Discovering Event Structure in Continuous Narrative Perception and Memory
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
During realistic, continuous perception, humans automatically segment experiences into discrete events. Using a novel model of cortical event dynamics, we investigate how cortical structures generate event representations during narrative perception and how these events are stored to and retrieved from memory. Our data-driven approach allows us to detect event boundaries as shifts between stable patterns of brain activity without relying on stimulus annotations and reveals a nested hierarchy from short events in sensory regions to long events in high-order areas (including angular gyrus and posterior medial cortex), which represent abstract, multimodal situation models. High-order event boundaries are coupled to increases in hippocampal activity, which predict pattern reinstatement during later free recall. These areas also show evidence of anticipatory reinstatement as subjects listen to a familiar narrative. Based on these results, we propose that brain activity is naturally structured into nested events, which form the basis of long-term memory representations.
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Claims the paper makes
37 of 57 cited sources checked · 28 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Humans automatically segment continuous perceptual experience into discrete events.
“During realistic, continuous perception, humans automatically segment experiences into discrete events.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
The topography of event timescales is broadly consistent with previous work measuring sensitivity to temporal scrambling.
“This topography of event timescales is broadly consistent with that found in previous work (Hasson et al., 2015) measuring sensitivity to temporal scrambling of a movie stimulus”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Hasson et al., 2015 source
- Premisecitation
Behavioral studies show that subjects can segment events into a nested hierarchy from coarse to fine timescales.
“Behavioral studies have shown that subjects can segment events into a nested hierarchy from coarse to fine timescales (Kurby & Zacks, 2008; Zacks, Tversky, & Iyer, 2001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The hippocampus is connected to long timescale regions including angular gyrus and posterior medial cortex.
“The hippocampus is connected to long timescale regions including the angular gyrus and posterior medial cortex (Kravitz, Saleem, Baker, & Mishkin, 2011; Ranganath & Ritchey, 2012; Rugg & Vilberg, 2013)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites Kravitz et al., 2011 source
The Anatomy of the three pathways section (page not provided) describes pathways linking the inferior parietal lobule, posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortex with hippocampal regions, and identifies the angular gyrus as part of the human inferior parietal lobule. It does not characterize these regions as operating on long timescales, so that part of the claim is unsupported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Ranganath & Ritchey, 2012 source
- cites Rugg & Vilberg, 2013 source
The Cortical recollection effects section describes connectivity between the hippocampus and angular gyrus, and identifies hippocampal connections with retrosplenial/posterior cingulate cortex, which fits the posterior-medial part of the claim. It does not characterize those regions as operating on long timescales; a search for “timescale” did not establish that qualifier. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation
Event patterns could be partially predicted by key characters and locations from the narrative.
“We also found that event patterns could be partially predicted by key characters and locations from the narrative (see Fig. S4d, and supplementary Fig. 6 in J. Chen et al., 2017)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites J. Chen et al., 2017 source
- The authors state this as an assumption: While processing a narrative stimulus, observers progress through a sequence of discrete event representations (hidden states).
- The authors state this as an assumption: Each event has a distinct observable signature (a multi-voxel fMRI pattern) that is present throughout the event.
- Interpretationown data
The results are the first to validate key predictions of event segmentation theory directly from fMRI data of naturalistic narratives without using specially-constructed stimuli or subjective labeling.
“Our results are the first to validate a number of key predictions of event segmentation theory (Zacks et al., 2007) directly from fMRI data of naturalistic narratives, without using specially-constructed stimuli or subjective labeling of where events should start and end.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Zacks et al., 2007 source
- Study design and conductcitation
Correlated motion artifacts probably do not explain shared recall activity, since subjects' acoustic input was uncorrelated.
“Since acoustic output was not correlated across subjects (J. Chen et al., 2017), shared activity patterns at recall are unlikely to be driven by correlated motion artifacts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites J. Chen et al., 2017 source
- Findingown data
Hippocampal encoding activity occurs at subtle transitions between events, where events are defined by pattern shifts in high-level cortical regions.
“We demonstrated that the hippocampal encoding activity previously shown to be present at the end of movie clips (Ben-Yakov & Dudai, 2011; Ben-Yakov et al., 2013) and at abrupt switches between stimulus category and task (DuBrow & Davachi, 2016) also occurs at the much more subtle transitions between events (defined by pattern shifts in high-level regions)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites Ben-Yakov & Dudai, 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites Ben-Yakov et al., 2013 source
- cites DuBrow & Davachi, 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- The authors state this as an assumption: Narrative processing involves observers experiencing a series of separate events.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Every event is associated with its own neural signature.
- Premisecitation
Most existing consolidation and recall models take the memory system's input to be discrete items that are remembered one by one.
“Most extant models of memory consolidation (McClelland et al., 1995) and recall (Polyn, Norman, & Kahana, 2009) have been formulated under the assumption that the input to the memory system is a series of discrete items to be remembered.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Behavioral experiments have shown that long-term memory reflects event structure during encoding.
“Behavioral experiments have shown that long-term memory reflects event structure during encoding (Ezzyat & Davachi, 2011; Sargent et al., 2013; Zacks, Tversky, et al., 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationown data
The topography of event timescales provides converging evidence for the process memory framework.
“The topography of event timescales revealed by our analysis provides converging evidence for an emerging view of how information is processed during real-life experience (Hasson et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Hasson et al., 2015 source
- Findingown data
Essentially all brain regions that responded consistently to the movie showed evidence for event-like structure.
