Event segmentation ability uniquely predicts event memory
Open accessAbstract
Memory for everyday events plays a central role in tasks of daily living, autobiographical memory, and planning. Event memory depends in part on segmenting ongoing activity into meaningful units. This study examined the relationship between event segmentation and memory in a lifespan sample to answer the following question: Is the ability to segment activity into meaningful events a unique predictor of subsequent memory, or is the relationship between event perception and memory accounted for by general cognitive abilities? Two hundred and eight adults ranging from 20 to 79years old segmented movies of everyday events and attempted to remember the events afterwards. They also completed psychometric ability tests and tests measuring script knowledge for everyday events. Event segmentation and script knowledge both explained unique variance in event memory above and beyond the psychometric measures, and did so as strongly in older as in younger adults. These results suggest that event segmentation is a basic cognitive mechanism, important for memory across the lifespan.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Long-term memory reflects event structure during encoding.
“Behavioral experiments and mathematical models have argued that long-term memory reflects event structure during encoding (Ezzyat & Davachi, 2011; Gershman, Radulescu, Norman, & Niv, 2014; Sargent et al., 2013; Zacks, Tversky, et al., 2001)”
From Discovering Event Structure in Continuous Narrative Perception and Memory (2017) · cites this paper as Sargent et al., 2013
Behavioral experiments have shown that long-term memory reflects event structure during encoding.
“Behavioral experiments have shown that long-term memory reflects event structure during encoding (Ezzyat & Davachi, 2011; Sargent et al., 2013; Zacks, Tversky, et al., 2001).”
From Discovering Event Structure in Continuous Narrative Perception and Memory (2017) · cites this paper as Sargent et al., 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,542 · see citing works
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532 · see citing works
Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling
Tabri, N., & Elliott, C. M. (2012) · Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology · doi:10.15353/cgjsc.v1i1.3787 · Cited by 39,065 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 36,049 · see citing works
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798 · see citing works
The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory?
Baddeley, A. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01538-2 · Cited by 7,359 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Several theories propose that working memory supports multidimensional representations of immediate events, which we refer to as event models (e.g. Baddeley, 2000; Zacks et al., 2007).”
BackgroundStrategies of Discourse Comprehension
Staczek, J. J., van Dijk, T. A., & Kintsch, W. (1985) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/326517 · Cited by 5,377 · see citing works
(2011) · Cited by 5,290 · see citing works
A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness- eveningness in human circadian rhythms
Home, J. K. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,783 · see citing works
(1976) · PubMed · Cited by 3,979 · see citing works
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III
Ryan, J. J., & Lopez, S. J. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1185-4_2 · Cited by 3,680 · see citing works
Human cognitive abilities a survey of factor-analytic studies
Carroll, J. B. (2004) · Cited by 3,396 · see citing works
Kronenfeld, D. B. (1978) · Language · doi:10.2307/412850 · Cited by 3,094 · see citing works
Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach.
Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. A. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309 · Cited by 3,078 · see citing works
Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding: An Inquiry into Human Knowledge Structures
Hunt, E. B., Schank, R. C., & Abelson, R. P. (1979) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421499 · Cited by 2,967 · see citing works
Situation models in language comprehension and memory
Zwaan, R. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.2.162 · Cited by 2,877 · see citing works
Is working memory capacity task dependent?
Turner, M. L., & Engle, R. W. (1989) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(89)90040-5 · Cited by 2,299 · see citing works
Validation of a short Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test of cognitive impairment
Katzman, R., Brown, T., Fuld, P. A., Peck, A., Schechter, R., & Schimmel, H. (1983) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.140.6.734 · Cited by 2,119 · see citing works
On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall.
Deese, J. (1959) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046671 · Cited by 2,109 · see citing works
New directions in attribution research
Harvey, J. H., Ickes, W. J., & Kidd, R. F. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,996 · see citing works
The handbook of aging and cognition
Mitchell, D. B. (2001) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.747 · Cited by 1,893 · see citing works
de Groot, A. D. (1978) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110800647 · Cited by 1,848 · see citing works
The Handbook of aging and cognition
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-3520 · Cited by 1,603 · see citing works
Bower, G. H., Black, J. B., & Turner, T. J. (1979) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(79)90009-4 · Cited by 1,579 · see citing works
Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies
Eysenck, H. J. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90126-0 · Cited by 1,392 · see citing works
Decomposing adult age differences in working memory
Salthouse, T. A., & Babcock, R. L. (1991) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.27.5.763 · Cited by 1,373 · see citing works
Not All Executive Functions Are Related to Intelligence
Friedman, N. P., Miyake, A., Corley, R. P., Young, S. E., DeFries, J. C., & Hewitt, J. K. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01681.x · Cited by 1,293 · see citing works
Representation and Understanding: Studies in Cognitive Science
Bobrow, D. G., & Collins, A. (1975) · Cited by 1,187 · see citing works
Chunking mechanisms in human learning
GOBET, F., LANE, P., CROKER, S., CHENG, P., JONES, G., OLIVER, I., & PINE, J. (2001) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01662-4 · Cited by 1,157 · see citing works
Event perception: a mind-brain perspective
Zacks, J. M., Speer, N. K., Swallow, K. M., Braver, T. S., & Reynolds, J. R. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.273 · Cited by 1,148 · see citing works
Self-citationGalvin, J. E., Roe, C. M., Powlishta, K. K., Coats, M. A., Muich, S. J., Grant, E., Miller, J. P., Storandt, M., & Morris, J. C. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000172958.95282.2a · Cited by 1,144 · see citing works
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Szczepkowski, K. V., & Demakis, G. J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1034 · Cited by 1,085 · see citing works
Selective reminding for analysis of memory and learning
Herman Buschke, L. (1973) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(73)80034-9 · Cited by 1,058 · see citing works
Executive Functioning as a Potential Mediator of Age-Related Cognitive Decline in Normal Adults.
