The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 16 of the 27 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Aerobic Glycolysis in the Human Brain Is Associated with Development and Neotenous Gene Expression
Open accessAbstract
Aerobic glycolysis (AG; i.e., nonoxidative metabolism of glucose despite the presence of abundant oxygen) accounts for 10%-12% of glucose used by the adult human brain. AG varies regionally in the resting state. Brain AG may support synaptic growth and remodeling; however, data supporting this hypothesis are sparse. Here, we report on investigations on the role of AG in the human brain. Meta-analysis of prior brain glucose and oxygen metabolism studies demonstrates that AG increases during childhood, precisely when synaptic growth rates are highest. In resting adult humans, AG correlates with the persistence of gene expression typical of infancy (transcriptional neoteny). In brain regions with the highest AG, we find increased gene expression related to synapse formation and growth. In contrast, regions high in oxidative glucose metabolism express genes related to mitochondria and synaptic transmission. Our results suggest that brain AG supports developmental processes, particularly those required for synapse formation and growth.
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Claims the paper makes
29 Own result · 11 Own interpretation · 7 Partly supported · 7 Own method · 5 No full text of the sources · 5 No basis given · 3 Supported · 3 Couldn’t confirm · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Aerobic glycolysis (AG), i.e., non-oxidative metabolism of glucose despite the presence of abundant oxygen, accounts for 10–12% of glucose used by the adult human brain.”
- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · hedged
“approximately 10–12% of the total glucose consumed by a normal adult brain (CMRglc) is in excess of oxygen consumption (CMRO2)”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Boyle et al., 1994 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report an oxygen-to-glucose metabolism ratio of 5.33 during sleep, consistent with roughly 11% of glucose not being oxidized if complete oxidation requires a ratio of 6. But the presleep ratio was 4.85, and the paper does not state that aerobic glycolysis generally accounts for 10–12% of glucose use in the adult human brain. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Partly supportedcites Madsen et al., 1995 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Global metabolism before and during mental activation” (page unavailable), the paper reports a 12% increase in glucose uptake during activation, not that aerobic glycolysis accounts for 10–12% of glucose use in the normal resting adult brain. Its baseline lactate/glucose index was 6%, and the Concluding remarks say the data do not establish the nature of the metabolic processes behind the altered oxygen/glucose ratio. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Supportedcites Vaishnavi et al., 2010 source
The paper defines aerobic glycolysis as glucose metabolism beyond that used for oxidative phosphorylation despite sufficient oxygen (opening text in our copy). The Discussion states that aerobic glycolysis accounts for 10–12% of glucose consumed in the adult brain. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · hedged
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“AG varies regionally in the resting state.”
- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · plain
“In the resting adult human brain, AG varies regionally”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Vaishnavi et al., 2010 source
The Abstract reports PET measurements of aerobic glycolysis in 33 neurologically normal young adults at rest and describes differences among brain regions. The Results section, “Resting Aerobic Glycolysis,” identifies regions with significantly elevated and significantly low levels. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“AG correlates with centrality as defined by large scale, structural and resting state function connectivity studies of the human brain”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bullmore and Sporns, 2012 source
- Partly supportedcites Vaishnavi et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that regions with elevated aerobic glycolysis overlap the default-mode and control systems mapped using resting-state functional MRI. The paper does not report a correlation with network centrality or assess centrality defined by structural connectivity; its Methods describe the comparison as qualitative. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For the 116 AG-related genes, an independent gene ontology tool, GeneMANIA.org, confirmed that these genes are associated with neuronal projections and axonal and dendritic development”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > RESULTS > AG is related to spatially specific gene expression
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Warde-Farley et al., 2010 source
The Abstract identifies GeneMANIA.org as a tool for analyzing gene lists and predicting gene function, and the Introduction describes how it displays functional associations for a user's gene list. The citation supports the identification of the tool; the result for the 116 AG-related genes is the citing authors' analysis, not a result reported in this source paper. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Interestingly, in the adult brain, the highest levels of resting state AG are found in the default mode network (DMN)”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Raichle et al., 2001 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The opening section describes a baseline default mode in the resting adult brain, and the Discussion identifies areas that may be tonically active in that state. But the paper examines oxygen extraction and task-related activity decreases; it does not report aerobic glycolysis levels or establish that they are highest in those areas (searched: aerobic glycolysis, glycolysis, glucose). (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Curiously, AG persists for at least 40 minutes following cognitive demanding task performance, despite the return of blood flow and lactate production to control levels”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fox et al., 1988 source
