The world of plastic waste: A review
Open accessAbstract
People discover various materials from time to time that break the boundaries of traditional materials. Plastic is a revolutionized material, and is referred to as “a material with 1,000 uses”. This review summarized up-to-date research on plastic and its waste pollution. Plastic has a domain throughout human life with its versatile properties such as lightweight, high durability, flexibility, and low production cost. This article describes the applications, benefits, production, consumption, and classifications of plastics. Plastic commercialization began with the Second World War and grew all over the world within less than a century. The global annual production of plastic is more than 359 million tons. Despite all the benefits, plastics cause severe environmental and public health issues. Accordingly, this study addresses the major issues of plastic waste on the environment and human health. Plastics can degrade into micro to nano sizes, and those fine particles are more spreadable in air, water, and soil. Therefore, both terrestrial and aquatic animals go through various negative impacts such as ingestion, entangling, ulcers, low reproduction, and oxidative stress. Microplastics also degrade human health due to cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, birth defects, cancer, etc. The closing contains the developed end-of-life options (e.g., recycling and reprocessing, incineration with energy recovery, modification reuse, value addition, and landfilling) of biodegradable and non-biodegradable plastic wastes. Several international, regional/national level legislations and policies/concepts (e.g., plastic trade, 3R policy, and circular economy) are available to manage plastic and plastic waste generation. Plastic waste management is also discussed offering practical insights and real-world scenarios. Solutions and challenges in effective plastic waste management guide to create a more sustainable and environmentally responsible approach. Finally, this review article highlights the importance of judicious decisions and the involvement of all stakeholders to overcome the plastic waste crisis.
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The global environmental challenge of pollution is significantly exacerbated by the accumulation of non-biodegradable materials, with plastics, including single-use items like bottles and bags, being major contributors that threaten ecosystems and human health.
“The global environmental challenge of pollution is significantly exacerbated by the accumulation of non-biodegradable materials, with plastics, including single-use items like bottles and bags, being major contributors that threaten ecosystems and human health [316].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [316]
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Complexities of the global plastics supply chain revealed in a trade-linked material flow analysis
Houssini, K., Li, J., & Tan, Q. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02169-5 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
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Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions
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Waste plastic management: Recycling and the environmental health nexus
Nafiu, S. A., Azeez, M. O., AlAqad, K. M., Olarewaju, T. A., Yerima, E. A., & Tanimu, A. (2025) · Cleaner Materials · doi:10.1016/j.clema.2024.100291 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Zaman, M. G., Xu, H., Bi, Z., Patel, B., Samec, N., Vujanovic, M., & Guo, Y. (2025) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.4c03663 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bacterial isolation and evaluation for degradation of unpretreated LDPE from waste dump soils
Thakur, S., Mathur, S., Saraf, M., Patel, S., Jadav, R., & Menon, S. (2025) · Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology · doi:10.22207/jpam.19.2.45 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nayanathara Thathsarani Pilapitiya, P. G. C., & Ratnayake, A. S.
- Affiliations
- Uva Wellassa University (LK)
- Corresponding author
- Ratnayake, Amila Sandaruwan
- Venue
- Cleaner Materials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-03
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 100220
- ISSN
- 2772-3976 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4391289318
- Semantic Scholar
- 165bba80eb131dccbfd9b440c46937ac4e496c69
- Cited by
- 1,034
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 401 · 2025: 496 · 2024: 137
- FWCI
- 102.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cleaner Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Pennsylvania State University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Waste Management and Recycling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Healthcare and Environmental Waste Management
- Keywords
- plastic waste, microplastics, nanoplastics, plastic pollution, plastic waste management, plastic recycling, incineration, landfilling, biodegradable plastics, circular economy, 3R policy, plastic entanglement, oxidative stress, human health effects, aquatic animals
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