Impacts of Plastic Pollution on Ecosystem Services, Sustainable Development Goals, and Need to Focus on Circular Economy and Policy Interventions
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Plastic pollution is ubiquitous in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Plastic waste exposed to the environment creates problems and is of significant concern for all life forms. Plastic production and accumulation in the natural environment are occurring at an unprecedented rate due to indiscriminate use, inadequate recycling, and deposits in landfills. In 2019, the global production of plastic was at 370 million tons, with only 9% of it being recycled, 12% being incinerated, and the remaining left in the environment or landfills. The leakage of plastic wastes into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is occurring at an unprecedented rate. The management of plastic waste is a challenging problem for researchers, policymakers, citizens, and other stakeholders. Therefore, here, we summarize the current understanding and concerns of plastics pollution (microplastics or nanoplastics) on natural ecosystems. The overall goal of this review is to provide background assessment on the adverse effects of plastic pollution on natural ecosystems; interlink the management of plastic pollution with sustainable development goals; address the policy initiatives under transdisciplinary approaches through life cycle assessment, circular economy, and sustainability; identify the knowledge gaps; and provide current policy recommendations. Plastic waste management through community involvement and socio-economic inputs in different countries are presented and discussed. Plastic ban policies and public awareness are likely the major mitigation interventions. The need for life cycle assessment and circularity to assess the potential environmental impacts and resources used throughout a plastic product’s life span is emphasized. Innovations are needed to reduce, reuse, recycle, and recover plastics and find eco-friendly replacements for plastics. Empowering and educating communities and citizens to act collectively to minimize plastic pollution and use alternative options for plastics must be promoted and enforced. Plastic pollution is a global concern that must be addressed collectively with the utmost priority.
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Plastics release toxic chemicals into the environment, disrupting ecosystems and endangering wildlife.
“Furthermore, plastics release toxic chemicals into the environment, disrupting ecosystems and endangering wildlife [10].”
From Transforming Plastic Waste into Value: A Review of Management Strategies and Innovative Applications in Sustainable Construction (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
The Introduction describes plastics as vectors that transport toxic chemicals through ecosystems and reports harm to aquatic organisms and disruption of natural cycles. It says those chemicals can adsorb onto plastic surfaces, but does not establish the claim that plastics themselves release toxic chemicals into the environment. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredImproper disposal of plastics clogs waterways, blocks drains, and accumulates in urban areas, leading to flooding and pollution.
“Improper disposal further exacerbates these issues, as plastics clog waterways, block drains, and accumulate in urban areas, leading to flooding and pollution [9,10].”
From Transforming Plastic Waste into Value: A Review of Management Strategies and Innovative Applications in Sustainable Construction (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
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Dikgang, J., Leiman, A., & Visser, M. (2012) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.06.009 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Handbook of Microplastics in the Environment
(2020) · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10618-8 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
COVID-19: Performance study of microplastic inhalation risk posed by wearing masks
Li, L., Zhao, X., Li, Z., & Song, K. (2020) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124955 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Micro (nano) plastic pollution: The ecological influence on soil-plant system and human health
Allouzi, M. M. A., Tang, D. Y. Y., Chew, K. W., Rinklebe, J., Bolan, N. S., Allouzi, S. M. A., & Show, P. L. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147815 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Regulation of plastic from a circular economy perspective
Syberg, K., Nielsen, M. B., Clausen, L. P. W., CALSTER, G. V., van Wezel, A. P., Rochman, C. M., Koelmans, A. A., Cronin, R., Pahl, S., & Hansen, S. F. (2021) · Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100462 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
The Portuguese plastic carrier bag tax: The effects on consumers’ behavior
Martinho, G., Balaia, N., & Pires, A. (2017) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.023 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Kumar, R.; Sharma, P. Microplastics pollution pathways to groundwater in India. Curr. Sci. 2021, 120, 249.
- Singh, R.; Kumar, R.; Sharma, P. Micro-plastic in the subsurface: Extraction and characterization from sediments of River Ganga near Patna, Bihar. In Advances in Remediation Techniques for Polluted Soils and Groundwater; Gupta, P.K., Yadav, B., Himanshu, S., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands" 2021; ISBN 978-0-128-23830-1.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The world of plastic waste: A review
Nayanathara Thathsarani Pilapitiya, P. G. C., & Ratnayake, A. S. (2024) · Cleaner Materials · doi:10.1016/j.clema.2024.100220 · Cited by 1,034 · see citing works
Plastic Waste Recycling, Applications, and Future Prospects for a Sustainable Environment
Maitlo, G., Ali, I., Maitlo, H. A., Ali, S., Unar, I. N., Ahmad, M. B., Bhutto, D. K., Karmani, R. K., Naich, S. U. R., Sajjad, R. U., et al. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141811637 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Balu, R., Dutta, N. K., & Roy Choudhury, N. (2022) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym14224788 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Haba, B., Djellali, S., Abdelouahed, Y., Boudjelida, S., Faleschini, F., & Carraro, M. (2025) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym17070881 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Sinha, R. K., Kumar, R., Phartyal, S. S., & Sharma, P. (2024) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176621 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationPereira, L., Castillo, V., Calero, M., Blázquez, G., Solís, R. R., & Martín-Lara, M. Á. (2024) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.105386 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cozzolino, L., Nicastro, K. R., McQuaid, C. D., Halldórsson, H. P., Lima, F. P., & Zardi, G. I. (2025) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118829 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kumar, R., Verma, A., Shome, A., Sinha, R., Sinha, S., Jha, P. K., Kumar, R., Kumar, P., Shubham, Das, S., Sharma, P., & Vara Prasad, P. V.
- Affiliations
- Nalanda University (IN)
- Kansas State University (US)
- School of Management Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir 803116, Bihar, India
- Feed the Future Sustainable Intensification Innovation Lab, Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Corresponding author
- Sharma, Prabhakar
- ORCID
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-09-06
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 9963
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3198713248
- Cited by
- 1,111
- References
- 327
- Citations by year
- 2026: 219 · 2025: 313 · 2024: 298 · 2023: 200 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 36.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Waste Management and Recycling
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Municipal Solid Waste Management
- Keywords
- plastic pollution, microplastics, nanoplastics, ecosystem services, Sustainable Development Goals, circular economy, plastic waste management, life cycle assessment, public awareness, recycling, plastic alternatives, community participation, environmental policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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