- Partly supportedcites Madsen et al., 1995 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Global metabolism section (page unavailable) reports that glucose uptake remained elevated relative to oxygen uptake for about 40 minutes after the mental task. The Relation between excess CMRglc and CMRlac section says lactate measures returned to baseline within 20 minutes. But the Concluding remarks (page unavailable) say the study cannot identify the metabolic process behind the persistent uptake-ratio change, so it does not establish persistent aerobic glycolysis; the passages also do not establish that blood flow returned to control levels after the task. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The DMN also constitutes a central hub of structural (axonal) connectivity”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bullmore and Sporns, 2012 source
- Could not verifycites Vaishnavi et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results describe the DMN using resting-state fMRI correlations, and the Methods compare those functional maps with aerobic glycolysis. Searches for structural or axonal connectivity and hub status found no passage in our copy establishing that the DMN is a central hub of structural connectivity. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In resting adult humans, AG correlates with persistence of gene expression typical of infancy (transcriptional neoteny).”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, regions high in oxidative glucose metabolism express genes related to mitochondria and synaptic transmission.”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AG increases during childhood, precisely when synaptic growth rates are highest.”
- Also stated in: § Meta-analysis of prior studies of brain glucose and oxygen consumption · boosted
“AG increases dramatically during childhood”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Synaptic growth rates are highest during early childhood.
- Also stated in: § Meta-analysis of prior studies of brain glucose and oxygen consumption · boosted
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“AG and the oxygen-glucose index (OGI) are nearly perfectly inversely correlated (r = −0.98) (Vaishnavi et al., 2010).”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES > Brain PET data analysis and regional alignment to gene expression data
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Vaishnavi et al., 2010 source
The Results (Table 2) report a correlation of −0.986 between the glycolytic index (GI) and OGI across Brodmann regions. The Results define GI as a measure of aerobic glycolysis, so the claimed near-perfect inverse correlation is supported; −0.98 is an approximation of the reported value. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“More specifically, we hypothesize that AG supports synaptic and neurite formation, as well as turnover, which likely persists throughout the lifespan”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Goyal and Raichle, 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion speculates that aerobic glycolysis may coincide with high synaptic growth rates in early childhood, and the Abstract reports model-based evidence of ongoing synaptic turnover in the adult human cortex. The paper does not establish that aerobic glycolysis supports synaptic or neurite formation and turnover throughout the lifespan. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Marder and Goaillard, 2006 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“we found that the 116 AG-related genes are also enriched for neuron specific markers, genes downregulated in Alzheimer disease and aging, genes associated with autism, and proteins found in the human post-synaptic density”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > RESULTS > AG is related to spatially specific gene expression
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Langfelder and Horvath, 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results > Mouse Data Application section reports enrichment for gene modules associated with mouse body weight, not for 116 aerobic-glycolysis-related genes. Searches for those genes, neuron-specific markers, autism, and post-synaptic density found no passage addressing the claimed enrichment. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not matchedcites Li et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The AHBA data were corrected for batch effects and normalized to the 75% quantile, as previously described (Hawrylycz et al., 2012). BSS data also were quantile normalized.”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES > Preprocessing of brain gene expression data
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Hawrylycz et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods sections on Sample processing and Microarray data analysis describe how the AHBA microarrays were generated and analyzed, but do not specify batch-effect correction or normalization to the 75th quantile. Searches for “batch effect,” “quantile,” and “75% quantile” found no passage establishing those steps. The citation is attached to the AHBA statement; the separate BSS normalization statement is not attributed to this source. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“AG is a prominent feature of cancer cell metabolism; its main role is thought to be support of biosynthetic pathways required for cellular proliferation”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Locasale and Cantley, 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Warburg Effect and cell growth section describes aerobic glycolysis as a common feature of tumor cells and identifies support of biosynthesis as one of its functions. It also says those functions are multiple and debated, including redox balance, energy balance, and signaling; it does not identify biosynthesis as the main role. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites Lunt and Vander Heiden, 2011 source
The Introduction describes aerobic glycolysis in a wide variety of tumors. The section “A major function of aerobic glycolysis is to support macromolecular synthesis” says its major function in proliferating cells is to maintain glycolytic intermediates as precursors for macromolecules. The claim preserves the paper’s qualified framing by saying this role is “thought to be” the main one. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“nearly 25% of resting glucose consumption is non-oxidative in the medial prefrontal gyrus, while AG comprises only 2% of glucose consumption in the cerebellum”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Vaishnavi et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Table 1; page unavailable) report elevated aerobic glycolysis in the prefrontal cortex and low levels in the cerebellum. Using the Results’ stated OGI benchmark of 6, the table’s values imply about 23% non-oxidative glucose use in the prefrontal cortex, close to 25%, but about 1% in the cerebellum rather than 2%. The table reports prefrontal cortex, not a specific value for the medial prefrontal gyrus. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no significant enrichment of genes related to glycolysis or genes regulated by agonal stress”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > RESULTS > AG is related to spatially specific gene expression
