Cited by 413Regulation of Appetite and ObesityPancreatic function and diabetesNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research

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Synaptic Glutamate Release by Ventromedial Hypothalamic Neurons Is Part of the Neurocircuitry that Prevents Hypoglycemia

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Tong, Qingchun, Ye, ChianPing, McCrimmon, Rory J., Dhillon, Harveen, Choi, Brian, Kramer, Melissa D., Yu, Jia, Yang, Zongfang, Christiansen, Lauryn M., Lee, Charlotte E., Choi, Cheol Soo, Zigman, Jeffrey M., Shulman, Gerald I., Sherwin, Robert S., Elmquist, Joel K., Lowell, Bradford B.·2007·Cell Metabolism

DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.04.001PMC PMC1934926

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Abstract

The importance of neuropeptides in the hypothalamus has been experimentally established. Due to difficulties in assessing function in vivo, the roles of the fast-acting neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA are largely unknown. Synaptic vesicular transporters (VGLUTs for glutamate and VGAT for GABA) are required for vesicular uptake and, consequently, synaptic release of neurotransmitters. Ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) neurons are predominantly glutamatergic and express VGLUT2. To evaluate the role of glutamate release from VMH neurons, we generated mice lacking VGLUT2 selectively in SF1 neurons (a major subset of VMH neurons). These mice have hypoglycemia during fasting secondary to impaired fasting-induced increases in the glucose-raising pancreatic hormone glucagon and impaired induction in liver of mRNAs encoding PGC-1alpha and the gluconeogenic enzymes PEPCK and G6Pase. Similarly, these mice have defective counterregulatory responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia and 2-deoxyglucose (an antimetabolite). Thus, glutamate release from VMH neurons is an important component of the neurocircuitry that functions to prevent hypoglycemia.

