Cited by 1,034Microplastics and Plastic PollutionWaste Management and RecyclingHealthcare and Environmental Waste Management

The world of plastic waste: A review

Open access
Nayanathara Thathsarani Pilapitiya, P.G.C., Ratnayake, Amila Sandaruwan·2024·Cleaner Materials

Abstract

People discover various materials from time to time that break the boundaries of traditional materials. Plastic is a revolutionized material, and is referred to as “a material with 1,000 uses”. This review summarized up-to-date research on plastic and its waste pollution. Plastic has a domain throughout human life with its versatile properties such as lightweight, high durability, flexibility, and low production cost. This article describes the applications, benefits, production, consumption, and classifications of plastics. Plastic commercialization began with the Second World War and grew all over the world within less than a century. The global annual production of plastic is more than 359 million tons. Despite all the benefits, plastics cause severe environmental and public health issues. Accordingly, this study addresses the major issues of plastic waste on the environment and human health. Plastics can degrade into micro to nano sizes, and those fine particles are more spreadable in air, water, and soil. Therefore, both terrestrial and aquatic animals go through various negative impacts such as ingestion, entangling, ulcers, low reproduction, and oxidative stress. Microplastics also degrade human health due to cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, birth defects, cancer, etc. The closing contains the developed end-of-life options (e.g., recycling and reprocessing, incineration with energy recovery, modification reuse, value addition, and landfilling) of biodegradable and non-biodegradable plastic wastes. Several international, regional/national level legislations and policies/concepts (e.g., plastic trade, 3R policy, and circular economy) are available to manage plastic and plastic waste generation. Plastic waste management is also discussed offering practical insights and real-world scenarios. Solutions and challenges in effective plastic waste management guide to create a more sustainable and environmentally responsible approach. Finally, this review article highlights the importance of judicious decisions and the involvement of all stakeholders to overcome the plastic waste crisis.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.clema.2024.100220

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  • The global environmental challenge of pollution is significantly exacerbated by the accumulation of non-biodegradable materials, with plastics, including single-use items like bottles and bags, being major contributors that threaten ecosystems and human health.

    “The global environmental challenge of pollution is significantly exacerbated by the accumulation of non-biodegradable materials, with plastics, including single-use items like bottles and bags, being major contributors that threaten ecosystems and human health [316].”

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Authors
Nayanathara Thathsarani Pilapitiya, P. G. C., & Ratnayake, A. S.
Affiliations
Uva Wellassa University (LK)
Corresponding author
Ratnayake, Amila Sandaruwan
Venue
Cleaner Materials
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2024-03
Volume
11
Pages
100220
ISSN
2772-3976 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4391289318
Cited by
1,034
References
164
Citations by year
2026: 401 · 2025: 496 · 2024: 137
FWCI
102.17
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cleaner Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Pennsylvania State University
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Waste Management and Recycling
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Healthcare and Environmental Waste Management
Keywords
plastic waste, microplastics, nanoplastics, plastic pollution, plastic waste management, plastic recycling, incineration, landfilling, biodegradable plastics, circular economy, 3R policy, plastic entanglement, oxidative stress, human health effects, aquatic animals

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