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The standardized EEG electrode array of the IFCN
Open accessAbstract
Standardized EEG electrode positions are essential for both clinical applications and research. The aim of this guideline is to update and expand the unifying nomenclature and standardized positioning for EEG scalp electrodes. Electrode positions were based on 20% and 10% of standardized measurements from anatomical landmarks on the skull. However, standard recordings do not cover the anterior and basal temporal lobes, which is the most frequent source of epileptogenic activity. Here, we propose a basic array of 25 electrodes including the inferior temporal chain, which should be used for all standard clinical recordings. The nomenclature in the basic array is consistent with the 10-10-system. High-density scalp EEG arrays (64-256 electrodes) allow source imaging with even sub-lobar precision. This supplementary exam should be requested whenever necessary, e.g. search for epileptogenic activity in negative standard EEG or for presurgical evaluation. In the near future, nomenclature for high density electrodes arrays beyond the 10-10 system needs to be defined, to allow comparison and standardized recordings across centers. Contrary to the established belief that smaller heads needs less electrodes, in young children at least as many electrodes as in adults should be applied due to smaller skull thickness and the risk of spatial aliasing.
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“A recent guideline of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology suggests at least 64 channels of EEG should be used for ESI (20).”
From Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics (2018) · cites this paper as [20]
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EEG Source Imaging: A Practical Review of the Analysis Steps
Michel, C. M., & Brunet, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00325 · Cited by 716
“It has therefore been recommended that at least 3 inferior electrodes on each side should be added to the standard 10–20 system in clinical routine (64).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSystematic Review on Resting-State EEG for Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis and Progression Assessment
Cassani, R., Estarellas, M., San-Martin, R., Fraga, F. J., & Falk, T. H. (2018) · Disease Markers · doi:10.1155/2018/5174815 · Cited by 415
“Regarding electrode layout, 107 studies used the 10-20 international positioning system (and its variations, 10-10 or 10-5 systems) or the Maudsley system; the remaining five studies [77, 98, 99, 124, 128] acquired EEG signals with 110 or more electrodes using the geodesic system.”
MethodElectrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics
He, B., Sohrabpour, A., Brown, E., & Liu, Z. (2018) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-120853 · Cited by 297
“A recent guideline of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology suggests at least 64 channels of EEG should be used for ESI (20).”
Self-citationBabiloni, C., Barry, R. J., Başar, E., Blinowska, K. J., Cichocki, A. S., Drinkenburg, W. H. I. M., Klimesch, W., Knight, R. T., Lopes, F. H. D. S., Nunez, P. L., et al. (2019) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.06.234 · Cited by 336
Electrophysiological Brain Connectivity: Theory and Implementation
He, B., Astolfi, L., Valdes-Sosa, P. A., Marinazzo, D., Palva, S., Bénar, C., Michel, C. M., & Koenig, T. W. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2019.2913928 · Cited by 242
Self-citationBabiloni, C., Arakaki, X., Azami, H., Bennys, K., Blinowska, K. J., Bonanni, L., Buján, A., Carrillo, M. C., Cichocki, A. S., de Frutos‐Lucas, J., et al. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12311 · Cited by 241
“Adapted from [18], (courtesy from the Publisher).”
Criteria for defining interictal epileptiform discharges in EEG
Kural, M. A., Duez, L., Hansen, V. S., Larsson, P. G., Rampp, S., Schulz, R., Tankişi, H., Wennberg, R. A., Bibby, B. M., Scherg, M., et al. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000009439 · Cited by 227
Self-citationEEG based Major Depressive disorder and Bipolar disorder detection using Neural Networks:A review
Yasin, S., Hussain, S. A., Aslan, S., Raza, I., Muzammel, M., & Othmani, A. (2021) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106007 · Cited by 225
Wessel, M. J., Beanato, E., Popa, T., Windel, F., Vassiliadis, P., Menoud, P., Beliaeva, V., Violante, I. R., Abderrahmane, H., Dzialecka, P., et al. (2023) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01457-7 · Cited by 173
“The stimulation electrode positions were defined on the basis of the above model and determined in the framework of the EEG 10–20 sys-tem 89 .”