“We found that essentially all brain regions that responded consistently to the movie (across subjects) showed evidence for event-like structure”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: While processing a narrative stimulus, observers progress through a sequence of discrete event representations (hidden states).
- The authors state this as an assumption: Each event has a distinct observable signature (a multi-voxel fMRI pattern) that is present throughout the event.
- Findingown data
The optimal number of events varied across the cortex.
“the optimal number of events varied across the cortex (Fig. 3)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: While processing a narrative stimulus, observers progress through a sequence of discrete event representations (hidden states).
- The authors state this as an assumption: Each event has a distinct observable signature (a multi-voxel fMRI pattern) that is present throughout the event.
- Findingown data
A significant portion of event boundaries in a given layer were also present in lower layers, especially for adjacent layers.
“We found that a significant portion of the boundaries in a given layer were also present in lower layers (Fig. 4b), especially for adjacent layers in the hierarchy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: While processing a narrative stimulus, observers progress through a sequence of discrete event representations (hidden states).
- The authors state this as an assumption: Each event has a distinct observable signature (a multi-voxel fMRI pattern) that is present throughout the event.
- Findingown data
Event boundaries in a distributed set of regions including angular gyrus, posterior medial cortex, and parahippocampal cortex showed a strong relationship to hippocampal activity, with the hippocampal response typically peaking within several timepoints after the boundary.
“We found that event boundaries in a distributed set of regions including angular gyrus, posterior medial cortex, and parahippocampal cortex all showed a strong relationship to hippocampal activity, with the hippocampal response typically peaking within several timepoints after the event boundary (Fig. 6).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: While processing a narrative stimulus, observers progress through a sequence of discrete event representations (hidden states).
- The authors state this as an assumption: Each event has a distinct observable signature (a multi-voxel fMRI pattern) that is present throughout the event.
- Findingcitation
Subjects generally recalled the events in the same order as they appeared in the movie.
“Analyzing the spoken recall transcriptions revealed that subjects generally recalled the events in the same order as they appeared in the movie (see table S1 in Chen, Leong, et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chen, Leong, et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
Regions including angular gyrus, temporoparietal junction, posterior medial cortex, and inferior frontal cortex showed a strongly significant correspondence between movie and audio narration.
“Regions including the angular gyrus, temporoparietal junction, posterior medial cortex, and inferior frontal cortex showed a strongly significant correspondence between the two modalities (Fig. 5)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: While processing a narrative stimulus, observers progress through a sequence of discrete event representations (hidden states).
- The authors state this as an assumption: Each event has a distinct observable signature (a multi-voxel fMRI pattern) that is present throughout the event.
- Findingreasoning
Low-level auditory cortex showed no above-chance similarity between activity patterns evoked by movie vs verbal description.
“though low-level auditory cortex was reliably activated by both of these stimuli, there was no above-chance similarity between the series of activity patterns evoked by the two stimuli (movie vs. verbal description)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: While processing a narrative stimulus, observers progress through a sequence of discrete event representations (hidden states).
- The authors state this as an assumption: Each event has a distinct observable signature (a multi-voxel fMRI pattern) that is present throughout the event.
- Findingown data
Naturalistic stimuli evoke cortical responses that are arranged in discrete events across multiple timescales.
“we showed that cortical responses to naturalistic stimuli are temporally organized into discrete events at varying timescales.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Narrative processing involves observers experiencing a series of separate events.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Every event is associated with its own neural signature.
- Findingown data
The link between hippocampal activity and later cortical reinstatement held only for hippocampal activity at event endings.
“Notably, the positive relationship between hippocampal activity and subsequent cortical reinstatement was specific to hippocampal activity at the end of an event”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Narrative processing involves observers experiencing a series of separate events.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Every event is associated with its own neural signature.
- Findingown data
Events in high-level association regions generalized between perception and recall.
“generalized across modalities and between perception and recall”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Narrative processing involves observers experiencing a series of separate events.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Every event is associated with its own neural signature.
- Findingown data
Anticipatory event reinstatement was found in angular gyrus, posterior medial cortex, and medial frontal cortex.
“we found anticipatory event reinstatement in the angular gyrus, posterior medial cortex, and medial frontal cortex.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Ongoing interpretation of events can be influenced by prior knowledge.
- Findingown data
In these regions, the memory group was consistently ahead of the no-memory group.
“the memory group was consistently ahead of the no-memory group”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Ongoing interpretation of events can be influenced by prior knowledge.
- Findingown data
Hippocampal activity at event onset showed no significant association with later reinstatement.
“there was no significant relationship between hippocampal activity at the start of an event and subsequent reinstatement”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Narrative processing involves observers experiencing a series of separate events.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Every event is associated with its own neural signature.
- Findingown data
The identified correspondences were significantly similar to human-labeled correspondences (17.8% vs 11.9% null, p<0.001).
“The identified correspondences for each subject (using both posterior cingulate and angular gyrus) were also significantly similar to the human-labeled correspondences (probability mass inside annotations = 17.8%, significantly greater than null model (11.9%), p<0.001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The same event-specific activity patterns seen during movie-viewing will be reinstated during spoken recall.
- Findingown data
Events in high-level association regions showed anticipatory coding of familiar narratives.
“showed anticipatory coding of familiar narratives”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Narrative processing involves observers experiencing a series of separate events.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Every event is associated with its own neural signature.
- Findingown data
Events in high-level association regions generalized across modalities.