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BackgroundSelf-citation
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Background
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BackgroundResult
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BackgroundInfluential
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Background
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Background
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Method
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Background
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“The protocol for the implantation of intracerebroventricular cannulas to the right lateral ventricle was the same as previously described (Tong et al., 2007).”
Method
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Background
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Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 is required for the respiratory and parasympathetic activation produced by optogenetic stimulation of catecholaminergic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of mice in vivo
Abbott, S. B. G., Holloway, B. B., Viar, K. E., & Guyenet, P. G. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12421 · Cited by 42
“Homozygous VGLUT2(flox/flox) mice (JAX stock no. 012898; STOCK Slc17a6tm1Lowl/J) (Tong et al., 2007) were bred with DbHCre/0 mice to generate DbHCre/0;VGlut2flox/0 mice, and subsequently crossed with Vglut2flox/flox mice for two generations to generate cKO mice, in which VGLUT2 is absent from any…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Central nervous system-specific knockout of steroidogenic factor 1
Kim, K. W., Zhao, L., & Parker, K. L. (2008) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2008.09.026 · Cited by 42
Brain Control of Insulin and Glucagon Secretion
Osundiji, M. A., & Evans, M. L. (2012) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2012.11.006 · Cited by 42
“Consistent with these data, more recent work examining mice lacking vesicular transporters for glutamate neurotransmission in VMH SF1 neurones displayed defective glucagon response to hypoglycemia.(71)”
Result
Effects of maternal genotype and diet on offspring glucose and fatty acid-sensing ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus neurons
Foll, C. L., Irani, B. G., Magnan, C., Dunn-Meynell, A. A., & Levin, B. E. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00370.2009 · Cited by 42
Hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase activation with AICAR amplifies counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in a rodent model of type 1 diabetes
Fan, X., Ding, Y., Brown, S., Zhou, L., Shaw, M., Vella, M. C., Cheng, H. M., McNay, E. C., Sherwin, R. S., & McCrimmon, R. J. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.90600.2008 · Cited by 41
“We have recently also shown that mice that are unable to secrete glutamate from steroidogenic factor 1 neurons, which are exclusively expressed in the VMH of rodents, fail to secrete glucagon in response to acute hypoglycemia (45).”
Background
Glucose Sensing During Hypoglycemia: Lessons From the Lab
McCrimmon, R. J. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-0123 · Cited by 41
“Mice lacking VGLuT2 selectively in steroidogenic factor-1 (a transcription factor unique to a population of VMH neurons) neurons show a markedly suppressed counterregulatory response to hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (10).”
Background
Brainstem Circuitry Regulating Phasic Activation of Trigeminal Motoneurons during REM Sleep
Anaclet, C., Pedersen, N. P., Fuller, P. M., & Lu, J. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008788 · Cited by 41
“When exposed to Cre, the second exon of the VGLUT2 gene was deleted, rendering the Creinfected neurons incapable of expressing functional protein and hence preventing vesicular neurotransmitter (glutamate) packaging and subsequent release of glutamate from rPCRt neurons [40].”
Background
Peripheral Mechanisms of Itch
Guo, C., Grabinski, N. S., & Liu, Q. (2021) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2021.10.024 · Cited by 41
Brain glucose sensing, glucokinase and neural control of metabolism and islet function
Ogunnowo-Bada, E., Heeley, N., Brochard, L., & Evans, M. L. (2014) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12334 · Cited by 44
“For example, mice lacking vesicular transporters for glutamate in VMN steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) SF1 neurones have defective glucagon response to hypoglycaemia [10].”
Astrocytes in neuroendocrine systems: An overview
MacDonald, A. J., Robb, J. L., Morrissey, N. A., Beall, C., & Ellacott, K. L. J. (2019) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12726 · Cited by 41
“POMC, AgRP, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons of the ARC and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) neurons of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) all modulate glucose homeostasis through regulation of food intake and pancreatic hormone release (53-55).”
Background
The retrotrapezoid nucleus stimulates breathing by releasing glutamate in adult conscious mice
Holloway, B. B., Viar, K. E., Stornetta, R. L., & Guyenet, P. G. (2015) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12996 · Cited by 39
“012898; Stock Slc17a6) (Tong et al., 2007) were bred with DbH mice to generate DbH;;Vglut2 mice, and subsequently crossed with Vglut2 mice to generate DbH;;Vglut2 and DbH;; Vglut2 mice (Depuy et al.”
MethodInfluential
Central Leptin Regulation of Obesity and Fertility
Tong, Q., & Xu, Y. (2012) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-012-0025-8 · Cited by 39
“Surprisingly, despite its strong expression in the VMH, deletion of VGLUT2 in the VMH leads to normal body weight on chow and only slightly increased body weight on high fat diet, suggesting a role for other neurotransmitters in mediating body weight action of VMH neurons [42].”
Background
Cellular and systemic mechanisms for glucose sensing and homeostasis
Sohn, J., & Ho, W. (2020) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-020-02466-2 · Cited by 43
A vagal–brainstem interoceptive circuit for cough-like defensive behaviors in mice
Gannot, N., Li, X., Phillips, C. D., Ozel, A. B., Koecklin, K. H. U., Lloyd, J. P., Zhang, L., Emery, K., Stern, T., Li, J. Z., et al. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01712-5 · Cited by 40