MethodMethods for analysis of brain connectivity: An IFCN-sponsored review
Rossini, P. M., Iorio, R. D., Bentivoglio, M., Bertini, G., Ferreri, F., Gerloff, C. P., Ilmoniemi, R. J., Miraglia, F., Nitsche, M. A., Pestilli, F., et al. (2019) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.06.006 · Cited by 169
Standardized computer-based organized reporting of EEG: SCORE – Second version
Beniczky, S., Aurlien, H., Brøgger, J. C., Hirsch, L. J., Schomer, D. L., Trinka, E., Pressler, R., Wennberg, R. A., Visser, G. H., Eisermann, M., et al. (2017) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2017.07.418 · Cited by 142
“This is according to the new IFCN guideline on EEG electrode array (Seeck et al., 2017).”
Self-citationPresurgical epilepsy evaluation and epilepsy surgery
Baumgartner, C., Koren, J. P., Britto-Arias, M., Zoche, L., & Pirker, S. (2019) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.17714.1 · Cited by 114
“Localization accuracy and sensitivity of EEG can be significantly improved when the number of electrodes is increased beyond the standard 10-20 system 29 and when montages sampling inferior temporal areas with electrodes around and below the ears and on the cheeks and neck are used 30,31 .”
BackgroundSelf-citationComparison of cortical EEG responses to realistic sham versus real TMS of human motor cortex
Gordon, P. C., Desideri, D., Belardinelli, P., Zrenner, C., & Ziemann, U. (2018) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2018.08.003 · Cited by 113
Beniczky, S., & Schomer, D. L. (2020) · Epileptic Disorders · doi:10.1684/epd.2020.1217 · Cited by 112
“Более плотное расположение электродов можно достигнуть путем размещения всех электродов на 10% расстоянии; или для достижения более высокой плотности - на 5% расстоянии (Seeck et al., 2017).”
Self-citationFürbass, F., Kural, M. A., Gritsch, G., Hartmann, M., Kluge, T., & Beniczky, S. (2020) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2020.02.032 · Cited by 106
Self-citationNon-invasive stimulation of the human striatum disrupts reinforcement learning of motor skills
Vassiliadis, P., Beanato, E., Popa, T., Windel, F., Morishita, T., Neufeld, E., Duqué, J., Derosière, G., Wessel, M. J., & Hummel, F. C. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01901-z · Cited by 97
Karakuła‐Juchnowicz, H., Róg, J., Juchnowicz, D., Łoniewski, I., Skonieczna‐Żydecka, K., Krukow, P., Futyma-Jędrzejewska, M., & Kaczmarczyk, M. (2019) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-019-0475-x · Cited by 99
“To ensure study comparability and reproducibility of the study, a standard procedure will be conducted, with 19 electrodes placed according to the International 10–20 system [69, 70].”
MethodTraining in the practice of noninvasive brain stimulation: Recommendations from an IFCN committee
Fried, P. J., Santarnecchi, E., Antal, A., David Bartrés-faz, A., Bestmann, S., Carpenter, L. L., Celnik, P. A., Edwards, D. J., Farzan, F., Fecteau, S., et al. (2020) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2020.11.018 · Cited by 92
Self-citationElectromagnetic source imaging in presurgical workup of patients with epilepsy
Duez, L., Tankişi, H., Hansen, P. O., Sidenius, P., Sabers, A., Pinborg, L. H., Fabricius, M. E., Rásonyi, G., Rubboli, G., Pedersen, B., et al. (2019) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000006877 · Cited by 91
“This included the sublobar regions proposed by an international consensus paper and IFCN (International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology) guideline.(15,19) A descriptor of the side (left/right/mesial) was added.”
MethodSelf-citationBaur, D., Galevska, D., Hussain, S. J., Cohen, L. G., Ziemann, U., & Zrenner, C. (2020) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2020.09.005 · Cited by 86
“Scalp EEG was recorded from a 64-channel TMS-compatible Ag/AgCl sintered ring electrode cap (EasyCap GmbH, Germany) in the International 10e20 system arrangement [15].”