“generalized across modalities”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Narrative processing involves observers experiencing a series of separate events.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Every event is associated with its own neural signature.
- Findingown data
Hippocampal activity after an event correlates with reinstatement of patterns during recall.
“We have also shown that this post-event hippocampal activity is related to pattern reinstatement during recall”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Narrative processing involves observers experiencing a series of separate events.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Every event is associated with its own neural signature.
- Findingown data
More hippocampal activity within an event predicted poorer reinstatement.
“higher hippocampal activity during an event was associated with worse reinstatement”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Narrative processing involves observers experiencing a series of separate events.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Every event is associated with its own neural signature.
- Findingown data
Hippocampal responses to a new event relate to later memory for the event that came before.
“here, we show that the hippocampal response to a new event is linked to subsequent memory for the previous event.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Narrative processing involves observers experiencing a series of separate events.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Every event is associated with its own neural signature.
- Findingown data
By modeling fine-scale spatial activity patterns, the authors detected event changes without an external reference.
“but by modeling fine-scale spatial activity patterns we were able to detect these event changes without an external reference.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: While processing a narrative stimulus, observers progress through a sequence of discrete event representations (hidden states).
- The authors state this as an assumption: Each event has a distinct observable signature (a multi-voxel fMRI pattern) that is present throughout the event.
- Findingown data
This allowed identification of regions with temporal event structure at many different timescales, only some of which matched human-labeled boundaries.
“This allowed us to identify regions with temporal event structure at many different timescales, only some of which matched human-labeled boundaries.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: While processing a narrative stimulus, observers progress through a sequence of discrete event representations (hidden states).
- The authors state this as an assumption: Each event has a distinct observable signature (a multi-voxel fMRI pattern) that is present throughout the event.
- Findingown data
Events in high-level association regions predicted hippocampal encoding.
“predicted hippocampal encoding”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Narrative processing involves observers experiencing a series of separate events.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Every event is associated with its own neural signature.
- Findingown data
The relationship between average hippocampal activity throughout an event and later cortical reinstatement was negative in angular gyrus and posterior cingulate.
“The relationship between the average hippocampal activity throughout an event and later cortical reinstatement was actually negative (angular gyrus, r=−0.247, p=0.017; posterior cingulate, r=−0.092, p=0.175)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The same event-specific activity patterns seen during movie-viewing will be reinstated during spoken recall.
- Interpretationown data
A similar sequence of event patterns was evoked by the movie and audio narration irrespective of modality.
“indicating that a similar sequence of event patterns was evoked by the movie and audio narration irrespective of the modality used to describe the events.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Event segmentation is at least partially hierarchical, with finer event boundaries nested within coarser boundaries.
“This suggests that event segmentation is at least partially hierarchical, with finer event boundaries nested within coarser boundaries.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
This network of regions closely overlaps with the posterior medial memory system.
“This network of regions closely overlaps with the posterior medial memory system (Ranganath & Ritchey, 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ranganath & Ritchey, 2012 source
- Study design and conductown data
The HMM-based event segmentation model can accurately recover the number and locations of event boundaries.
“We validated this model using both synthetic data (Fig. S1) and narrative data with clear event breaks between stories (Fig. S2), confirming that we could accurately recover the number of event boundaries and their locations”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
A model that only uses fixed event patterns cannot fully account for brain activity during narrative perception.
“Logically, a strictly event-structured model (with static event patterns) cannot be a complete description of brain activity during narrative perception”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Since event representations in these regions generalized across modalities and between perception and recall, they encode high-level situation descriptions.
“Since event representations in these regions generalized across modalities and between perception and recall, our results provide further evidence that they encode high-level situation descriptions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The event segmentation model recovers a majority of event boundaries from simulated data even when noise level is as large as the signature patterns.
“As shown in Fig. S1, were able to recover a majority of the event boundaries even when the noise level was as large as the signature patterns themselves.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Narrative processing involves observers experiencing a series of separate events.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Every event is associated with its own neural signature.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The observed brain activity at any timepoint is highly correlated with the event signature mean activity pattern.
- The authors state this as an assumption: A subject starts in event 1 and ends in event K.
- The authors state this as an assumption: At each timepoint, the subject either stays in the same state or moves to the next state.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The observation model is an isotropic Gaussian.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All valid event segmentations have the same prior probability.
- Interpretationreasoning
Because those other analyses defined events based on the narrative rather than brain activity, they could not identify differences in event segmentation across brain areas or groups with different prior knowledge.
“however, because these other analyses defined events based on the narrative rather than brain activity, they were unable to identify differences in event segmentation across brain areas or across groups with different prior knowledge.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Everyday episodic memory naturally uses events as its units.
“thereby supporting the view that events are the natural units of episodic memory during everyday life.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Encoding is strongest when hippocampal activity is relatively low during an event and high at its offset.
“suggesting that encoding is strongest when hippocampal activity is relatively low during an event and high at its offset.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Identifying all these properties was made possible by using naturalistic stimuli with extended temporal structure and a data-driven model.
“Identifying all of these properties was made possible by using naturalistic stimuli with extended temporal structure, paired with a data-driven model for identifying activity patterns shared across timepoints and across datasets.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The method can identify shared temporal structure between perception and recall without human annotations.
“This result demonstrates that we can identify shared temporal structure between perception and recall without any human annotations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The findings offer a new way to understand how ongoing experience is accumulated, stored, and later recalled.