Role of the hypothalamus in mediating protective effects of dietary restriction during aging
Dacks, P. A., Moreno, C. L., Kim, E. S., Marcellino, B. K., & Mobbs, C. V. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.12.001 · Cited by 38
Ultrastructural characterization of the mesostriatal dopamine innervation in mice, including two mouse lines of conditional VGLUT2 knockout in dopamine neurons
Bérubé‐Carrière, N., Guay, G., Fortin, G. M., Kullander, K., Olson, L., Wallén‐Mackenzie, Å., Trudeau, L., & Descarries, L. (2012) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.07992.x · Cited by 37
“DAT-Cre transgenic mice (129 ⁄ Sv ⁄ J background; Zhuang et al., 2005) were mated with Vglut2f ⁄ f mice (mixed 129 ⁄ Sv ⁄ J-C57BL ⁄ 6 ⁄ J background; Tong et al., 2007), and the colony maintained by breeding Vglut2f ⁄ +;DAT-cre mice with Vglut2f ⁄ f mice to produce Vglut2f ⁄ f;DAT-cre cKO and…”
Method
Neuronal control of peripheral nutrient partitioning
Manceau, R., Majeur, D., & Alquier, T. (2020) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05104-9 · Cited by 42
Prior hypoglycemia enhances glucose responsiveness in some ventromedial hypothalamic glucosensing neurons
Kang, L., Sanders, N. M., Dunn-Meynell, A. A., Gaspers, L. D., Routh, V. H., Thomas, A. P., & Levin, B. E. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00645.2007 · Cited by 38
“We chose to assess the glucose responsiveness of VMN and ARC glucosensing neurons, since these two nuclei collectively compose the “VMH,” the hypothalamic area that is critical for the full expression of AMR to hypoglycemia (6, 8, 9, 55) and, possibly, for the blunted AMR, which occurs after repeated bouts of IIH (33,…”
BackgroundMethod
Steroidogenic Factor 1 Regulates Expression of the Cannabinoid Receptor 1 in the Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus
Kim, K. W., Jo, Y., Zhao, L., Stallings, N. R., Chua, S. C., & Parker, K. L. (2008) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2008-0127 · Cited by 38
“ergy balance such as leptin (13, 14) and glucose (15).”
Background
Inhibition of food intake by PACAP in the hypothalamic ventromedial nuclei is mediated by NMDA receptors
Resch, J. M., Maunze, B., Phillips, K. A., & Choi, S. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.05.029 · Cited by 36
“Hypothalamic glutamate neurotransmission is crucial to energy balance [1-6], in part, through the regulation of feeding behavior [79].”
The Role of Ventromedial Hypothalamus Receptors in the Central Regulation of Food Intake
Yousefvand, S., & Hamidi, F. (2020) · International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics · doi:10.1007/s10989-020-10120-9 · Cited by 33
“Several study reported that, glutamate induced stimulatory effect on food intake in rat via Vglut2 (Tong et al. 2007; Chowdhury et al. 2017; Iigaya et al. 2019).”
BackgroundInfluential
Impaired wake‐promoting mechanisms in ghrelin receptor‐deficient mice
Esposito, M., Pellinen, J., Kapás, L., & Szentirmai, É. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07946.x · Cited by 35
“After 24 h of fasting, mice develop hypoglycemia (Tong et al., 2007), which can directly activate orexin cells (Yamanaka et al.”
Background
A self-powered closed-loop brain-machine-interface system for real-time detecting and rapidly adjusting blood glucose concentration
Yang, G., Tang, Y., Lin, T., Zhong, T., Fan, Y., Zhang, Y., Xing, L., Xue, X., & Zhan, Y. (2021) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106817 · Cited by 36
Ventromedial hypothalamic OGT drives adipose tissue lipolysis and curbs obesity
Wang, Q., Zhang, B., Stutz, B., Liu, Z. W., Horváth, T. L., & Yang, X. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn8092 · Cited by 34
Impaired Circadian Photosensitivity in Mice Lacking Glutamate Transmission from Retinal Melanopsin Cells
Gompf, H. S., Fuller, P. M., Hattar, S. S., Saper, C. B., & Lü, J. (2014) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730414561545 · Cited by 35
“However, Tong et al. (2007) demonstrated that glutamatergic transmission is eliminated in neurons from the VGLUT2flox/flox genotype when they express Crerecombinase, and Hattar and colleagues showed that nearly all melanopsin-expressing neurons in the retina express Cre-recombinase in the Opn4Cre/+…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Neuronal glucose sensing mechanisms and circuits in the control of insulin and glucagon secretion
Thorens, B. (2024) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00038.2023 · Cited by 37
Long-Term Increased Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A Expression in Ventromedial Hypotalamus Causes Hyperphagia and Alters the Hypothalamic Lipidomic Profile
Mera, P., Mir, J. F., Fabriàs, G., Casas, J., Costa, A. S. H., Malandrino, M. I., Fernández–Löpez, J., Remesar, X., Gao, S., Chohnan, S., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097195 · Cited by 38
“It has been reported that glutamatergic outputs from the VMH exert their effect on liver and thus control gluconeogenesis [51].”
Background
A Life without Hunger: The Ups (and Downs) to Modulating Melanocortin-3 Receptor Signaling
Butler, A. A., Clemence, G., Mavrikaki, M., Trevaskis, J. L., Macarthur, H., Marks, D. L., & Farr, S. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00128 · Cited by 36
“While not widely considered a target for obesity treatment, here we discuss recent studies suggesting the importance of MC3Rs in appetite and metabolic control.”
Background
PACAP Neurons in the Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus Are Glucose Inhibited and Their Selective Activation Induces Hyperglycaemia
Khodai, T., Nunn, N., Worth, A. A., Feetham, C. H., Belle, M. D. C., Piggins, H. D., & Luckman, S. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00632 · Cited by 34
“The deletion of vesicular protein, vGLUT2, in SF-1 neurons produces a marked defect in glucagon secretion in response to fasting or hypoglycaemia (4), while the chemogenetic or electromagnetic activation of SF-1 neurons, as well as optogenetic activation of projections both to and from the VMH cause hyperglycaemia (5–…”
Background
New Insights of SF1 Neurons in Hypothalamic Regulation of Obesity and Diabetes
Fosch, A., Zagmutt, S., Casals, N., & Rodríguez‐Rodríguez, R. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22126186 · Cited by 33