InfluentialGordon, P. C., Jovellar, D. B., Song, Y., Zrenner, C., Belardinelli, P., Siebner, H. R., & Ziemann, U. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118708 · Cited by 84
Ictal and interictal electric source imaging in pre‐surgical evaluation: a prospective study
Sharma, P., Scherg, M., Pinborg, L. H., Fabricius, M. E., Rubboli, G., Pedersen, B., Leffers, A.-M., Uldall, P. V., Jespersen, B., Brennum, J., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.13676 · Cited by 77
“We used the standard 25-electrode array recommended by the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology [20] and agematched template head models to minimize the additional workload of processing the LTM data, in order to fit into a busy clinical setting.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationOverview of EEG Montages and Principles of Localization
Acharya, J. N., & Acharya, V. J. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000538 · Cited by 76
Japaridze, G., Loeckx, D., Buckinx, T., Larsen, S. A., Proost, R., Jansen, K., MacMullin, P., Paiva, N., Kasradze, S., Rotenberg, A., et al. (2022) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.17200 · Cited by 74
“The clinical EEG was recorded using the standardized electrode array of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 18 and the recordings were done at the participating centers (in-hospital).”
MethodSelf-citationLi, J., & Wang, Q. (2022) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2021.10.018 · Cited by 77
Swinnen, L., Chatzichristos, C., Jansen, K., Lagae, L. G., Depondt, C., Seynaeve, L., Vancaester, E., Dycke, A. V., Macea, J., Vandecasteele, K., et al. (2021) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.17061 · Cited by 72
Peltola, M. E., Leitinger, M., Halford, J. J., Vinayan, K. P., Kobayashi, K., Pressler, R., Mı̂ndruță, I., Mayor, L. C., Lauronen, L., & Beniczky, S. (2023) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2023.01.002 · Cited by 76
Self-citationStefanou, M., Desideri, D., Belardinelli, P., Zrenner, C., & Ziemann, U. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1470-18.2018 · Cited by 72
Tatum, W. O., Mani, J., Jin, K., Halford, J. J., Gloss, D. S., Fahoum, F., Maillard, L. G., Mothersill, I. W., & Beniczky, S. (2021) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.07.016 · Cited by 76
“Overall, LTVEM is an acceptably safe procedure with appropriate precautions in adults and children (Seeck et al., 2017; Atkinson et al., 2012; Noe and Drazkowski, 2009; Spanaki et al., 2012).”
InfluentialSelf-citationKural, M. A., Jing, J., Fürbass, F., Perko, H., Qerama, E., Johnsen, B., Fuchs, S., Westover, M. B., & Beniczky, S. (2022) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.17206 · Cited by 68
“EEG was recorded at the Danish Epilepsy Center and Aarhus University Hospital (Denmark), using the IFCN array of 25 electrodes, including the inferior temporal electrode chain, 19 using NicoletOne EEG equipment (Natus Neuro), at a sampling frequency of 0.5 kHz.”
InfluentialSelf-citationDesideri, D., Zrenner, C., Ziemann, U., & Belardinelli, P. (2019) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp278638 · Cited by 76
“The EEG signal was recorded from 64 channels arranged in the International 10–20 montage (Seeck et al. 2017) in a TMS-compatible Ag/AgCl sintered ring electrode cap (EasyCap GmbH, Woerthsee-Etterschlag, Germany), with FCz as the reference electrode and PPO1h as the ground electrode.”
MethodFoged, M. T., Martens, T., Pinborg, L. H., Hamrouni, N., Litman, M., Rubboli, G., Leffers, A.-M., Ryvlin, P., Jespersen, B., Paulson, O. B., et al. (2019) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.07.031 · Cited by 67
Self-citationAmini, M., Pedram, M. M., Moradi, A., & Ouchani, M. (2021) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2021/5511922 · Cited by 64
“The most used con fi g-uration is the international 10-20 system, which consists of 21 electrodes; the 10-20 system is often used for higher density versions, for instance, 10-10 and 10-5, usually 64 and 128 electrodes, and the Maudsley [20] and geodesic positions [21] alternating layouts.”
