Developing a General Extended Technology Acceptance Model for E-Learning (GETAMEL) by analysing commonly used external factors

“…Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) [26], extended versions of TAM such as TAM2 [27] and TAM3 [28], and more recently developed acceptance models such as Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of the Technology (UTAUT) [29] and General Extended Technology Acceptance Model for E-Learning (GETAMEL) [9].”

“Abdullah and Ward (2016), Alraimi et al. (2015), Chang et al. (2020), and Liu and Pu (2020) conducted research on undergraduate students’ online learning intentions based on various technology acceptance models.”

“Within the organizational perspective, Word-of-Mouth, 57 collective capability, 58 and computer anxiety 59,60 are considered signi fi cant drivers of metaverse adoption.”

“Venkatesh and Davis [52] included external variables to extend the model’s informational value, as did prior research that examined the relation of numerous external variables to the TAM’s key components, e.g., self-efficacy and social norms [13, 53].”

“Self-efficacy (SE), which is among the most studied variables in the context of e-learning (Abdullah & Ward, 2016), is explained as an individual’s judgment of the capacity he/she has to fulfill a task (Bandura, 1982).”

“Furthermore, Abdullah and Ward (2016) reviewed 107 TAM papers published in the last ten years and pointed out that SNs are the most widely used and influential drivers of attitudes and intentions to use social networks.”

“The external variables identified by (Abdullah & Ward, 2016) were included (five variable).”

“Subjective norm (SN) refers to the extent to which people feel pressure from other community members to use or not to use a specific technology (Abdullah & Ward, 2016).”

“Subjective norms refer to the extent to which people feel pressure from others of their community (e.g., family, friends, and colleagues who are essential to them) to act in a certain way (Abdullah & Ward, 2016; Ham et al., 2015).”

“The relationship between anthropomorphism and perceived risk could be studied through acceptance, as it serves as a predictor of behavioral intention, performance, and consumer perception (Abdullah & Ward, 2016; Chen et al., 2020; Lunney et al., 2016; Nikou & Economides, 2017; Oyman et al., 2022).”

“Although many researchers have demonstrated the content validity of TAM in the management of information systems (MIS) field (Abdullah & Ward, 2016; Huang, Lin, & CONTACT Wen-Hsien Ho whho@kmu.edu.tw © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Chan, 2012), individual cultural characteristics also affect…”

“Previous studies reveal that the concept of self-efficacy plays a critical role on the ease of using e-learning technologies and affecting perceived usefulness (Abdullah & Ward, 2016).”

“King and He [4] , Sumak et al. [5] , Abdullah and Ward [6] , and Al-Qaysi [7] argue that TAM is suitable to build a research model on students’ technology use behavior.”

“By using second-order links in the TAM and IS success model, this work contributes to theory growth by bridging the gap between e-learning adoption research (Mohammadi, 2015; Abdullah and Ward, 2016; Alenazy et al., 2019) and the IS literature (Venkatesh et al., 2012).”

“Social technology tools have become more prominent in recent years in the HRD fi eld (Abdullah and Ward 2016) and studies of technology as a feature of workplace learning in health and social care sector contexts are well represented in the literature base (c.f. Costello et al. 2014; George et al.…”

“…of effort expectancy on pe rfor-mance expectancy (e.g., Alalwan et al., 2016, 2017, 2018; Alkhaldi & Kharma, 2019; Alshurideh et al., 2020; Jaradat & Al Rababaa, 2013; Joo et al., 2016; Rabaai et al., 2015), and on attitude (e.g., Abdullah & Ward, 2016; Davis, 1989; Sabah, 2019; Wu & Chen, 2017).”

“Experience, anxiety, social norms, and self-e ffi cacy factors in the GETAMEL model developed by Abdullah and Ward (2016) were added to the original TAM model.”

“Self-efficacy, subjective norm, perceived enjoyment, computer anxiety and experience were reported as the mostly commonly used external factors of technology acceptance of e-learning (Abdullah & Ward, 2016).”