“Our results provide a new framework for understanding how continuous experience is accumulated, stored, and recalled.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Event boundaries trigger storage of the current situation representation into long-term memory.
“providing evidence that event boundaries trigger the storage of the current situation representation into long-term memory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
There is evidence for nested hierarchical structure, suggesting that chunks of information are transmitted from lower to higher levels primarily at event boundaries.
“We also found evidence for nested hierarchical structure, suggesting that chunks of information are transmitted from lower to higher levels primarily at event boundaries, as in recent multiscale recurrent neural network models (Chung, Ahn, & Bengio, 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chung, Ahn, & Bengio, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
A latent-state method can be scaled to much longer experiments and many more latent states.
“Our work is the first to show that (using a modified HMM and an annealed fitting procedure) this latent-state approach can be extended to much longer experimental paradigms with a much larger number of latent states.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
For a given timepoint of the audio narration, the memory group had event representations corresponding to later timepoints in the movie.
“indicating that for a given timepoint of the audio narration the memory group had event representations that corresponded to later timepoints in the movie.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The cortex divides ongoing experience into separate events.
“by proposing that cortex chunks continuous experiences into discrete events”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 20
- May combine two claims. 20
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe hippocampus binds cortical representations into a memory trace.
“The hippocampus is thought to bind cortical representations into a memory trace (McClelland, McNaughton, & O’Reilly, 1995; Moscovitch et al., 2005; Norman & O’Reilly, 2003)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationHippocampal activity peaks at the offset of video clips.
“Recent work has shown that hippocampal activity peaks at the offset of video clips (Ben-Yakov & Dudai, 2011; Ben-Yakov, Eshel, & Dudai, 2013)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Ben-Yakov & Dudai, 2011 source
The Experiment 2 results (page not specified in our copy) conclude that delayed activity in the bilateral hippocampus is time-locked to clip offset. The paper describes the response as beginning around or shortly after the clip ends, however, not as peaking at that moment. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Ben-Yakov et al., 2013 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPrior work has shown that the end of a video clip is associated with increased hippocampal activity, and the magnitude predicts later memory.
“Prior work has shown that the end of a video clip is associated with increased hippocampal activity, and the magnitude of the activity predicts later memory (Ben-Yakov & Dudai, 2011; Ben-Yakov et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationCortical processing timescales increase along a hierarchy from early sensory regions (tens of milliseconds) to high-order regions (hundreds of seconds).
“Processing timescales increase from tens of milliseconds in early sensory regions (e.g. for detecting phonemes in early auditory areas), to a few seconds in mid-level sensory areas (e.g. for integrating words into sentences), up to hundreds of seconds in regions including the temporoparietal junction, angular gyrus, and posterior and frontal medial cortex”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites J. Chen et al., 2016 source
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes a hierarchy from sensory regions with processing timescales shorter than a second to higher-order regions influenced by information from minutes earlier. The Discussion specifies hundreds of milliseconds for low-level sensory areas, not the claimed tens of milliseconds. Thus the hierarchy and long-timescale end are supported, but the precise short-timescale value is not. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Hasson, Chen, & Honey, 2015 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationPrior study found that activity patterns evoked by corresponding events in movie and narration were correlated in a network including angular gyrus, precuneus, retrosplenial cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and mPFC.
“The prior study used a hand-labeled event correspondence between these two stimuli to show that activity patterns evoked by corresponding events in the movie and narration were correlated in a network of regions including angular gyrus, precuneus, retrosplenial cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and mPFC (Zadbood et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Zadbood et al., 2016 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationLong-term memory reflects event structure during encoding.
“Behavioral experiments and mathematical models have argued that long-term memory reflects event structure during encoding (Ezzyat & Davachi, 2011; Gershman, Radulescu, Norman, & Niv, 2014; Sargent et al., 2013; Zacks, Tversky, et al., 2001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationEvent-related representations generalize across modalities and between encoding and recall.
“we demonstrated that event-related representations generalize across modalities and between encoding and recall (thereby supporting hypotheses 3 and 5, J. Chen et al., 2017; Zadbood, Chen, Leong, Norman, & Hasson, 2016)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisereasoningDynamic time warping and conditional random fields do not explicitly model event boundaries.
“However, these methods do not explicitly model event boundaries.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites Kang & Wheatley, 2015 source
- cites Silbert, Honey, Simony, Poeppel, & Hasson, 2014 source
The Time-Warp Analysis section says the paper’s time-warping procedure aligns recordings using similarities between sound waveforms, rather than describing an explicit model of event boundaries. It does not address conditional random fields, so it cannot support that part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Zhu et al., 2015 source
Section 4.4 (p. 6) defines the paper’s CRF in terms of shot-to-sentence alignments and consistency between nearby alignments, with no explicit event-boundary variable. It describes dynamic time warping only as enforcing forward-in-time matching; that description does not establish whether the dynamic-time-warping method models event boundaries. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThese areas (angular gyrus, posterior cingulate) are involved in high-level multimodal scene processing, part of the general recollection network, and core components of the posterior medial memory system, which represents and updates a high-level situation model.
“These areas are involved in high-level, multimodal scene processing tasks including memory and navigation (Baldassano, Esteva, Beck, & Fei-Fei, 2016; Kumar, Federmeier, Fei-Fei, & Beck, 2017), are part of the “general recollection network” with strong anatomical and functional connectivity to the hippocampus (Rugg & Vilberg, 2013), and are the core components of the posterior medial memory system”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites Baldassano et al., 2016 source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Kumar et al., 2017 source
- cites Rugg & Vilberg, 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationPrevious work found hand-labeled event boundaries associated with univariate activity increases in a network overlapping high-level areas.