Salthouse, T. A., Atkinson, T. M., & Berish, D. E. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.132.4.566 · Cited by 1,057 · see citing works
McCabe, D. P., Roediger, H. L., III, McDaniel, M. A., Balota, D. A., & Hambrick, D. Z. (2010) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0017619 · Cited by 839 · see citing works
Self-citationProcessing Speed, Working Memory, and Fluid Intelligence: Evidence for a Developmental Cascade
Fry, A. F., & Hale, S. (1996) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00366.x · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Differential effects of aging on memory for content and context: A meta-analysis.
Spencer, W. D., & Raz, N. (1995) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.10.4.527 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.26.2.336 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Perceiving, remembering, and communicating structure in events.
Zacks, J. M., Tversky, B., & Iyer, G. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.1.29 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Self-citationAttribution and the unit of perception of ongoing behavior
Newtson, D. (1973) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0035584 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Mediators of long-term memory performance across the life span.
Park, D. C., Smith, A. D., Lautenschlager, G. J., Earles, J. L. K., Frieske, D., Zwahr, M., & Gaines, C. L. (1996) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.11.4.621 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Faust, M. E., Balota, D. A., Spieler, D. H., & Ferraro, F. R. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.777 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
The role of working memory capacity in retrieval.
Rosen, V. M., & Engle, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.126.3.211 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Recency-sensitive retrieval processes in long-term free recall
Bjork, R. A., & Whitten, W. B. (1974) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(74)90009-7 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
An analysis of certain psychological tests used for the evaluation of brain injury.
Armitage, S. G. (1946) · The Psychological Monographs · doi:10.1037/h0093567 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Mediators of long-term memory performance across the life span.
Park, D. C., Smith, A. D., Lautenschlager, G. J., et al. (1996) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.11.4.621 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
The role of working memory capacity in retrieval.
Rosen, V. M., & Engle, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.126.3.211 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Age and reading: The impact of distraction.
Connelly, S., Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1991) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.6.4.533 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Self-citationThe perceptual organization of ongoing behavior
Newtson, D., & Engquist, G. (1976) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(76)90076-7 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.26.2.336 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Event boundaries in perception affect memory encoding and updating
Swallow, K. M., Zacks, J. M., & Abrams, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0015631 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Self-citationNash Unsworth, A., & Spillers, G. J. (2010) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2010.02.001 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
What needs to be explained to account for age-related effects on multiple cognitive variables?
Salthouse, T. A., & Ferrer-Caja, E. (2003) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.1.91 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Working memory as a processing resource in cognitive aging
Salthouse, T. A. (1990) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/0273-2297(90)90006-p · Cited by 349 · see citing works
The neuropsychology of memory and aging.
Moscovitch, M., & Winocur, G. (1992) · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Age and reading: The impact of distraction.
(1991) · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.6.4.533 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
What constitutes an episode in episodic memory?
Ezzyat, Y., & Davachi, L. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610393742 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
The ruff figural fluency test: A normative study with adults
Ruff, R. M., Light, R. H., & Evans, R. W. (1987) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565648709540362 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Speed and Knowledge as Determinants of Adult Age Differences in Verbal Tasks
Salthouse, T. A. (1993) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/48.1.p29 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
The Quantitative Description of Action Disorganisation after Brain Damage: A Case Study
Schwartz, M. F., Reed, E. S., Montgomery, M., Palmer, C. F., & Mayer, N. H. (1991) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643299108253379 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
The brain’s cutting-room floor: segmentation of narrative cinema
Zacks, J. M. (2010) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00168 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationEvent understanding and memory in healthy aging and dementia of the Alzheimer type.
