104
Effectiveness of gamification for the rehabilitation of neurodegenerative disorders
Adlakha, S., Chhabra, D., & Shukla, P. (2020) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110192 · Cited by 93
Learning Mathematics with Emerging Methodologies—The Escape Room as a Case Study
Cabrera, A. F., González, M. E. P., López-Belmonte, J., & Robles, A. S. (2020) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math8091586 · Cited by 111
“These findings are associated with previous studies on the use of this approach that reveal an improvement in the achievement of students in their formative action [38,56], in the control of learning anxiety [12], in motivation [29,41,52] and in student autonomy [31,56,57].”
Result
Making finance fun: the gamification of personal financial management apps
Bitrián, P., Buil, I., & Catalán, S. (2021) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijbm-02-2021-0074 · Cited by 116
Psychological effects of gamified didactics with exergames in Physical Education at primary schools: Results from a natural experiment
Quintás, A., Bustamante, J. C., de la Fuente, F. P., & Otín, C. C. (2020) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103874 · Cited by 97
A process for designing algorithm-based personalized gamification
Knutas, A., van Roy, R., Hynninen, T., Granato, M., Kasurinen, J., & Ikonen, J. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-6913-5 · Cited by 100
“Different authors have pointed to contextual and personal differences to explain these mixed results and have called upon future research to take these characteristics into account [3, 40, 59].”
Background
Serious games in management education: An acceptance analysis
López, F. R., Arias-Oliva, M., Borondo, J. P., & Marín-Vinuesa, L. M. (2021) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100517 · Cited by 104
“…demonstrated the potential importance of other people ’ s opinions (social influence) for acceptance of gamification (e.g., Harborth & Pape, 2017; Mekler et al., 2017), teaching innovations (Baptista & y Oliveira, 2017), and even, specifically, the intention to use LSP (DeSmet et al., 2014;…”
BackgroundInfluential
Effectiveness of Gamification Elements in Blended Learning Environments
MESE, C., & DURSUN, O. O. (2019) · Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.17718/tojde.601914 · Cited by 83
Design and preliminary evaluation of a cyber Security Requirements Education Game (SREG)
Yasin, A., Liu, L., Li, T., Wang, J., & Zowghi, D. (2017) · Information and Software Technology · doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2017.12.002 · Cited by 85
Examining the effects of mixed and non‐digital gamification on students' learning performance, cognitive engagement and course satisfaction
Qiao, M. S., Yeung, S. S., Zainuddin, Z., Ng, D. T. K., & Chu, S. K. W. (2022) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13249 · Cited by 131
Assessing the benefits of gamification in mathematics for student gameful experience and gaming motivation
Alt, D. (2023) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104806 · Cited by 85
“Notably, the findings also undermine previous investigations indicating that in some contexts, gamification may not facilitate motivation to play or even impede it (Mekler et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResult
Gamification as a moderator for the impact of intrinsic motivation: Findings from a multigroup field experiment
Treiblmaier, H., & Putz, L.-M. (2020) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2020.101655 · Cited by 84
Work gamification: Effects on enjoyment, productivity and the role of leadership
Gerdenitsch, C., Sellitsch, D., Besser, M., Burger, S., Stegmann, C., Tscheligi, M., & Kriglstein, S. (2020) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2020.100994 · Cited by 107
The Effect of Gamification on Psychological and Behavioral Outcomes: Implications for Cruise Tourism Destinations
Lee, B. C. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11113002 · Cited by 83
“In particular, Koivisto and Hamari [3] recently conducted an in-depth literature review of 842 gamification-related studies.”
Background
Engagement in the course of programming in higher education through the use of gamification
Rojas-López, A., Rincón-Flores, E. G., Mena, J., García‐Peñalvo, F. J., & Soledad, M. (2019) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-019-00680-z · Cited by 83
Using Gamification to Facilitate Students’ Self-Regulation in E-Learning: A Case Study on Students’ L2 English Learning
Li, X., Xia, Q., Chu, S. K. W., & Yang, Y. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14127008 · Cited by 113
“However, several studies argue that children prefer playing over learning and are motivated by extrinsic incentives in gamified learning [30,46].”
A Design Framework for Adaptive Gamification Applications
Böckle, M., Micheel, I., Bick, M., & Novak, J. (2018) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2018.151 · Cited by 79
“However, research has shown that the application of gamification does not always achieve the expected results [20, 16]: the effectiveness is often mixed with varying degree of success [29] and is highly dependent on the context in which the gamification concept is being implemented [29].”
Background
Virtual Performance Augmentation in an Immersive Jump & Run Exergame
Ioannou, C., Archard, P., O'Neill, E. J., & Lutteroth, C. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300388 · Cited by 82
“The use of the scale mid-point as a meaningful criterion in H2 and H3 is supported by IEQ [16] and IMI measures [49, 79] reported in the literature.”
Method
Gamification in sport apps: the determinants of users' motivation
Bitrián, P., Buil, I., & Catalán, S. (2020) · European Journal of Management and Business Economics · doi:10.1108/ejmbe-09-2019-0163 · Cited by 101

Authors: Mekler, E. D., Brühlmann, F., Tuch, A. N., & Opwis, K.
Affiliations: University of Basel (CH)
Corresponding author: Mekler, Elisa D.
ORCID: Mekler, Elisa D.
Brühlmann, Florian
Opwis, Klaus
Venue: Computers in Human Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-06
Volume: 71
Pages: 525-534
ISSN: 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.048
OpenAlex: W1410719325
Semantic Scholar: 70a4d654151234924c0a7ce7822f12108bf3db49
Cited by: 990
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 115 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 137 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 29
FWCI: 90.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Games and Gamification
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Games and Media
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Keywords: gamification, intrinsic motivation, points, levels, leaderboards, competence, performance, image annotation, extrinsic rewards

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Towards understanding the effects of individual gamification elements on intrinsic motivation and performance

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