“Previous work has shown that hand-labeled event boundaries are associated with univariate activity increases in a network of regions overlapping our high-level areas (Ezzyat & Davachi, 2011; Speer, Zacks, & Reynolds, 2007; Swallow et al., 2011; Whitney et al., 2009; Zacks, Braver, et al., 2001; Zacks, Speer, Swallow, & Maley, 2010)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites Ezzyat & Davachi, 2011 source
Experiment 2 Results (page unavailable) report greater activity for boundary than control sentences in the right posterior cingulate/precuneus, plus sentence-type-dependent responses in other regions. But Experiment 1 Method (page unavailable) says the boundaries were cued by experimentally inserted “A while later” phrases and checked by an independent group, not hand-labeled event boundaries. The paper therefore supports a boundary-related activity finding, but not that methodological description. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Speer, Zacks, & Reynolds, 2007 source
- cites Swallow et al., 2011 source
The Materials and Methods (Materials; page unavailable) describe event boundaries identified from observers’ button presses. The Results (Imaging Data; page unavailable) report greater activity in medial temporal and parietal regions when objects were retrieved across an event boundary, but this is a retrieval-related effect, not a demonstrated network-wide increase at the hand-labeled boundaries themselves. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOther analyses of these datasets found reactivation during recall and shared event structure across modalities.
“Other analyses of these datasets also found reactivation during recall (J. Chen et al., 2017) and shared event structure across modalities (Zadbood et al., 2016)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe process memory framework argues that perceptual stimuli are integrated across longer and longer timescales along a hierarchy from early sensory regions to default mode network regions.
“The “process memory framework” argues that perceptual stimuli are integrated across longer and longer timescales along a hierarchy from early sensory regions to regions in the default mode network.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Hasson et al., 2015 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThis topography has previously been mapped by temporally scrambling stimuli or examining power spectra of intrinsic dynamics.
“this topography has previously been mapped either by temporally scrambling the stimulus at different timescales to see which regions’ responses are disrupted (Hasson, Yang, Vallines, Heeger, & Rubin, 2008; Honey et al., 2012; Lerner, Honey, Silbert, & Hasson, 2011) or by examining the power spectrum of intrinsic dynamics within each region (Honey et al., 2012; Murray et al., 2014; Stephens et al.,”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSensory regions showed faster transitions between stable activity patterns, while higher-level regions had activity patterns that often remained constant for over a minute.
“Sensory regions like visual and auditory cortex showed faster transitions between stable activity patterns, while higher-level regions like the posterior medial cortex, angular gyrus, and intraparietal sulcus had activity patterns that often remained constant for over a minute before transitioning to a new stable pattern”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: While processing a narrative stimulus, observers progress through a sequence of discrete event representations (hidden states).
- The authors state this as an assumption: Each event has a distinct observable signature (a multi-voxel fMRI pattern) that is present throughout the event.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe model found significant fits for shared event order between movie and recall in posterior cingulate and angular gyrus, but not in low-level auditory cortex.
“we found significant model fits in both the posterior cingulate (p=0.015) and the angular gyrus (p=0.002), but not in low-level auditory cortex (p=0.277) (Fig. 7b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The same event-specific activity patterns seen during movie-viewing will be reinstated during spoken recall.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataHuman raters identified between 36 and 64 event boundaries, with significant overlap (average pairwise Dice's coefficient 0.63, 20 boundaries labeled by all four).
“The number of event boundaries identified by the observers varied between 36 and 64, but the boundaries had a significant amount of overlap, with an average pairwise Dice’s coefficient of 0.63 and 20 event boundaries that were labeled by all four raters.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAll regions showed an above-chance match between fMRI-defined boundaries and consensus human annotations, with the match increasing across the hierarchy and largest in angular gyrus and posterior medial cortex.
“all regions showed an above-chance match to human annotations (early visual, p=0.0135; late visual, p=0.0065; angular gyrus, p=0.0011; posterior medial, p<0.001), but this match increased across the layers of the hierarchy and was largest in angular gyrus and posterior medial cortex”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: While processing a narrative stimulus, observers progress through a sequence of discrete event representations (hidden states).
- The authors state this as an assumption: Each event has a distinct observable signature (a multi-voxel fMRI pattern) that is present throughout the event.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataNarrative stimuli evoke event-structured activity throughout the cortex, with stable periods punctuated by rapid transitions.
“We found that narrative stimuli evoke event-structured activity throughout the cortex, with pattern dynamics consisting of relatively stable periods punctuated by rapid event transitions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: While processing a narrative stimulus, observers progress through a sequence of discrete event representations (hidden states).
- The authors state this as an assumption: Each event has a distinct observable signature (a multi-voxel fMRI pattern) that is present throughout the event.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataEncoding activity and event reactivation were positively correlated in angular gyrus and posterior cingulate, but not in early auditory cortex.
“we found that encoding activity and event reactivation were positively correlated in both angular gyrus (r=0.362, p=0.002) and the posterior cingulate (r=0.312, p=0.042), but not early auditory cortex (r=0.080, p=0.333).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The same event-specific activity patterns seen during movie-viewing will be reinstated during spoken recall.
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn high-level association cortex, the detected events matched human observers' subjective annotations.