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We find that OGI is approximately 5 during the fetal period, decreases to less than 4 during early childhood, progressively rises to 5.67 in young and mid-age adults, and ultimately exceeds 6 in older adults”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > RESULTS > Meta-analysis of prior studies of brain glucose and oxygen consumption
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the early fetal period, there is little differential regional expression. Postnatally, cerebellar expression (the area in the adult brain with the lowest level of AG, see Figure 1) falls while cortical expression continues to rise.”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > RESULTS > AG is related to spatially specific gene expression
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that the 116 glycolytic genes collectively exhibit a unique expression pattern across the lifespan (Figure 4a) that strikingly varies across the brain.”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > RESULTS > AG is related to spatially specific gene expression
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regions with high AG were found to cluster independently from regions with low AG along the y-axis (principle coordinate 2) in the resulting plot while, for example, high versus low OEF regions separated along the x-axis (principle coordinate 1)”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > RESULTS > Comparison of AG related brain gene expression to CMRglc and other metabolic measures
plaincorrelationaln = 900- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“resting cerebral blood flow tracks glucose utilization during childhood, but then tracks oxygen consumption during adulthood”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > RESULTS > Meta-analysis of prior studies of brain glucose and oxygen consumption
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We further compared these measurements to a similar set of PET measurements in FreeSurfer-derived regions matched to the BSS regional nomenclature, and found only slight differences.”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES > Brain PET data analysis and regional alignment to gene expression data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“since the cerebellum shows the lowest AG amongst all brain regions assessed in the BSS.”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES > Calculation of regional transcriptional neoteny
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Donor brains with post-mortem intervals >24 hours or with >25% of microarray samples with an RNA integrity index (RIN) less than 7.5 were excluded to maximize the integrity of our analysis.”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES > Preprocessing of brain gene expression data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, data from only one of the AHBA donors was used, since only this brain met our stringent RNA integrity and post-mortem interval criteria.”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES > Preprocessing of brain gene expression data
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More recently, the DMN has emerged as among the most functionally robust networks in the brain as evidenced by its correlated intrinsic activity”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fox and Raichle, 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another caveat is that gene expression levels may only modestly correlate with protein and enzyme levels because of post-transcriptional modifications.”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > DISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Gene expression levels are a valid proxy for regional functional and molecular processes such as synaptic growth.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, our results do not address causation.”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the available data demonstrate that brain AG peaks (OGI is at a minimum) precisely when synaptic development peaks in the human brain, i.e., during early childhood.”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > RESULTS > Meta-analysis of prior studies of brain glucose and oxygen consumption
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Synaptic growth rates are highest during early childhood.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The meta-analysis reported in Figure 2 was based on in-depth review of the literature, using Pubmed, Google Scholar, and reference lists in several papers identifying studies that measured glucose or oxygen metabolism over the whole brain or cerebral cortex.”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES > Meta-analysis of brain metabolism across the lifespan
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To evaluate the significance of this finding, the same analysis was performed after repeatedly shuffling the AG values among the 16 BSS regions to measure the percentage of instances that produced an equivalent number of genes as compared to the actual AG values (AHBA was excluded from this permutation analysis given the difficulty in relating shuffled BSS AG values to the AHBA regions).”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES > Regional comparative analysis of the brain PET and gene expression data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, our analyses link AG to synaptic and neurite growth and formation but do not elucidate the specific mechanisms by which this occurs.”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, brain AG was previously found to be highest in regions most vulnerable to amyloid deposition”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vlassenko et al., 2010 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Indeed, upregulation of PDK3 acts as a switch for aerobic glycolysis in certain cancer cell lines”
§ Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression > RESULTS > AG is related to spatially specific gene expression
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lu et al., 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Synaptic growth rates are highest during early childhood.
