A systematic review of fantasy driven vs. contact driven internet-initiated sexual offences: Discrete or overlapping typologies?
Abstract
Within the literature individuals who use the internet to facilitate the sexual abuse of a minor are generally classified as being fantasy or contact driven. Classification is based upon the intended location for sexual climax: fantasy driven individuals aim to reach sexual climax online, whereas contact driven individuals target minors to achieve physical sex offline. This review systematically investigates whether there is an empirical basis for the distinction between these two proposed discrete types. Comparison of tactics and behaviour are considered to examine whether the contact vs. fantasy distinction is useful. A two-stage literature selection process, considered against pre-determined inclusion criteria, identified a total of twenty-two studies. As methodological heterogeneity limited the ability to conduct pooled analysis, a narrative synthesis of data employing an interpretive approach was conducted. This showed that the contact and fantasy distinction is ambiguous, given that both groups engage in online behaviours that provide them with online sexual gratification that can also lead to offline contact. Furthermore, no clear pattern of behaviour was found to define contact and fantasy individuals idiosyncratically. The European Online Grooming Project typology is thus proposed as a better representation of this behaviour; intimacy seeking, adaptable and hypersexualized groups. The distinction between these groups focuses primarily on the intensity of the relationship, acknowledging that sexual abuse can occur with or without offline contact. This review also highlights the need for larger, methodologically robust studies that examine the behaviour of online child sexual offenders.
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Empirically, the proposed distinction is ambiguous as both groups (at least) initially engage in subjectively sexually rewarding online behaviors that only under specific circumstances may lead to offline sexual abuse.
“Empirically, it turned out that the proposed distinction is ambiguous as both groups (at least) initially engage in subjectively sexually rewarding online behaviors that only under specific circumstances may lead to offline sexual abuse.”
From 3.2 Sexual Online Grooming of Children – A Short Overview of the Offender Literature (2025) · cites this paper as Broome et al., 2018
Decoys respond openly to sexual solicitations, appear compliant, and might be more likely to continue within an uncomfortable conversation compared to a child.
“Since decoys aim to obtain as much incriminating information as possible, they respond openly to sexual solicitations (Briggs et al., 2011), appear compliant (Broome et al., 2018), and might be more likely to continue within an uncomfortable conversation (Williams et al., 2013) compared to a child.”
From Offender strategies for engaging children in online sexual activity (2021) · cites this paper as Broome et al., 2018
A systematic review failed to find an empirical basis for the division between contact-driven and fantasy-driven offenders, as the distinctions between the two sub-groups were ambiguous, given that both groups engage in online behavior that provides them with sexual gratification.
“However, a systematic review failed to find an empirical basis for this division as the distinctions between the two sub-groups were ambiguous, given that both groups engage in online behavior that provides them with sexual gratification (Broome et al., 2018).”
From Offender strategies for engaging children in online sexual activity (2021) · cites this paper as Broome et al., 2018
Offenders can use a scattergun approach, sending messages to hundreds of different children at the same time, and await the most gullible to take the bait.
“By using a scattergun approach (Broome et al., 2018) and sending messages to hundreds of different children at the same time (FBI, 2015; Ulricehamn tidning, 2017), the offender can await the most gullible to take the bait.”
From Offender strategies for engaging children in online sexual activity (2021) · cites this paper as Broome et al., 2018
Both fantasy-driven and contact-driven offenders engage in online sexual gratification.
“Similar to the overlap between fantasy-driven and contact-driven offenders, showing that both groups engage in online sexual gratification (Broome et al., 2018), all offenders in this study tried to engage in online sexual activity while only a few arranged an offline meeting with the child.”
From Offender strategies for engaging children in online sexual activity (2021) · cites this paper as Broome et al., 2018
Reviews specifically on prevalence rates and risk factors of cybergrooming victimization were narrative rather than systematic.
“Although research syntheses on various aspects of cybergrooming exist (e.g., Broome et al., 2018; Whittle et al., 2013a), reviews specifically on prevalence rates and risk factors of cybergrooming victimization were narrative rather than systematic, while reviews on outcomes have not been conducted at all.”
From Cybergrooming Victimization Among Young People: A Systematic Review of Prevalence Rates, Risk Factors, and Outcomes (2025) · cites this paper as Broome et al., 2018
Reviews on outcomes of cybergrooming victimization have not been conducted at all.
“Although research syntheses on various aspects of cybergrooming exist (e.g., Broome et al., 2018; Whittle et al., 2013a), reviews specifically on prevalence rates and risk factors of cybergrooming victimization were narrative rather than systematic, while reviews on outcomes have not been conducted at all.”
From Cybergrooming Victimization Among Young People: A Systematic Review of Prevalence Rates, Risk Factors, and Outcomes (2025) · cites this paper as Broome et al., 2018
Scoping or systematic reviews were conducted less frequently, focusing on cybergrooming strategies and perpetrator typologies.
“Scoping or systematic reviews were conducted less frequently, focusing on cybergrooming strategies (Ringenberg et al., 2022) and perpetrator typologies (Broome et al., 2018; Del Castillo et al., 2021).”
From Cybergrooming Victimization Among Young People: A Systematic Review of Prevalence Rates, Risk Factors, and Outcomes (2025) · cites this paper as Broome et al., 2018
No clear SOG pattern distinguishing between both types could be identified.
“More importantly, no clear SOG pattern distinguishing between both types could be identified (Broome et al., 2018);”
From 3.2 Sexual Online Grooming of Children – A Short Overview of the Offender Literature (2025) · cites this paper as Broome et al., 2018
Broome and colleagues (2018) argued that an older typology proposed by the European Online Grooming Project (Webster et al., 2012) might be more useful.
“Broome and colleagues (2018) argued that an older typology proposed by the European Online Grooming Project (Webster et al., 2012) might be more useful:”
From 3.2 Sexual Online Grooming of Children – A Short Overview of the Offender Literature (2025) · cites this paper as Broome et al., 2018
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Representación discursiva del ciberacoso sexual a menores: del chat a la sentencia judicial
Pérez-Sabater, C., Montes, A. G., & Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2024) · Revista de llengua i dret · doi:10.58992/rld.i82.2024.4231
Self-citationWinters, G. M., & Jeglic, E. L. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73131-0_5
Females who engage in online child sexual exploitation: a critical narrative review
Fortunato, E., Slikboer, R., Henshaw, M., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2025) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2025.2540384 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nock), G. S. (., Dixon, L., & Tyler, N. (2025) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2025.102094
Hamilton, K., & Brennan, M. (2025) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2025.2581870
Pienczykowski, B., & Madella, P. (2025) · Corpus Pragmatics · doi:10.1007/s41701-025-00218-0
Identity manipulation in online grooming: Gendered strategies among male suspects
Hermoso, J. S., & Soldino, V. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2026.109056
Ciardha, C. Ó. (2026) · doi:10.1002/9781394289868.ch12
- Authors
- Broome, L. J., Izura, C., & Lorenzo-Dus, N.
- Affiliations
- Swansea University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Broome, Laura Jayne
- Venue
- Child Abuse & Neglect
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-05
- Volume
- 79
- Pages
- 434-444
- ISSN
- 0145-2134 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2793573567
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 0.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Abuse & Neglect (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Legal and Social Justice Studies
- Keywords
- online child sexual abuse, offender typology, hypersexualization, online grooming, sexual offenses against minors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Employment, Erotica, Fantasy, Female, Humans, Male, Sexual Behavior, Sex Offenses, Internet, Narration, Criminals, Human Trafficking
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