“Perceived enjoyment (PE) refers to the extent to which using a technology is perceived to be enjoyable in its own right, aside from any external rewards or outcomes (Abdullah & Ward, 2016; Venkatesh, 2000).”

“It can also be defined as the feeling of discomfort or nervousness that individuals may experience when using new technologies, particularly if they perceive the technology as complex or difficult to use settings (Abdullah & Ward, 2016).”

“Unlike Abdullah and Ward (2016); Dutot (2015); Venkatesh and Davis (2000), who found that SN is a predictor of performance expectancy, this study shows that performance expectancy is a predictor of SN.”

“Abdullah and Ward (2016) and Chang, Hajiyev, and Su (2017) found that PENJ influences PEU and PU toward using e-learning tools.”

“Abdullah and Ward (2016) in the meta-analysis of 107 scholar papers found positive influence of SN on both PEU and PU, with larger effects on PEU, which was also confirmed in meta-analysis of Scherer et al. (2019).”

“…theoretical research, such as reviews and meta-analyses, have summarized empirical findings on specific topics within education, like teachers’ adoption of technology, e-learning adoption, and TAM in m-learning environments (Abdullah & Ward, 2016; Al-Emran et al., 2018; Scherer et al., 2019).”

“10; Anxiety has an impact (negative) on Perceived Ease of Use of learners that uses the DLS. Abdullah and Ward (2016) analyse 107 researches that investigate users’ distance learning acceptance via utilizing Technology Acceptance Model, concluding that Self Efficacy, Subjective Norm, Enjoyment,…”

“…cultural, and political factors that affect perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use (ie, measures of users ’ attitude toward using e-learning technology) and subsequent intention to use and actual use (Abdullah & Ward, 2016; Al-Fraihat et al., 2020; Huang & Chueh, 2022; Pal & Vanijja, 2020).”

“…(Mustafa & Garcia, 2021), mobile learning (Al-Emran et al., 2018; C. Liu et al., 2024; Mugo et al., 2017), learning management systems (Cavus et al., 2022), higher education (Rosli et al., 2022), e-learning (Abdullah & Ward, 2016), and technology adoption by teachers (Scherer et al., 2019).”

“When the performance expectancy between innovation and behavior improves, adopting teaching practices more compatible with innovation behavior becomes more viable (Abdullah and Ward, 2016; Waheed et al., 2017; Abbas et al., 2021; Subasinghe, 2021).”

“It has been considered as an antecedent of Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness in many studies [27, 28].”

“Many prior papers have analysed the indicators that affect the implementation of e-learning in a variety of scenarios (Abbad, 2021; Fazil & Rupert, 2016; Hossein, 2015; El-Masri & Tarhini, 2015; Mehta et al., 2019).”

“A self-efficacy quiz was also provided to the learner to assess themselves and to reflect on their scores, as learners’ selfefficacy has been shown to impact their attitudes towards using the technology (Abdullah & Ward, 2016).”

“The contribution of this research is to show important aspects of information proactiveness of knowledge workers in the systems implementation, applying the technology acceptance model (Abdullah & Ward, 2016; Davis, 1989) and personal information management model (Hwang et al., 2015).”

“It plays a significant role in today's university educational processes [2].”

“…Dese and Dei. the results of this research corroborate some previous studies which stated that tam variables can promote either Dese or Dei (abdullah & ward, 2016; Darmanto et al. (2022). the reason behind these findings is that users will consider perceived usefulness and perceived ease…”

“Although there is no agreement in the identified external variables, there is some consensus about factors related to environment features (course design, interface design, interaction, synchronous and asynchronous communication) and learners' features (self-efficacy, user technology experience) [16] [10] [11] [14] [1…”

“Previous research findings provide comfirmatory evidence that there is a relationship between EE and UB (Bharati et al., 2018; Guest et al., 2018; Jaya et al., 2017; Abdullah & Ward, 2016 and Madigan et al., 2016).”

