What constitutes an episode in episodic memory?
Open accessAbstract
The idea of episodic memory implies the existence of a process that segments experience into episodes so that they can be stored in memory. It is therefore surprising that the link between event segmentation and the organization of experiences into episodes in memory has not been addressed. We found that after participants read narratives containing temporal event boundaries at varying locations in the narrative, their long-term associative memory for information across event boundaries was lower than their memory for information within an event. This suggests that event segmentation during encoding resulted in segmentation of those same events in memory. Further, functional imaging data revealed that, across participants, brain activity consistent with the ongoing integration of information within events correlated with this pattern of mnemonic segmentation. These data are the first to address the mechanisms that support the organization of experiences into episodes in long-term memory.
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Previous work found hand-labeled event boundaries associated with univariate activity increases in a network overlapping high-level areas.
“Previous work has shown that hand-labeled event boundaries are associated with univariate activity increases in a network of regions overlapping our high-level areas (Ezzyat & Davachi, 2011; Speer, Zacks, & Reynolds, 2007; Swallow et al., 2011; Whitney et al., 2009; Zacks, Braver, et al., 2001; Zacks, Speer, Swallow, & Maley, 2010)”
From Discovering Event Structure in Continuous Narrative Perception and Memory (2017) · cites this paper as Ezzyat & Davachi, 2011
Experiment 2 Results (page unavailable) report greater activity for boundary than control sentences in the right posterior cingulate/precuneus, plus sentence-type-dependent responses in other regions. But Experiment 1 Method (page unavailable) says the boundaries were cued by experimentally inserted “A while later” phrases and checked by an independent group, not hand-labeled event boundaries. The paper therefore supports a boundary-related activity finding, but not that methodological description. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese events form the backbone of long-term memory and are encoded with rich temporal and semantic information.
“These events form the backbone of long-term memory and are encoded with rich temporal and semantic information (Baldassano et al., 2017; Ezzyat and Davachi, 2011).”
From Memory Matters More: Event-Centric Memory as a Logic Map for Agent Searching and Reasoning (2026) · cites this paper as Ezzyat and Davachi, 2011
The Abstract and General Discussion report that event segmentation shapes the organization of long-term memory, including how information is bound within and across temporal event boundaries. The General Discussion also acknowledges that semantic knowledge can organize recall, but the paper does not establish that events form the backbone of all long-term memory or that they are encoded with rich temporal and semantic information. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEvent boundaries are triggered by salient changes such as shifts in scene, action goals, or environmental state.
“when a salient change occurs, such as a shift in scene, action goals, or environmental state, an event boundary is triggered, prompting the construction of a new event representation model.”
From Memory Matters More: Event-Centric Memory as a Logic Map for Agent Searching and Reasoning (2026) · cites this paper as Ezzyat and Davachi, 2011
The paper’s discussion of event-segmentation theory (page unavailable) says that an event model is updated when perceptual details no longer fit it—for example, when one activity ends and another begins—and calls those update points event boundaries. It also identifies spatial shifts in narratives as boundaries. The copy does not specifically identify changes in action goals as a trigger, and presents the account as a theoretical proposal rather than an established rule. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEvent Segmentation Theory posits that human experience is automatically segmented into a sequence of relatively stable event episodes.
“According to this theory, when perceiving a dynamic environment, humans do not process information as an undifferentiated continuous flow. Instead, experience is automatically segmented into a sequence of relatively stable event episodes.”
From Memory Matters More: Event-Centric Memory as a Logic Map for Agent Searching and Reasoning (2026) · cites this paper as Ezzyat and Davachi, 2011
The passage on Event Segmentation Theory (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable) says continuous actions are segmented into events and that an active event model is updated when experience no longer fits it. This supports segmentation into relatively stable episodes, but the paper does not say the segmentation is automatic. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLong-term memory reflects event structure during encoding.
“Behavioral experiments and mathematical models have argued that long-term memory reflects event structure during encoding (Ezzyat & Davachi, 2011; Gershman, Radulescu, Norman, & Niv, 2014; Sargent et al., 2013; Zacks, Tversky, et al., 2001)”
From Discovering Event Structure in Continuous Narrative Perception and Memory (2017) · cites this paper as Ezzyat & Davachi, 2011
Behavioral experiments have shown that long-term memory reflects event structure during encoding.
“Behavioral experiments have shown that long-term memory reflects event structure during encoding (Ezzyat & Davachi, 2011; Sargent et al., 2013; Zacks, Tversky, et al., 2001).”
From Discovering Event Structure in Continuous Narrative Perception and Memory (2017) · cites this paper as Ezzyat & Davachi, 2011
Event boundaries sharply disrupt memory, so that information across a boundary is harder to access even when elapsed time is controlled.
“Event boundaries can exert a sharp disruptive effect on memory, such that accessing information across a boundary is impaired even when controlling for the time elapsed [27–29].”
From Does mental context drift or shift? (2017) · cites this paper as [28]
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- Authors
- Ezzyat, Y., & Davachi, L.
- Affiliations
- Department of Psychology
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Davachi, Lila
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-12-22
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 243-252
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- PMC
- PMC4451827
- OpenAlex
- W2159450018
- Cited by
- 298
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH074692, R01MH074692)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- episodic memory, event segmentation, memory encoding, narrative memory, memory organization, event integration, individual differences in memory
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Association, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Cues, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Reading, Mental Recall, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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