“In a network of high-level association regions, we found that these events were related to subjective event annotations by human observers”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Narrative processing involves observers experiencing a series of separate events.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Every event is associated with its own neural signature.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThere was no relationship between hippocampal activity at the starting boundary and later reinstatement in angular gyrus, and only a weak nonsignificant relationship in posterior cingulate.
“there was no relationship between the hippocampal activity at the starting boundary of an event and that event’s later reinstatement in the angular gyrus (r=−0.119, p=0.867; difference from ending boundary correlation p=0.004) and only a weak, nonsignificant relationship in posterior cingulate (r=0.189, p=0.113; difference from ending boundary correlation p=0.274).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The same event-specific activity patterns seen during movie-viewing will be reinstated during spoken recall.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningBoth event boundaries and hippocampal response are hemodynamic signals, so there is no hemodynamic offset between them.
“Note that both the event boundaries and the hippocampal response are hemodynamic signals, so there is no hemodynamic offset between these two measures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationSubjects flexibly adjust their units of segmentation depending on uncertainty about ongoing events.
“flexibly adjust their units of segmentation depending on their uncertainty about ongoing events (Newtson, 1973)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Newtson, 1973 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningThe lack of similarity in low-level auditory cortex is presumably because low-level auditory features of the two stimuli were markedly different.
“presumably because the low level auditory features of the two stimuli were markedly different.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe hippocampal response starts slightly before the event boundary, possibly due to uncertainty in boundary estimation and/or anticipation.
“The hippocampal response does start slightly before the event boundary, which could be due to uncertainty in the model estimation of the exact boundary timepoint and/or anticipation that the event is about to end.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe method was highly effective at identifying events in real fMRI data, with most identified boundaries close to a story switch.
“As shown in Fig. S2, our method was highly effective at identifying events, with the majority of the identified boundaries falling close to a story switch.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Narrative processing involves observers experiencing a series of separate events.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Every event is associated with its own neural signature.
- The authors state this as an assumption: An event boundary is expected every time the stimulus switches stories, providing ground truth for model comparison.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataA different segmentation approach that avoids exact MNI alignment yielded comparable results.
“We also conducted an alternate version of the segmentation analysis that does not rely on precise MNI alignment (P.-H. (Cameron) Chen et al., 2015) and obtained similar results (see Fig. S4c).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites P.-H. (Cameron) Chen et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationSearchlight analyses were restricted to voxels reliably driven by stimuli, measured by intersubject correlation.
“We restricted our searchlight analyses to voxels that were reliably driven by the stimuli, measured using intersubject correlation (Hasson, Nir, Levy, Fuhrmann, & Malach, 2004).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hasson, Nir, Levy, Fuhrmann, & Malach, 2004 source
- The authors state this as an assumption: Narrative processing involves observers experiencing a series of separate events.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Every event is associated with its own neural signature.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenStatistical evaluation of every result relied on permutation or resampling tests.
“Permutation or resampling analyses were used to statistically evaluate all of the results.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe power spectrum is an incomplete description of voxel dynamics because correlation timescale changes dynamically, with faster changes at event boundaries and slower changes within boundaries.
“The power spectrum is therefore an incomplete description of voxel dynamics, since the correlation timescale changes dynamically, with faster changes at event boundaries and slower changes within boundaries (see also Fig. S4b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenThe model is not fMRI-specific.
“The model also is not fMRI-specific”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataAngular gyrus and posterior medial cortex exhibit overlapping properties associated with high-level situation model representations: long event timescales, boundaries related to human annotations, generalization across modalities, hippocampal response at boundaries, reactivation during recall, and anticipatory coding.
“Furthermore, the angular gyrus and posterior medial cortex exhibit a set of overlapping properties associated with high-level situation model representations: long event timescales, event boundaries closely related to human annotations, generalization across modalities, hippocampal response at event boundaries, reactivation during free recall, and anticipatory coding for familiar narratives.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataThe robustness of identified boundaries was assessed by testing whether they explained held-out subject data.
“We measured the robustness of the identified boundaries by testing whether these boundaries explained the data in the held-out subject.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Narrative processing involves observers experiencing a series of separate events.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Every event is associated with its own neural signature.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe model proposes that these events are combined across the cortical hierarchy into extended, meaningful episodic structures and then stored through hippocampal interaction.
“these events are integrated along the processing hierarchy into meaningful, temporally extended, episodic structures, to be later encoded into memory via interaction with the hippocampus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataA similar result can be obtained by directly aligning the two listening conditions without reference to movie-watching.
“A similar result can be obtained by directly aligning the two listening conditions without reference to the movie-watching condition (see Fig. S7).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataAll processing regions can exhibit rapid activity shifts, but these fast changes are much less frequent in long timescale regions.
“suggesting that all processing regions can exhibit rapid activity shifts, but that these fast changes are much less frequent in long timescale regions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThree subjects were excluded for sleeping during scanning, and one for audio delivery problems.
“Data from 3 subjects were discarded due to falling asleep during the scan, and 1 due to problems with audio delivery.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
While processing a narrative stimulus, observers progress through a sequence of discrete event representations (hidden states).
“that while processing a narrative stimulus, observers progress through a sequence of discrete event representations (hidden states)”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Each event has a distinct observable signature (a multi-voxel fMRI pattern) that is present throughout the event.
“and that each event has a distinct (observable) signature (a multi-voxel fMRI pattern) that is present throughout the event.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The same event-specific activity patterns seen during movie-viewing will be reinstated during spoken recall.