Zacks, J. M., Speer, N. K., Vettel, J. M., & Jacoby, L. L. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.3.466 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationHard, B. M., Recchia, G. L., & Tversky, B. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0024310 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Activation of human motion processing areas during event perception
Speer, N. K., Swallow, K. M., & Zacks, J. M. (2003) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.3.4.335 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationAge differences in the perception of hierarchical structure in events
Kurby, C. A., & Zacks, J. M. (2010) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-010-0027-2 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationAging and situation model processing
Radvansky, G. A., & Katinka Dijkstra, B. (2007) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03193088 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Bugaïska, A., Clarys, D., Jarry, C., Taconnat, L., Tapia, G., Vanneste, S., & Isingrini, M. L. (2007) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2006.11.007 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
On the representation of events: A study of orientation, recall, and recognition.
Hanson, C., & Hirst, W. C. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.118.2.136 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The cognitive representation of filmic event summaries
Schwan, S., & Garsoffky, B. (2003) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.940 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Changes in events alter how people remember recent information
Swallow, K. M., Barch, D. M., Head, D., Maley, C. J., Holder, D., & Zacks, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21524 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationTemporal accent structure and the remembering of filmed narratives.
Boltz, M. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.18.1.90 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Do film cuts facilitate the perceptual and cognitive organization of activitiy sequences?
Schwan, S., Garsoffky, B., & Hesse, F. W. (2000) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03213801 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Processing Speed Mediates the Development of General Intelligence ( g ) in Adolescence
Coyle, T. R., Pillow, D. R., Snyder, A. C., & Kochunov, P. V. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611418243 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Troyer, A. K., Graves, R. E., & Cullum, C. M. (1994) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/09289919408251449 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Aging and perceived event structure as a function of modality
Magliano, J. P., Kopp, K. J., McNerney, M. W., Radvansky, G. A., & Zacks, J. M. (2011) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2011.633159 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationKoutstaal, W., Schacter, D. L., Johnson, M. K., Angell, K. E., & Gross, M. S. (1998) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.13.2.277 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Medial Temporal Lobe Volume Predicts Elders’ Everyday Memory
Bailey, H. R., Zacks, J. M., Hambrick, D. Z., Zacks, R. T., Head, D. M., Kurby, C. A., & Sargent, J. Q. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612466676 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationMemorial consequences of variation in behavior perception
Lassiter, G. D., Stone, J. I., & Rogers, S. L. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(88)90037-6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Arbuckle, T. Y., Vanderleck, V. F., Harsany, M., & Lapidus, S. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.16.2.305 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Role of Reader Age and Focus of Attention in Creating Situation Models from Narratives
Morrow, D. G., Stine‐Morrow, E. A. L., Leirer, V. O., Andrassy, J. M., & Kahn, J. (1997) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/52b.2.p73 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
An examination of daily activities and their scripts across the adult lifespan
Rosen, V. M., Caplan, L. J., Sheesley, L., Rodriguez, R., & Grafman, J. H. (2003) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03195495 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Small, B. J., Dixon, R. A., Hultsch, D. F., & Hertzog, C. K. (1999) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/54b.2.p107 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The remembering of auditory event durations.
Boltz, M. G. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.18.5.938 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Arbuckle, T. Y., Vanderleck, V. F., Harsany, M., et al. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.16.2.305 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Predicting the size of individual and
Chen, J., Hale, S., & Myerson, J. (2007) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03194103 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Galvin JE Roe CM Powlishta KK Coats MA Muich SJ Grant E Miller JP Storandt M Morris JC 2005 The AD8, a brief informant interview to detect dementia Neurology 65 559 564 16116116
- Goldberg LR Johnson JA Eber HW Hogan R Ashton MC Cloninger CR Gough HC 2006 The International Personality Item Pool and the future of public-domain personality measures Journal of Research in Personality 40 84 96
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Discovering Event Structure in Continuous Narrative Perception and Memory
Baldassano, C., Chen, J., Zadbood, A., Pillow, J. W., Hasson, U., & Norman, K. A. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.041 · Cited by 952 · see citing works
The role of spatial boundaries in shaping long-term event representations
Horner, A. J., Bisby, J. A., Wang, A., Bogus, K., & Burgess, N. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.05.013 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Pupil-linked arousal signals track the temporal organization of events in memory
Clewett, D., Gasser, C., & Davachi, L. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17851-9 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
From remembering to reconstruction: The transformative neural representation of episodic memory.
Xue, G. (2022) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102351 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Culture influences how people divide continuous sensory experience into events
Swallow, K. M., & Wang, Q. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104450 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sargent, J. Q., Zacks, J. M., Hambrick, D. Z., Zacks, R. T., Kurby, C. A., Bailey, H. R., Eisenberg, M. L., & Beck, T. M.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Grand Valley State University (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sargent, Jesse Q.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-11
- Volume
- 129
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 241-255
- ISSN
- 0010-0277 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3821069
- OpenAlex
- W2103411340
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031150)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- event segmentation, event memory, daily life events, script knowledge, autobiographical memory, memory prediction, event perception
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aging, Cognition, Female, Humans, Individuality, Male, Memory, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Memory, Episodic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