“Since neurons in the VMH are largely glutamatergic, the importance of glutamate neurotransmission versus other neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in mediating the functions of these nuclei seem to be higher, not only in energy homeostasis but also in sexual and defensive behaviors [8,33].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Exercise-induced hypothalamic neuroplasticity: Implications for energy and glucose metabolism
Hwang, E., Portillo, B., Grose, K. C., Fujikawa, T., & Williams, K. W. (2023) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101745 · Cited by 36
“[188] Tong Q, Ye C, McCrimmon RJ, Dhillon H, Choi B, Kramer MD, et al.”
Background
Origins and Functions of the Ventrolateral VMH: A Complex Neuronal Cluster Orchestrating Sex Differences in Metabolism and Behavior
Krause, W. C., & Ingraham, H. A. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_10 · Cited by 32
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript using Sf1-Cre (Vglut2Sf1-Cre), which for future reference was done in a mixed genetic background (Tong et al. 2007).”
MethodResultInfluential
Maternal Obesity Alters Neurotrophin-Associated MAPK Signaling in the Hypothalamus of Male Mouse Offspring
Bae‐Gartz, I., Janoschek, R., Breuer, S., Schmitz, L., Hoffmann, T., Ferrari, N., Branik, L., Oberthuer, A., Kloppe, C.-S., Appel, S., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00962 · Cited by 34
“Within the hypothalamus, vGlut2 expressing neurons are most abundant in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) (Tong et al., 2007).”
Background
Interaction of glucose sensing and leptin action in the brain
Li, R. J. W., Zhang, S., & Lam, T. K. T. (2020) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101011 · Cited by 36
“These findings are consistent with the early observation that genetic disruption of glutamate release from the hypothalamic SF-1 neurons disrupts the glucagon release induced by insulin-induced hypoglycemia [75] (Figure 1).”
Result
Mice Deficient of Glutamatergic Signaling from Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells Exhibit Abnormal Circadian Photoentrainment
Purrier, N., Engeland, W. C., & Kofuji, P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111449 · Cited by 33
“Conditional ablation of VGLUT2 in mice was performed in our laboratory by crossing Vglut2 mice in which two loxP elements were introduced into the mouse genome flanking exon 2 of the Vglut2 (Slc17a6) locus [18] with Opn4 mice in which Cre recombinase is expressed selectively in ipRGCs [19](kindly provided by Dr.”
Method
Interleukin-6 amplifies glucagon secretion: coordinated control via the brain and pancreas
Barnes, T. M., Otero, Y. F., Elliott, A. D., Locke, A. D., Malabanan, C. M., Coldren, A., Briššová, M., Piston, D. W., & McGuinness, O. P. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00343.2014 · Cited by 33
Elimination of Hypoglycemia From the Lives of People Affected by Diabetes
Cryer, P. E. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-1359 · Cited by 32
“Although ventromedial hypothalamic glutamate release is thought to mediate the sympathoadrenal response to hypoglycemia in rats (32), antagonism of glutamate signaling with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist memantine (33) or with the amino-3-hydroxy-5-methy1–4-isoazol propionate (AMPA) receptor antag…”
Background
COUP - TF Genes, Human Diseases, and the Development of the Central Nervous System in Murine Models
Yang, X. W., Feng, S., & Tang, K. (2017) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.12.002 · Cited by 30
Glutamate release mediates leptin action on energy expenditure
Xu, Y., Kim, E. R., Zhao, R., Myers, M. G., Münzberg, H., & Tong, Q. (2013) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2013.01.004 · Cited by 32
“Consistent with the previous data that VMH neurons are mainly glutamatergic [20], the majority of LepR neurons in the VMH were immunoreactive to GFP antibody.”
BackgroundResult
Vasopressin-secreting neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells through specific induction of dorsal hypothalamic progenitors
Ogawa, K., Suga, H., Ozone, C., Sakakibara, M., Yamada, T., Kano, M., Mitsumoto, K., Kasai, T., Kodani, Y., Nagasaki, H., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22053-x · Cited by 32
Enteric glutamatergic interneurons regulate intestinal motility
Hamnett, R., Bendrick, J. L., Saha, Z., Robertson, K., Lewis, C. M., Marciano, J. H., Zhao, E. T., & Kaltschmidt, J. A. (2025) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2025.01.014 · Cited by 36
The brain's supply and demand in obesity
Kubera, B., Hubold, C., Zug, S., Wischnath, H., Wilhelm, I., Hallschmid, M., Entringer, S., Langemann, D., & Peters, A. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroenergetics · doi:10.3389/fnene.2012.00004 · Cited by 31
Essential and sex-specific effects of mGluR5 in ventromedial hypothalamus regulating estrogen signaling and glucose balance
Fagan, M. P., Ameroso, D., Meng, A., Rock, A., Maguire, J. L., & Rios, M. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2011228117 · Cited by 31
Cerebellar Dysfunction as a Source of Dystonic Phenotypes in Mice
Brown, A. M., van der Heijden, M. E., Jinnah, H. A., & Sillitoe, R. V. (2022) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-022-01441-0 · Cited by 31
“To generate the mice, we crossed male mice that were heterozygous carriers of the Ptf1aCre allele [32] and homozygous for a LoxP-flanked glutamatergic vesicular transporter 2 allele, Vglut2flox (JAX #012898) [33], to female mice that were homozygous for Vglut2flox.”
Method
Modulation of β-adrenergic receptors in the ventromedial hypothalamus influences counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia
Szepietowska, B., Zhu, W., Chan, O., Horblitt, A., Dziura, J., & Sherwin, R. S. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-0432 · Cited by 30
“The loss of function of glutamatergic neurons in the VMH region, however, suppresses glucose counterregulation in mice (10).”
Hypothalamic Lipids and the Regulation of Energy Homeostasis
Carlos Diégueza, B., Gema Frühbeckb, C., & peza, B. M. L. O. (2009) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000209251 · Cited by 33
New findings on brain actions of growth hormone and potential clinical implications
Donato, J., & Kopchick, J. J. (2023) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-023-09861-x · Cited by 34
“A significant number of GH-responsive neurons are found in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) [9, 10], an area known to contain glucose-sensing neurons, and it is involved in the CRR [101, 103].”