MethodPeltola, M. E., Leitinger, M., Halford, J. J., Vinayan, K. P., Kobayashi, K., Pressler, R., Mı̂ndruță, I., Mayor, L. C., Lauronen, L., & Beniczky, S. (2023) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.17448 · Cited by 68
Self-citationVandecasteele, K., Cooman, T. D., Chatzichristos, C., Cleeren, E., Swinnen, L., Macea, J., Huffel, S. V., Dümpelmann, M., Schulze‐Bonhage, A., Vos, M. D., et al. (2021) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.16990 · Cited by 62
Kosnoff, J., Yu, K., Liu, C., & He, B. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-48576-8 · Cited by 64
“What is crucial is suf-fi cient spatial sampling 84 , which allowed us to accurately estimate brain activity from the target brain region.”
Self-citationAutomated EEG source imaging: A retrospective, blinded clinical validation study
Baroumand, A. G., van Mierlo, P., Strobbe, G., Pinborg, L. H., Fabricius, M. E., Rubboli, G., Leffers, A.-M., Uldall, P. V., Jespersen, B., Brennum, J., et al. (2018) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2018.09.015 · Cited by 61
Self-citation10-10 electrode system for EEG recording
Nuwer, M. R. (2018) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2018.01.065 · Cited by 61
High-Density EEG in Current Clinical Practice and Opportunities for the Future
Stoyell, S. M., Wilmskoetter, J., Dobrota, M.-A., Chinappen, D. M., Bonilha, L., Mintz, M., Brinkmann, B. H., Herman, S. T., Peters, J. M., Vulliémoz, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000807 · Cited by 60
Self-citationTaking the EEG Back Into the Brain: The Power of Multiple Discrete Sources
Scherg, M., Berg, P., Nakasato, N., & Beniczky, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00855 · Cited by 60
“Considering the typical sequence of longitudinal and transverse montages (13), the fronto-polar (Fp) and superior frontal channels (F) are displayed at the top, followed by the central channels (C), each group going transversally from left to right.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationEEG based emotion classification using “Correlation Based Subset Selection”
Chakladar, D. D., & Chakraborty, S. (2018) · Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures · doi:10.1016/j.bica.2018.04.012 · Cited by 59
Jacques, C., Jonas, J., Maillard, L., Colnat-Coulbois, S., Koessler, L., & Rossion, B. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24455 · Cited by 58
“Simultaneous scalp EEG recordings were acquired with 28 Ag/AgCl electrodes of 10 mm diameter placed according to the 10–20 system (Figure 1, see Koessler et al., 2015; Seeck et al., 2017) using sterile procedures, with a particular spatial coverage of bilateral OT regions.”
MethodSelf-citationVassiliadis, P., Stiennon, E., Windel, F., Wessel, M. J., Beanato, E., & Hummel, F. C. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad2d32 · Cited by 57
“Two different tTIS montages were used, one targeting the striatum [5, 6] (F3-F4, TP7-TP8 in the 10– 20 EEG system [14], 5 experiments, 167 sessions) and one targeting the left hippocampus (around the P8-CP7, Fp2-FT7 landmarks, see [7], 3 experiments, 90 sessions).”
MethodMouthaan, B. E., Rados, M., Boon, P., Carrette, E., Diehl, B., Jung, J., Kimiskidis, V. Κ., Kobulashvili, T., Kuchukhidze, G., Larsson, P. G., et al. (2019) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2018.12.016 · Cited by 57
“Although this was not an inclusion criteria, all of our included HR-ESI studies used whole-head electrode coverages, including subtemporal regions therefore improving localization accuracy [75, 78, 7].”
MethodSelf-citationExploring EEG Effective Connectivity Network in Estimating Influence of Color on Emotion and Memory
Chai, M. T., Amin, H. U., Izhar, L. I., Saad, M. N. M., Rahman, M. A., Malik, A. S., & Tang, T. B. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroinformatics · doi:10.3389/fninf.2019.00066 · Cited by 57
“Firstly, inaccurate source reconstruction can be caused by using a fewer number of electrodes than the minimum quantity (64 electrodes) required for such source analysis (Seeck et al., 2017).”