“AG increases during childhood, precisely when synaptic growth rates are highest.”
“Thus, the available data demonstrate that brain AG peaks (OGI is at a minimum) precisely when synaptic development peaks in the human brain, i.e., during early childhood.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Metabolic data from different studies and age groups can be combined into a summary representation across the human lifespan despite different methods.
“The meta-analysis of human brain AG (Figure 2) is based on incomplete data obtained using different methods across studies and age groups.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Regional aerobic glycolysis values measured by PET in resting healthy young adults can be assigned to post-mortem gene expression regions to represent regional aerobic glycolysis.
“we assigned each of the 16 regions an AG value using regional PET imaging data previously obtained by our laboratory in resting, healthy young adults”
“We assigned an AG value to each of the ~900 brain regions sampled in the AHBA brain by measuring the glycolytic index in our PET data at the MNI coordinate provided for each of the AHBA regions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Gene expression levels are a valid proxy for regional functional and molecular processes such as synaptic growth.
“Another caveat is that gene expression levels may only modestly correlate with protein and enzyme levels because of post-transcriptional modifications.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
A 6:1 stoichiometric relationship between oxygen and glucose consumption holds for the brain.
“assuming a 6:1 stoichiometric relationship between oxygen and glucose consumption”
The paper relies on this without support.
The single AHBA donor used is representative of adult human brain gene expression for the regional analyses.
“Hence, data from only one of the AHBA donors was used, since only this brain met our stringent RNA integrity and post-mortem interval criteria.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Recent work shows that glucose uptake outpaces oxygen use in the human brain, and that this imbalance also peaks at the age of greatest glucose uptake in childhood”
From Metabolic costs and evolutionary implications of human brain development (2014) · cites this paper as [28]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“pointing to an important role of aerobic glycolysis in support of synaptic proliferation and growth (28,30).”
From Metabolic costs and evolutionary implications of human brain development (2014) · cites this paper as [28]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
A note, not an issue: for example, a cited work that was retracted only after this paper was published, which its authors could not have known.
In the paper
“Given the present findings, it is intriguing to consider the possibility that amyloid deposition is linked to high rates of synaptic turnover (Bufill et al., 2011; Nikolaev et al., 2009).”
Cited work 10.1038/nature07767 · retracted 2023-12-18 · notice 10.1038/s41586-023-06943-3 · this paper published 2014-01
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED ARTICLE: APP binds DR6 to trigger axon pruning and neuron death via distinct caspases
Nikolaev, A., McLaughlin, T., O’Leary, D. D. M., & Tessier-Lavigne, M. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07767 · Cited by 992 · cited 1×
“Given the present findings, it is intriguing to consider the possibility that amyloid deposition is linked to high rates of synaptic turnover (Bufill et al., 2011; Nikolaev et al., 2009).”
RetractedSystematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources
Huang, D. W., Sherman, B. T., & Lempicki, R. A. (2009) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.211 · Cited by 35,890 · cited 4×
“The 116 AGassociated genes were analyzed with three gene ontology methods, including GeneMANIA (Warde-Farley et al., 2010), DAVID (Huang da et al., 2009), and userListEnrichmentR (Miller et al., 2011) (Table 1, see also Tables S3 and S4).”
InfluentialWGCNA: an R package for weighted correlation network analysis
Langfelder, P., & Horvath, S. (2008) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-9-559 · Cited by 27,252
A default mode of brain function
Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676 · Cited by 12,190 · cited 1×
“Interestingly, in the adult brain, the highest levels of resting state AG are found in the default mode network (DMN), a constellation of brain regions originally identified as most active in the absence of attention-demanding, goal-directed task performance (Raichle et al., 2001).”
Self-citationSpontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging
Fox, M. D., & Raichle, M. E. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2201 · Cited by 6,700 · cited 1×
“More recently, the DMN has emerged as among the most functionally robust networks in the brain, as evidenced by its correlated intrinsic activity (Fox and Raichle, 2007), a property now widely referred to as functional connectivity (Bullmore and Sporns, 2012).”
Self-citationWarde-Farley, D., Donaldson, S. L., Comes, O., Zuberi, K., Badrawi, R., Chao, P., Franz, M., Grouios, C., Kazi, F., Lopes, C. T., et al. (2010) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkq537 · Cited by 4,835 · cited 5×
“Similar results are obtained with other gene ontology tools, including GeneMANIA and userListEnrichment (Table S4) (Miller et al., 2011; Warde-Farley et al., 2010).”
InfluentialAn Energy Budget for Signaling in the Grey Matter of the Brain
Attwell, D., & Laughlin, S. B. (2001) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-200110000-00001 · Cited by 3,543 · cited 1×
“Most of this glucose is oxidized in order to supply the large amounts of ATP required to maintain membrane ion gradients and other cellular processes related to synaptic transmission (Attwell and Laughlin, 2001; Lennie, 2003; Raichle and Mintun, 2006; Sibson et al., 1997, 1998).”
The economy of brain network organization
Bullmore, E., & Sporns, O. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3214 · Cited by 3,284 · cited 3×
“The DMN also constitutes a central hub of structural (axonal) connectivity (Bullmore and Sporns, 2012; Vaishnavi et al., 2010).”
An anatomically comprehensive atlas of the adult human brain transcriptome
Hawrylycz, M. J., Lein, E. S., Guillozet-Bongaarts, A. L., Shen, E. H., Ng, L., Miller, J. A., van de Lagemaat, L. N., Smith, K. A., Ebbert, A., Riley, Z. L., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11405 · Cited by 3,083 · cited 5×
“The AHBA data were corrected for batch C effects and normalized to the 75%quantile as previously described (Hawrylycz et al., 2012).”
InfluentialSelf-citationAerobic glycolysis: Meeting the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation
Lunt, S. Y., & Vander Heiden, M. G. (2011) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154237 · Cited by 3,057
Cited by
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Items 401–460 of 460
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“changes throughout life due to oxidative phosphorylation (12).”