“we assumed that the same event-specific activity patterns seen during the movie-viewing will be reinstated during the spoken recall.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The relationship between process-memory topography and event segmentation has not been investigated.
“The relationship between the process-memory topography and event segmentation has not yet been investigated.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Chunking of continuous experience at multiple timescales along the cortical processing hierarchy has not been previously demonstrated in whole-brain neural activity.
“This chunking of continuous experience at multiple timescales along the cortical processing hierarchy has not been previously demonstrated in the dynamics of whole-brain neural activity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Detecting anticipation has not been possible with previous approaches relying on stimulus annotations.
“Detecting this kind of anticipation has not been possible with previous approaches that rely on stimulus annotations”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ongoing interpretation of events can be influenced by prior knowledge.
“Our ongoing interpretation of events can be influenced by prior knowledge”
The paper relies on this without support.
Real-life experience consists of a continuous stream of perceptual stimuli.
“Real-life experience, however, consists of a continuous stream of perceptual stimuli.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The brain needs to structure experience into units that can be understood and remembered.
“The brain therefore needs to structure experience into units that can be understood and remembered”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Narrative processing involves observers experiencing a series of separate events.
“Our model is built on two hypotheses: 1) while processing narrative stimuli, observers experience a sequence of discrete events”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Every event is associated with its own neural signature.
“2) each event has a distinct neural signature.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The observed brain activity at any timepoint is highly correlated with the event signature mean activity pattern.
“the observed brain activity bt at any timepoint t is assumed to be highly correlated with mk”
The authors state this as an assumption.
A subject starts in event 1 and ends in event K.
“the model assumes that a given subject (or averaged group of subjects) starts in event s1=1 and ends in event sT=K”
The authors state this as an assumption.
At each timepoint, the subject either stays in the same state or moves to the next state.
“In each timepoint the subject either remains in the same state or advances to the next state, i.e. st+1 ∈ {st, st+1} for all timepoints t.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The observation model is an isotropic Gaussian.
“the observation model is an isotropic Gaussian”
The authors state this as an assumption.
All valid event segmentations have the same prior probability.
“we must modify the transition matrix to ensure that all valid event segmentations (which start at event 1 and end at event K, and proceed monotonically through all events) have the same prior probability.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
An event boundary is expected every time the stimulus switches stories, providing ground truth for model comparison.
“we expect that an event boundary should be generated every time the stimulus switches stories, giving a ground truth against which to compare the model’s segmentations.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Human memory is organized hierarchically and connected through rich logical associations rather than as a collection of isolated facts.
“In contrast, human memory is organized hierarchically and connected through rich logical associations rather than as a collection of isolated facts.”
From Memory Matters More: Event-Centric Memory as a Logic Map for Agent Searching and Reasoning (2026) · cites this paper as Baldassano et al., 2017
The Introduction and Discussion (Events in episodic memory; pages unavailable) describe experiences as hierarchically chunked into events that can be encoded and recalled, supporting the hierarchical-memory part of the claim. The paper contrasts this account with studies of discrete items, but does not show that memories are connected through rich logical associations. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese events form the backbone of long-term memory and are encoded with rich temporal and semantic information.
“These events form the backbone of long-term memory and are encoded with rich temporal and semantic information (Baldassano et al., 2017; Ezzyat and Davachi, 2011).”
From Memory Matters More: Event-Centric Memory as a Logic Map for Agent Searching and Reasoning (2026) · cites this paper as Baldassano et al., 2017
The Discussion (‘Events in episodic memory’; page unavailable) describes events as natural units of episodic memory and says event boundaries trigger storage of a situation representation into long-term memory. The Discussion (‘Processing timescales and event segmentation’; page unavailable) supports temporal structure and high-level situation descriptions, but says the specific features represented—and how semantic content evokes event patterns—remain open questions. It therefore does not establish that the stored events contain rich semantic information. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPeople can flexibly recover information generalizing across other stories, subjects, and modalities.
“One benefit of this is that people can flexibly recover information generalizing across other stories, subjects, and modalities (Baldassano et al., 2017).”
From Stories in Action. (2022) · cites this paper as Baldassano et al., 2017
The Results sections on free recall and shared event structure across modalities report reinstatement of event patterns during recall and similar patterns across different subjects viewing or hearing the same narrative (page not available). The paper does not show people recovering information that generalizes across other stories; its cross-modal comparison concerns different versions of the same story. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBrains acquire especially powerful predictive modeling abilities when they are organized according to multiple layers of hierarchical depth.
“Brains acquire especially powerful predictive modeling abilities when they are organized according to multiple layers of hierarchical depth.”
From An Integrated World Modeling Theory (IWMT) of Consciousness (2020) · cites this paper as Baldassano et al., 2017
The Introduction reports that experiences are hierarchically chunked across multiple timescales. The Results section on anticipatory reinstatement finds that people familiar with a narrative represented upcoming events in some higher-order regions. The paper does not establish that hierarchical organization causes brains to acquire especially powerful predictive modeling abilities, or compare those abilities with a less hierarchical organization. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAccording to Event Segmentation Theory, humans naturally perceive continuous experience as a series of discrete and meaningful events.
“According to this theory, humans naturally perceive continuous experience as a series of discrete and meaningful events.”
From Memory Matters More: Event-Centric Memory as a Logic Map for Agent Searching and Reasoning (2026) · cites this paper as Baldassano et al., 2017
Event Segmentation Theory posits that human experience is automatically segmented into a sequence of relatively stable event episodes.