“…it has been widely criticized for its theoretical assumptions and practical effectiveness [35], lack of variables related to human and social processing factors [36], and low explanatory power with an explained variance of about 40% in the original TAM and about 52% to 70% in the extended TAM [37].”

“While other technology acceptance models exist (see Abdullah & Ward, 2016; Venkatesh et al., 2003), Davis’ TAM was chosen in this study because its core is well-validated and easily extended.”

“Furthermore, self-efficacy represents an evaluation of users’ ability to utilize technology, which may impact their perception of its usefulness and ease of use (Abdullah & Ward, 2016; Chahal & Rani, 2022; Gong et al., 2004).”

“These models include the original TAM as their core theoretical basis but supplement it with additional constructs (Abdullah & Ward, 2016; Scherer et al., 2019; Venkatesh, 2000; Venkatesh & Davis, 2000; Venkatesh et al., 2003).”

“From subjective norms, individuals might feel community pressure to utilize or avoid a specific technology convenient to their environment and cultural values (Abdullah & Ward, 2016).”

“…with various educational environment stakeholders, such as students, teachers, and instructors, in the literature, are generally in the same direction (e.g Abdullah & Ward, 2016; Şahin et al., 2021, 2022b; Ursavaş, 2014; Ursavaş et al., 2019; Venkatesh et al., 2003; Yıldız et al., 2022a, b).”

“Current research (Abdullah and Ward 2016; see also meta-analysis by Dwivedi et al. 2019), as well as this study, re-introduces attitude which is defined as evaluation of system use desirability (Mathieson 1991).”

“Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 2956–2960, 2018. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.4492 [68] F. Abdullah, R. Ward, and E. Ahmed, “Investigating the influence of the most commonly used external variables of TAM on students’ Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and Perceived 78 http://www.i-jet.org Usefulness (PU) of…”

“TAM was built and developed based on the theory of reasoned action (TRA), which was proposed by Fishbein and Ajzen (1975), and emerged along at the same time of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Abdullah and Ward, 2016; Chen et al., 2013; Chuttur, 2009; Wu, 2009).”

“Also, it has a significant positive relationship with perceived ease of use of e-learning, where the overall average path coefficient is Beta ¼ 0.342 in 80% of these studies of interest (Abdullah & Ward, 2016).”

“This fi nding could be justi fi ed by the extended TAM proposed by Abdullah and Ward (2016), which suggests that individuals ’ distrust in GenAI, concerns about its security, and uncertainties about their pro fi ciency in using GenAI may hinder their ability to e ff ectively utilize this technology.”

“Among the incorporations or extensions to TAM, the most popular adopted external factors are: self-efficacy, subjective norm, enjoyment, and computer anxiety [8,9].”

“On the other aspect, prior studies have extended TAM with many constructs such as perceived risk (M. Lee, 2009); satisfaction (M. Lee, 2010); self-efficacy (Abdullah & Ward, 2016), and conformity behavior (Yu, 2020).”

“The theory is developed on the basis of seven theoretical paradigms (Abdullah and Ward, 2016), including social cognitive theory (SCT), rational behavior theory (TRA), planned behavior theory (TPB), technology fi t theory (TTF), innovation diffusion theory (IDT), motivation theory (MT), compound TAM…”

“When students express pleasure and enjoyment when using technology, they tend to have higher levels of intrinsic motivation (Abdullah & Ward, 2016; Cai et al., 2023).”

“…0.000 SE -> CA -0.133 1.418 0.157 SE -> ENJOY 0.583 7.014 0.000 SE -> PEOU 0.468 2.578 0.010 SE -> PU 0.040 0.272 0.786 SN -> PEOU 0.089 0.938 0.349 SN -> PU 0.220 2.386 0.017 The path coefficients and p-value are used to measure the strength of each causal relationship (Abdullah and Ward 2016).”

“53 Accordingly, the users of green banking often embrace the opinions, attitudes, and behavior of significant people in their community.”