Authors: Tong, Q., Ye, C., McCrimmon, R. J., Dhillon, H., Choi, B., Kramer, M. D., Yu, J., Yang, Z., Christiansen, L. M., Lee, C. E., Choi, C. S., Zigman, J. M., Shulman, G. I., Sherwin, R. S., Elmquist, J. K., & Lowell, B. B.
Affiliations: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
Yale University (US)
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Lowell, Bradford B.
ORCID: Tong, Qingchun
McCrimmon, Rory J.
Yu, Jia
Lee, Charlotte E.
Choi, Cheol Soo
Zigman, Jeffrey M.
Shulman, Gerald I.
Elmquist, Joel K.
Lowell, Bradford B.
Venue: Cell Metabolism
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-05
Volume: 5
Issue: 5
Pages: 383-393
ISSN: 1550-4131 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.04.001
PMC: PMC1934926
OpenAlex: W1995998852
Cited by: 413
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 7.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 2305 d)
Locations: Cell Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion)
Funders: American Diabetes Association Research Foundation
Richard and Susan Smith Family Foundation
Boston Area Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK057521, P01DK56116, R01DK071051, P01DK056116, P30DK046200, R01DK040936, R01DK071320, U24DK059635, DK071320, R01DK069831, R01DK072409, R37DK020495)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords: ventromedial hypothalamus, glutamate release, VGLUT2, glucagon, hypoglycemia, insulin-induced hypoglycemia, PGC-1α, gluconeogenesis, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, 2-deoxyglucose, hypothalamic neurons, glucose homeostasis
MeSH terms: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha, Animals, Electrophysiology, Glucagon, Glucose-6-Phosphatase, Hypoglycemia, Hypothalamus, Insulin, Liver, Mice, Transgenic, Neurons, Synapses, Transcription Factors, Trans-Activators, In Situ Hybridization, Glutamic Acid, Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, Mice

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Synaptic Glutamate Release by Ventromedial Hypothalamic Neurons Is Part of the Neurocircuitry that Prevents Hypoglycemia

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