“According to this theory, when perceiving a dynamic environment, humans do not process information as an undifferentiated continuous flow. Instead, experience is automatically segmented into a sequence of relatively stable event episodes.”
From Memory Matters More: Event-Centric Memory as a Logic Map for Agent Searching and Reasoning (2026) · cites this paper as Baldassano et al., 2017
Event boundaries are triggered by salient changes such as shifts in scene, action goals, or environmental state.
“when a salient change occurs, such as a shift in scene, action goals, or environmental state, an event boundary is triggered, prompting the construction of a new event representation model.”
From Memory Matters More: Event-Centric Memory as a Logic Map for Agent Searching and Reasoning (2026) · cites this paper as Baldassano et al., 2017
Cognitive neuroscience indicates that the brain does not encode information uniformly; instead, it privileges event boundaries.
“Cognitive neuroscience indicates that the brain does not encode information uniformly. Instead, it privileges event boundaries [3, 16].”
From HingeMem: Boundary Guided Long-Term Memory with Query Adaptive Retrieval for Scalable Dialogues (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
When the same story is delivered in different modalities or languages, DMN activity follows similar time courses despite large differences in physical features.
“For example, the same narrative presented in different modalities (Regev et al., 2013; Baldassano et al., 2017; Zadbood et al., 2017) or languages (Honey et al., 2012) elicits similar time-courses of neural activity throughout the DMN despite major differences in low-level physical properties.”
From Shared understanding of narratives is correlated with shared neural responses (2019) · cites this paper as Baldassano et al., 2017
This finding extends prior work showing that these regions respond similarly to slightly different stimulus pairs, such as words versus images, spoken versus written sentences, and audio-visual versus spoken narratives.
“This finding extends previous work showing that these regions respond similarly to slightly different pairs of stimuli, for example, individually presented words versus images of the same item (e.g. Chee et al., 2000; Marinkovic et al., 2003; Bruffaerts et al., 2013); spoken versus written sentences, paragraphs or narratives (Spitsyna et al., 2006; Jobard et al., 2007; Lindenberg and Scheef, 2007;”
From Shared understanding of narratives is correlated with shared neural responses (2019) · cites this paper as Baldassano et al., 2017
Activity in modality-specific areas follows the moment-by-moment time course of spoken or visual information, while activity in the context network fluctuates on a much longer timescale.
“Activity in modality-specific areas associated with speech and visual processing follows the moment-by-moment time course of spoken and/or visual information, while activity in the network associated with context representations fluctuates on a much longer timescale.”
From Placing language in an integrated understanding system: Next steps toward human-level performance in neural language models (2020) · cites this paper as [55]
During narrative processing, activations in context regions tend to be relatively stable within a scene, punctuated with larger changes at boundaries, and lose coherence when the narrative structure is scrambled.
“During processing of narrative information, activations in these regions tend to be relatively stable within a scene, punctuated with larger changes at boundaries between these scenes, and these patterns lose their coherence when the narrative structure is scrambled (42, 55).”
From Placing language in an integrated understanding system: Next steps toward human-level performance in neural language models (2020) · cites this paper as [55]
Brain activity patterns representing scenes extending over tens of seconds are largely the same whether information comes from watching a movie, hearing or reading a narrative description, or recalling the movie.
“The brain activity patterns that represent scenes extending over tens of seconds (e.g., a detective searching a suspect’s apartment for evidence) are largely the same, whether the information comes from watching a movie, hearing or reading a narrative description, or recalling the movie after having seen it (54, 55).”
From Placing language in an integrated understanding system: Next steps toward human-level performance in neural language models (2020) · cites this paper as [55]
Higher-level DMN regions may accumulate activated elements and hold the emerging simulation online, while iterative interactions with schemas refine the simulation.
“it may be that higher-level DMN regions (e.g., angular gyrus, posterior cingulate) accumulate activated elements and hold the emerging simulation online, while iterative interactions with schemas serve to refine the simulation.”
From Mental Time Travel? A Neurocognitive Model of Event Simulation. (2020) · cites this paper as Baldassano et al., 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Human-annotation match uses conflicting denominators
MinorThe methods define this match as the fraction of consensus boundaries near a regional boundary, because the consensus is the upper level. The results instead describe the fraction of regional boundaries near a consensus boundary. Those fractions need not be equal when several boundaries fall within the matching window.
“We then measured the match between the consensus boundaries and the boundaries from each region, treating the consensus boundaries as the “upper” level.”
“We then measured, for each region, what fraction of its fMRI-defined boundaries were close to (within three timepoints of) a consensus event boundary.”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Baldassano, C., Chen, J., Zadbood, A., Pillow, J. W., Hasson, U., & Norman, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baldassano, Christopher
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-08
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 709-721.e5
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5558154
- OpenAlex
- W2537240939
- Cited by
- 952
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 124 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 139 · 2023: 105 · 2022: 98 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 34.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Intel Labs
- The National Institutes of Health (R01 MH112357-01, R01-MH094480, 2T32MH065214-11)
- McKnight Foundation
- NSF CAREER Award (IIS-1150186)
- Simons Collaboration on the Global Brain (SCGB AWD1004351)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- event segmentation, narrative perception, event memory, event boundaries, situation model, hippocampal activity, free recall, angular gyrus, posterior medial cortex, long-term memory
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain Mapping, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Mental Recall, Visual Perception, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.
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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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