BackgroundCerebrovascular responses to exercise
McManus, A. M., & Tallon, C. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780192843968.003.0007
Galván, A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316106143.003
Galván, A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316106143.007
Liu, F., Tian, Q., Tang, H.-L., et al. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4581436
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Bjorklund, D. F. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066864.002.0004
Bjorklund, D. F. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066864.002.0008
Bjorklund, D. F. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066864.002.0007
Craik, F. I. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192895226.002.0003
Craik, F. I. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192895226.002.0004
Craik, F. I. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192895226.002.0005
Craik, F. I. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192895226.002.0007
Molecular Mechanism of Brain Aging: Protective Effects of Phytochemicals
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Hernández‐Lorca, M., Vestergaard, M. B., Ambrosen, K. S., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6678778/v1
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Bennett, N. K., Soto-Muniz, Y., Meng, J. X., Lee, M., Yang, J. L., Flanigan, W., Pico, A. R., Jain, I. H., & Nakamura, K. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695350
Lu, L., Wang, H., Liu, X., Tan, L., Qiao, X., Ni, J., Sun, Y., Liang, J., Hou, Y., & Dou, H. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16807867
Sakimura, K., Kawai, T., Nashida, R., Ishida, Y., Harada, K., Suzuki, T., Okuma, C., & Cole, G. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26952361
Iztleuov, M., Iztleuov, Y., Smagulova, G., Sakhanova, S., Saparbayev, S. S., & Abugaliyeva, N. (2025) · Ġylym men densaulyķ saķtau. · doi:10.34689/sh.2025.27.5.021
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Fonseca-Teixeira, M., Brito, E. S., Beltrao-Valente, C., Ferreira, B. K., Schuck, P. F., & Ferreira, G. C. (2026) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16020220 · Cited by 1
“Before birth, glucose is the primary energy source [24–26].”
Brain lipid dysregulation as a driver of energy metabolism failure in Alzheimer’s disease
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Elsayed, L. E. O. (2016) · doi:10.70675/569281b6z3017z4722zac73z820f4089b462
“…contrast, regions with elevated oxidative glucose metabolism showed high expression of genes more related to mitochondria and synaptic transmission (Goyal et al., 2014) Interestingly, paralog PANK2 is incriminated in Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome (HSS)/ pantothenate kinase associated…”
BackgroundStudy of vesicular glycolysis in health and Huntington's Disease
Cluskey, M. M. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/eb022640z9c3cz4467z940dz6b27765c296b
Belhaj, I., Åmellem, I., Tartanoglu, C., Weidemann, H. M., Vallenari, E. M., Yang, M., Chaudhry, F. A., Bjørås, M., Storm‐Mathisen, J., & Bergersen, L. H. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-48154-6
Alami, M., Berrougui, H., Morvaridzadeh, M., Boumezough, K., Salih, I., Zoubdane, N., Oubaouz, J., Abboussi, O., Sadki, K., Fülöp, T., et al. (2026) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2026.112189
Al‐Beltagi, M. (2026) · World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.5409/wjcp.v15.i2.118495 · Cited by 1
Lane, A. R., Gonzalez, N., Gokhale, A., Zlatic, S. A., Allen, B. M., Scher, N. E., Roberts, A. M., Duong, D. M., Roberts, B. R., Vrailas‐Mortimer, A. D., et al. (2026) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e26-01-0021
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“Finally, AG is proposed to be involved in synaptic growth and remodeling, which is supported by AG increasing during childhood and, once in adulthood, being elevated in regions that retain gene expression typical of infancy (i.e., transcriptional neoteny) (Goyal et al., 2014).”
Morciano, G., Gorgoglione, R., Porcelli, V., Ahmed, A., Scarcia, P., Vozza, A., Lasorsa, F. M., Fiermonte, G., & Palmieri, L. (2026) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom16060842 · Cited by 1
“Moreover, brain metabolism changes with age with a maximum peak of glucose utilization during early development [64] and a global decrease in both lactate production and use of monocarboxylates in aging [65]; with a more pronounced reduction in glucose uptake compared to oxygen consumption (Figure…”
Madsen, S. S., Asghar, M. S., Lindberg, U., et al. (2026) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01169.2025
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“This high aerobic glycolysis is strongly linked to the energetic demands of maintaining developmental neoteny (Goyal et al. 2014) and overlaps directly with the structurally central communication hubs of the human connectome (Chen et al. 2021b).”
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“In the developing brain, aerobic gly(cid:2) colysis accounts for up to 30% of consumed glucose, a stark contrast to the adult brain’s 10–12% [36].”
InfluentialWidmaier, M., Matson, B. C., Emir, U. E., & Hwang, J. J. (2026) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.70369
“This balance between oxidative and non-oxidative processing varies across brain regions and is thought to support ongoing signaling and cellular maintenance demands [2, 24].”