BackgroundOptimized set of criteria for defining interictal epileptiform EEG discharges
Kural, M. A., Tankişi, H., Duez, L., Hansen, V. S., Udupi, A., Wennberg, R. A., Rampp, S., Larsson, P. G., Schulz, R., & Beniczky, S. (2020) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2020.06.026 · Cited by 56
Self-citationDuration of epileptic seizure types: A data‐driven approach
Larsen, P. M., Wüstenhagen, S., Terney, D., Gardella, E., Aurlien, H., & Beniczky, S. (2022) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.17492 · Cited by 53
“18 However, other muscles were included when different semiology was indicated in the referral.”
Self-citationda Freitas, A. W. Q., Almeida, R., Gonçalves, H. M. D. S. L. M., Conceição, G., & Freitas, A. (2024) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2024.05.008 · Cited by 53
Oscillotherapeutics – Time-targeted interventions in epilepsy and beyond
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Mu rhythm: State of the art with special focus on cerebral palsy
Démas, J., Bourguignon, M., Périvier, M., Tiège, X. D., Dinomais, M., & Bogaert, P. V. (2019) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2019.06.007 · Cited by 51
Musical Sonification of Arm Movements in Stroke Rehabilitation Yields Limited Benefits
Nikmaram, N., Scholz, D. S., Großbach, M., Schmidt, S. B., Spogis, J., Belardinelli, P., Müller‐Dahlhaus, F., Remy, J., Ziemann, U., Rollnik, J. D., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01378 · Cited by 51
“Of note, in a recent review it has been suggested that neurologic music therapy might be more effective than conventional physiotherapy (for a recent review see Sihvonen et al., 2017).”
BackgroundO’Sullivan, M., Temko, A., Bocchino, A., O’Mahony, C., Boylan, G. B., & Popovici, E. M. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19112637 · Cited by 50
“It was expected that there would be mi or variation in the EEG sources recorded by e ch electrode due to the 1 cm gap between them [50].”
BackgroundA reliable stretchable dry electrode for monitoring of EEG signals
Harati, A., & Jahanshahi, A. (2021) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2021.112727 · Cited by 48
EEG biomarker candidates for the identification of epilepsy
Gallotto, S., & Seeck, M. (2022) · Clinical Neurophysiology Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cnp.2022.11.004 · Cited by 52
Self-citationUsing EEG to Distinguish Between Writing and Typing for the Same Cognitive Task
Qu, X., Mei, Q., Liu, P., & Hickey, T. J. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60735-7_7 · Cited by 45
“The Muse headsets, are using four dry input electrodes, locations corresponded to sites TP9, AF7, AF8, and T10 [23].”
MethodUnder-sampling in epilepsy: Limitations of conventional EEG
Baud, M. O., Schindler, K. A., & Rao, V. R. (2020) · Clinical Neurophysiology Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cnp.2020.12.002 · Cited by 48
Electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography and source localization: their value in epilepsy
Mégevand, P., & Seeck, M. (2018) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000545 · Cited by 45
Self-citationThe human electrocerebellogram (ECeG) recorded non-invasively using scalp electrodes
Todd, N. P. M., Govender, S., & Colebatch, J. G. (2018) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.012 · Cited by 45
Wearable Reduced-Channel EEG System for Remote Seizure Monitoring
Frankel, M. A., Lehmkuhle, M. J., Spitz, M. C., Newman, B. J., Richards, S. V., & Arain, A. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.728484 · Cited by 44
“The International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology has recently recommended a minimum of 25 electrodes and up to 256 if necessary, in both adults and children (33), whereas the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society recommends a minimum of 16 channels (34).”
BackgroundSystematic analysis and comparison of commercial seizure‐detection software
Koren, J. P., Hafner, S., Feigl, M., & Baumgartner, C. (2021) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.16812 · Cited by 46
Self-citationStefano, P. D., Carboni, M., Marquis, R., Spinelli, L., Seeck, M., & Vulliémoz, S. (2021) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15106 · Cited by 42
“Therefore, the high- density EEG set- up was downsampled to a standardized clinical EEG montage with 25 channels (corresponding to the 10– 20 international montage plus low temporal electrodes following International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology recommendations) [24].”
