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Cited by 309Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionStalking, Cyberstalking, and HarassmentSexual Assault and Victimization Studies

The co-occurrence of Internet harassment and unwanted sexual solicitation victimization and perpetration: Associations with psychosocial indicators

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Ybarra, Michele L., Espelage, Dorothy L., Mitchell, Kimberly J.·2007·Journal of Adolescent Health
DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.010
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Abstract

Purpose Previous research in offline environments suggests that there may be an overlap in bullying and sexual harassment perpetration and victimization; however to what extent this may be true for perpetration and victimization of Internet harassment and unwanted sexual solicitation is unknown.Methods The Growing Up with Media survey is a national cross-sectional online survey of 1,588 youth, 10-15 years old, who have used the Internet at least once in the last 6 months. Cluster analysis was conducted with four scales: Internet harassment perpetration, Internet harassment victimization, unwanted sexual solicitation perpetration, and unwanted sexual solicitation victimization.Results A four-cluster solution was identified: youth with little to no involvement (n = 1326; 81.7%); perpetrator-victims of Internet harassment (n = 205; 14.3%); victims of both Internet harassment and unwanted sexual solicitation (n = 45; 3.1%); and perpetrator-victims of Internet harassment and unwanted sexual solicitation (n = 12; .9%). Involvement in Internet harassment and unwanted sexual solicitation was associated with concurrent reports of psychosocial problems including substance use; involvement in offline victimization and perpetration of relational, physical, and sexual aggression; delinquent peers; a propensity to respond to stimuli with anger; poor emotional bond with caregivers; and poor caregiver monitoring as compared with youth with little to no involvement. This was especially true for perpetrator-victims of Internet harassment and unwanted sexual solicitation. Findings were replicated using a frequency-based definition of involvement, suggesting that cluster analysis is useful in identifying subgroups of youth and can be used to guide frequency-based definitions, which are easier to implement across study samples.Conclusions The majority of youth are not frequently involved in Internet harassment or unwanted sexual solicitation either as victims or as perpetrators. Among those who are, however, psychosocial problems are apparent. Perpetrator-victims of Internet harassment and unwanted sexual solicitation have emerged as a particularly important group for adolescent health professionals to be aware of, identify, and treat or refer into services immediately.

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  • Online grooming has been related to important mental health outcomes for victims, including depressive symptoms, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and posttraumatic stress.

    “Online grooming has been related to important mental health outcomes for the victims, including depressive symptoms, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and posttraumatic stress (Donmez & Soylu, 2020; Whittle, Hamilton-Giachritsis, Beech, & Collings, 2013; Ybarra et al., 2007).”

    From A Preventive Intervention to Reduce Risk of Online Grooming Among Adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as Ybarra et al., 2007

    The Abstract and Concurrent psychosocial correlates section link unwanted sexual solicitation victimization with psychosocial problems. They do not report the claimed outcomes—depressive symptoms, anxiety, suicidal ideation, or posttraumatic stress—or specifically study online grooming. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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  • Cyberbullying and online sexual harassment are highly correlated, both face-to-face and online.

    “The two behaviors seem to be highly correlated, both face to face [20] and online, although in this last context, little is known [21].”

    From Cybervictimization and Online Sexual Harassment: Prevalence, Association, and Predictors (2024) · cites this paper as [21]

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Authors
Ybarra, M. L., Espelage, D. L., & Mitchell, K. J.
Affiliations
  • University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
  • University of New Hampshire (US)
Corresponding author
Ybarra, Michele L.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Adolescent Health
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2007-12
Volume
41
Issue
6
Pages
S31-S41
ISSN
1054-139X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.010
OpenAlex
W2161553514
Cited by
309
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 29
FWCI
13.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Adolescent Health (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U49 CE000206, U49/CE000206-02)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
Keywords
online harassment, cyberbullying, adolescent victimization, psychosocial problems, substance use, relational aggression, delinquent peers, anger, caregiver monitoring
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Aggression, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Cluster Analysis, Sexual Harassment, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Crime Victims, Internet

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