Large-scale brain network reinstatement supports recognition memory
Sheng, J., Li, J., Zeng, X., & Wang, J. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2603685123
Chen, H., Cui, X.-N., & Deng, M. (2026) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2026.106255
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Céléreau, E., Lucchetti, F., Schilliger, Z., Alemán‐Gómez, Y., Hagmann, P., Conus, P., Merglen, A., Piguet, C., Klauser, A., Dwir, D., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.09.07.749851
“A between-subject increase in frontal Glx among older adolescents is compatible with this protracted strengthening of glutamatergic circuitry, for which the region's high aerobic glycolysis, as a signature of synaptic remodeling [42], offers a plausible metabolic substrate.”
Palacios-Muñoz, A. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27188129
Nutritional Modulation of Cognitive Function and Brain Networks: A Comprehensive Review
Krishna, D., Mishra, A., J, S. K., & Dhevi, B. (2026) · Brain Science Advances · doi:10.26599/bsa.2026.905024
“Throughout life, the brain exhibits metabolic flexibility through mechanisms such as the astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle and adaptive substrate utilization; however, these adaptations underscore the importance of adequate and diverse nutrient availability [37].”
Ventura, G. C., Christiansen, L. I., Dmytriyeva, O., Lund, V. K., Thymann, T., Sangild, P. T., Jiang, P., & Pankratova, S. (2026) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.126.056579
Ellouze, S., Babina, E., Meyer-Dilhet, G., Foucault, L., Amara, A., Desmercière, S., Gagnieu, T., Mongellaz, S., Cataldi, A., Marcy, G., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.09.21.753115
“Indeed, the early postnatal period relies on high metabolic demands that involve mitochondria 10, 11 .”
Breath Signatures of Antiseizure Medication Response and Tolerability in Adults With Epilepsy
Fricke, K. H., Baur, D. M., Singh, K. D., Schmidt, F., Müsch, K., Sievi, N. A., Donato, M. D., Schmick, A., Ulrich, S., Sinues, P., et al. (2026) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cns.71169
“…differences in mitochondrial function, amino acid metabolism, and neurochemical signaling have been shown to influence seizure susceptibility and may contribute to variability in pharmacological response, with pediatric populations often exhibiting greater metabolic plasticity [37, 38].”
Reproducible cortical links between functional hierarchy, structure, and metabolism
Tomasi, D. G., & Volkow, N. D. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2614926123
Ko, C. W., Shin, D., Park, J., Huh, J., Kim, Y., & Park, J. (2026) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.77996
“An aerobic glycolysis, which is characterized as increased glycolysis but mitochondrial suppression, can provide intermediate metabolites to be used as building blocks for de novo syntheses of nucleic acids, non-essential amino acids, and lipids [ 46, 47 ].”
Wang, H., Zhang, J., Pan, R., Ye, X., Wang, R., Lv, K., Yu, Y., Li, Q., Zhang, T., Wu, D., et al. (2026) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cns.71159
Extending metabolic considerations to the default mode network
Wong, Y.-S. (2026) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x26106074
Comparative lifespan trajectories of brain energy metabolism in human and macaque
Pourmajidian, M., Misic, B., & Dagher, A. (2026) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2026.108800
Metadata
- Authors
- Goyal, M. S., Hawrylycz, M., Miller, J. A., Snyder, A. Z., & Raichle, M. E.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Allen Institute for Brain Science (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goyal, Manu S.
- Raichle, Marcus E.
- Venue
- Cell Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 49-57
- ISSN
- 1550-4131 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4389678
- OpenAlex
- W1974124405
- Cited by
- 459
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 29
- FWCI
- 3.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P01NS080675, P30NS048056, P50NS006833)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Keywords
- aerobic glycolysis, human brain, brain glucose metabolism, glucose oxidation, synaptic development, synaptogenesis, neoteny, developmental gene expression, child neurodevelopment, mitochondria, synaptic transmission
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aerobiosis, Brain, Glucose, Glycolysis, Humans, Oxygen Consumption, Synapses, Transcription, Genetic, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Ontology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-17, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-17 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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