MethodSelf-citationAutomated detection of nocturnal motor seizures using an audio‐video system
Larsen, S. A., Terney, D., Østerkjerhuus, T., Merinder, T. V., Annala, K., Knight, A., & Beniczky, S. (2022) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2737 · Cited by 42
“A recently published clinical practice guideline of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN) recommends the use of clinically validated wearable devices for the automated detection of TCS in unsupervised patients, where alarms can result in ra…”
MethodSelf-citationSingh, J., Ebersole, J. S., & Brinkmann, B. (2022) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.17361 · Cited by 37
Meyer, G. M., Marco‐Pallarés, J., Boulinguez, P., & Sescousse, G. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118478 · Cited by 43
“For instance, ource localization requires higher density recordings (at least 64 elecrodes, Seeck et al., 2017 ), efficient source separation needs long coninuous time-series (e.g., Lio and Boulinguez, 2013 ), and accessing suble features of the data requires a large number of trials (e.g. while 20…”
BackgroundMacea, J., Bhagubai, M., Broux, V., Vos, M. D., & Paesschen, W. V. (2023) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.17517 · Cited by 40
Nous, A., Seynaeve, L., Feys, O., Wens, V., Tiège, X. D., van Mierlo, P., Baroumand, A. G., Nieboer, K., Allemeersch, G., Mangelschots, S., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-023-01373-9 · Cited by 40
“We wanted to evaluate on the potential added value of the inferior temporal chain in AD because the standard 10–20 EEG system insufficiently records activity from the mesial temporal structures [30].”
BackgroundThe nature of respiratory muscle weakness in patients with late-onset Pompe disease
Spießhoefer, J., Henke, C., Kabitz, H., Brix, T. J., Görlich, D., Herkenrath, S. D., Randerath, W. J., Young, P., & Boentert, M. (2019) · Neuromuscular Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2019.06.011 · Cited by 40
ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials (2025 update)
Habjan, M. Š., Bach, M., van Genderen, M. M., Li, S., Mizota, A., Nilsson, J., Thompson, D., & Robson, A. G. (2025) · Documenta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1007/s10633-025-10042-1 · Cited by 39
“The scalp electrodes should be placed relative to bony landmarks, in proportion to the size of the head, based on the International 10–10 system [16] (see Fig.”
Noninvasive modulation of the hippocampal-entorhinal complex during spatial navigation in humans
Beanato, E., Moon, H.-J., Windel, F., Vassiliadis, P., Wessel, M. J., Popa, T., Pauline, M., Neufeld, E., Falco, E. D., Gauthier, B., et al. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ado4103 · Cited by 49
Ronconi, L., Vitale, A., Federici, A., Pini, E., Molteni, M., & Casartelli, L. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102484 · Cited by 45
“According to the most recent guidelines (Seeck et al., 2017; He et al., 2018), a reliable estimation of neural electrical activity at the cortical source level requires a scalp coverage with at least 64 EEG electrodes.”
Analysis of brain areas in emotion recognition from EEG signals with deep learning methods
Aslan, M., Baykara, M., & Alakuş, T. B. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-16696-w · Cited by 35
“Electrodes are named according to the region where they are placed [11].”
Lehnertz, K., Bröhl, T., & Rings, T. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.598694 · Cited by 35
“For single organs, there exists a large number of guidelines and recommendations for the sampling of their activities (e.g., Camm et al., 1996; Kligfield et al., 2007; Seeck et al., 2017; Harford et al., 2019; Tankisi et al., 2020).”
BackgroundBabiloni, C., Arakaki, X., Bonanni, L., Buján, A., Carrillo, M. C., Percio, C. D., Edelmayer, R. M., Egan, G. F., Elahh, F. M., Evans, A. C., et al. (2021) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.03.003 · Cited by 50
Zrenner, C., Belardinelli, P., Ermolova, M., Gordon, P. C., Stenroos, M., Zrenner, B., & Ziemann, U. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109662 · Cited by 35
Hatlestad‐Hall, C., Bruña, R., Liljeström, M., Renvall, H., Heuser, K., Taubøll, E., Maestú, F., & Haraldsen, I. (2023) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2023.03.002 · Cited by 41
“According to current recommendations, a minimum of 64 electrodes should be utilised when source localisation is important (Seeck et al., 2017).”
