FOXP2 and the role of cortico-basal ganglia circuits in speech and language evolution
Abstract
Purpose of the review A reduced dosage of the transcription factor FOXP2 leads to speech and language impairments probably owing to deficits in cortical and subcortical neural circuits. Based on evolutionary sequence analysis it has been proposed that the two amino acid substitutions that occurred on the human lineage have been positively selected. Here I review recent studies investigating the functional consequences of these two substitutions and discuss how these first endeavors to study human brain evolution can be interpreted in the context of speech and language evolution.Recent findings Mice carrying the two substitutions in their endogenous Foxp2 gene show specific alterations in dopamine levels, striatal synaptic plasticity and neuronal morphology. Mice carrying only one functional Foxp2, show additional and partly opposite effects suggesting that FOXP2 has contributed to tuning cortico-basal ganglia circuits during human evolution. Evidence from human and songbird studies suggest that this could have been relevant during language acquisition or vocal learning, respectively.Summary FOXP2 could have contributed to the evolution of human speech and language by adapting cortico-basal ganglia circuits. More generally the recent studies allow careful optimism that aspects of human brain evolution can be investigated in model systems such as the mouse.
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The basal ganglia contribute to diverse cognitive functions in memory, attention, planning, skill learning, and potentially to speech and language evolution.
“In addition to their involvement in sensorimotor coordination, the basal ganglia also contribute to diverse cognitive functions in memory, attention, planning, skill learning [39], and potentially to speech and language evolution [40, 41].”
From Neandertal Introgression Sheds Light on Modern Human Endocranial Globularity (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
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- Authors
- Enard, W.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Enard, Wolfgang
- ORCID
- Enard, Wolfgang
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 415-424
- ISSN
- 0959-4388 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2047847592
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 1.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Keywords
- FOXP2, cortico-basal ganglia circuits, human brain evolution, dopamine, neuronal morphology, positive selection, vocal learning, songbird song, language acquisition
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Basal Ganglia, Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Language, Neural Pathways, Speech, Evolution, Molecular, Mice, Forkhead Transcription Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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