BackgroundCharacteristics of respiratory muscle involvement in myotonic dystrophy type 1
Henke, C., Spießhoefer, J., Kabitz, H., Herkenrath, S. D., Randerath, W. J., Brix, T. J., Görlich, D., Young, P., & Boentert, M. (2019) · Neuromuscular Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2019.10.011 · Cited by 34
Multi-class Time Continuity Voting for EEG Classification
Qu, X., Liu, P., Li, Z., & Hickey, T. J. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60735-7_3 · Cited by 34
“The four input electrode locations corresponded to sites TP9, AF7, AF8, and T10 [23].”
BackgroundTatum, W. O., Mani, J., Jin, K., Halford, J. J., Gloss, D. S., Fahoum, F., Maillard, L. G., Mothersill, I. W., & Beniczky, S. (2021) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.16977 · Cited by 36
Self-citationEarly brain activity: Translations between bedside and laboratory
Luhmann, H. J., Kanold, P. O., Molnár, Z., & Vanhatalo, S. (2022) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102268 · Cited by 33
Daniel Mansilla, D., Tveit, J., Aurlien, H., Avigdor, T., Ros‐Castelló, V., Ho, A., Abdallah, C., Gotman, J., Beniczky, S., & Frauscher, B. (2024) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.18082 · Cited by 36
Self-citationValidating EEG source imaging using intracranial electrical stimulation
Unnwongse, K., Rampp, S., Wehner, T., Kowoll, A., Parpaley, Y., von Lehe, M., Lanfer, B., Rusiniak, M., Wolters, C. H., & Wellmer, J. (2022) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcad023 · Cited by 31
“ferior temporal chain, to capture epileptic activity from mesial temporal structures.(16,17) However, numerous further important aspects of ESI have considerable impact, including applied head models, selected tissue conductivities,(22,23) different inverse methods,(5,24) spike selection and clustering,(25) and time-p…”
Applications of flexible electronics related to cardiocerebral vascular system
Lin, R., Lei, M., Ding, S., Cheng, Q., Ma, Z., Wang, L., Tang, Z., Zhou, B., & Zhou, Y. (2023) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100787 · Cited by 34
“In clinical settings, unless it is necessary to pinpoint the exact location of the epileptic focus in patients with epilepsy, there is generally no requirement for the precise positioning of electrodes in the standard electroencephalogram for most patients [62, 67,68].”
BackgroundElectroencephalogram monitoring during anesthesia and critical care: a guide for the clinician
Manohar, N., Ferrari, A., Greenblatt, A., Berardino, A., Peixoto, C., Duarte, F., Moaiyeri, Z., Robba, C., Nascimento, F. A., Kreuzer, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing · doi:10.1007/s10877-024-01250-2 · Cited by 35
Added clinical value of the inferior temporal EEG electrode chain
Justesen, A. B., Johansen, A. B. E., Martinussen, N. I., Wasserman, D., Terney, D., Meritam, P., Gardella, E., & Beniczky, S. (2017) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2017.09.113 · Cited by 31
Self-citationSemiautomated classification of nocturnal seizures using video recordings
Peltola, J., Basnyat, P., Larsen, S. A., Østerkjærhuus, T., Merinder, T. V., Terney, D., & Beniczky, S. (2022) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.17207 · Cited by 31
Self-citationKhng, K. H., & Mane, R. (2020) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2020.101106 · Cited by 30
The Arch Electrode: A Novel Dry Electrode Concept for Improved Wearing Comfort
Vasconcelos, B., Fiedler, P., Machts, R., Haueisen, J., & Fonseca, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.748100 · Cited by 30
“, in epilepsy, sleep disorders, coma, anesthesia, and stroke (Niedermeyer and Lopes da Silva, 2005; Puce and Hämäläinen, 2017; Seeck et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodEEG source imaging concordance with intracranial EEG and epileptologist review in focal epilepsy
Cox, B. C., Danoun, O. A., Lundstrom, B. N., Lagerlund, T. D., Wong‐Kisiel, L. C., & Brinkmann, B. H. (2021) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcab278 · Cited by 30
Vetter, D. E., Zrenner, C., Belardinelli, P., Mutanen, T. P., Kozák, G., Marzetti, L., & Ziemann, U. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120427 · Cited by 29
Seizure detection with deep neural networks for review of two‐channel electroencephalogram
Hartmann, M., Koren, J. P., Baumgartner, C., Duun‐Henriksen, J., Gritsch, G., Kluge, T., Perko, H., & Fürbass, F. (2022) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.17259 · Cited by 29
Self-citationWearable System Based on Ultra-Thin Parylene C Tattoo Electrodes for EEG Recording
Mascia, A., Collu, R., Spanu, A., Fraschini, M., Barbaro, M., & Cosseddu, P. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23020766 · Cited by 29
“Unfortunately, the recording of brain activity usually requires bulky measurement setups with up to 256 electrodes in high-density systems [11], and it can be carried out only in controlled, often restricted, and uncomfortable environments.”
BackgroundLi, H., Liao, J., Wang, H., Zhan, C. A., & Yang, F. (2024) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108510 · Cited by 28
Spießhoefer, J., Henke, C., Kabitz, H., Akova‐Oeztuerk, E., Dräger, B., Herkenrath, S. D., Randerath, W. J., Young, P., Brix, T. J., & Boentert, M. (2019) · Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System · doi:10.1111/jns.12341 · Cited by 28
“In order to avoid twitch potentiation, stimuli were separated by a pause of at least 40 seconds.(24,25,37,38) Stimulation at FRC was determined by visual observation of abdominal movements after instructing subjects to breathe out and hold their breath until the magnetic stimulus was delivered (the stimulus was then d…”
MethodVespa, S., Baroumand, A. G., Santos, S. F., Vrielynck, P., de Tourtchaninoff, M., Feys, O., Strobbe, G., Raftopoulos, C., van Mierlo, P., & Tahry, R. E. (2020) · Seizure · doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2020.03.001 · Cited by 28
Vorderwülbecke, B. J., Carboni, M., Tourbier, S., Brunet, D., Seeber, M., Spinelli, L., Seeck, M., & Vulliémoz, S. (2020) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2020.09.018 · Cited by 28
Self-citationBaumgartner, C., Baumgartner, J., Lang, C., Lisy, T., & Koren, J. P. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14030863 · Cited by 27
Self-citationPhase-dependent offline enhancement of human motor memory
Hussain, S. J., Vollmer, M. K., Stimely, J., Norato, G., Zrenner, C., Ziemann, U., Buch, E. R., & Cohen, L. G. (2021) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2021.05.009 · Cited by 28
“64-channel EEG signals (International 10e20 system; [37]) were recorded at 5 kHz (hardware low-pass filter: 1250 Hz cutoff) using TMS-compatible amplifiers (NeurOne Tesla with real-time digital out option, Bittium, Finland).”
A practical review of electroencephalography’s value to consumer research
McInnes, A. N., Sung, B., & Hooshmand, R. (2022) · International Journal of Market Research · doi:10.1177/14707853221112622 · Cited by 37
“Electrodes are most often placed on the scalp according to the International 10–20 system (Seeck et al., 2017), which standardizes electrode placement to ensure specific electrodes are recording data over a particular brain region (Figure 1).”
BackgroundSoler, A. F., Moctezuma, L. A., Giraldo, E., & Molinas, M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15252-0 · Cited by 26
Marcantoni, I., Assogna, R., Borrello, G. D., Stefano, M. D., Morano, M., Romagnoli, S., Leoni, C., Bruschi, G., Sbrollini, A., Morettini, M., et al. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23135968 · Cited by 26
“An acknowledged method for low-density EEG electrode placement is the 10–20 system (19 electrodes) [6,7].”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Seeck, M., Koessler, L., Bast, T., Leijten, F., Michel, C., Baumgartner, C., He, B., & Beniczky, S.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Diakonie Kork (DE)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Sigmund Freud Privatuniversität Wien (AT)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Seeck, Margitta
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 128
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2070-2077
- ISSN
- 1388-2457 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2735688622
- Cited by
- 489
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 3.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Neurophysiology (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Swiss National Science Foundation (140332)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Epilepsy research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › ECG Monitoring and Analysis
- Keywords
- high-density EEG, epileptogenic activity, preoperative assessment, pediatric EEG, spatial aliasing, skull thickness, anatomical landmarks
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Brain, Electrodes, Electroencephalography, Humans, Scalp, Skull
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