Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language
Open accessAbstract
Language is a uniquely human trait likely to have been a prerequisite for the development of human culture. The ability to develop articulate speech relies on capabilities, such as fine control of the larynx and mouth, that are absent in chimpanzees and other great apes. FOXP2 is the first gene relevant to the human ability to develop language. A point mutation in FOXP2 co-segregates with a disorder in a family in which half of the members have severe articulation difficulties accompanied by linguistic and grammatical impairment. This gene is disrupted by translocation in an unrelated individual who has a similar disorder. Thus, two functional copies of FOXP2 seem to be required for acquisition of normal spoken language. We sequenced the complementary DNAs that encode the FOXP2 protein in the chimpanzee, gorilla, orang-utan, rhesus macaque and mouse, and compared them with the human cDNA. We also investigated intraspecific variation of the human FOXP2 gene. Here we show that human FOXP2 contains changes in amino-acid coding and a pattern of nucleotide polymorphism, which strongly suggest that this gene has been the target of selection during recent human evolution.
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FOXP2 is implicated in the specialization of language areas.
“Interestingly, FOXP2, implicated in the specialization of language areas54, is included in the module C16, and shows enrichment in parietal and temporal lobes including presumptive language areas (Extended Data Fig. 10).”
From Transcriptional landscape of the prenatal human brain (2014) · cites this paper as [54]
FOXP2 is included in module C16 and shows enrichment in parietal and temporal lobes including presumptive language areas.
“Interestingly, FOXP2, implicated in the specialization of language areas54, is included in the module C16, and shows enrichment in parietal and temporal lobes including presumptive language areas (Extended Data Fig. 10).”
From Transcriptional landscape of the prenatal human brain (2014) · cites this paper as [54]
Human FOXP2 protein differs at only 3 amino acid residues from the mouse ortholog and at 2 residues from the chimpanzee, gorilla, and rhesus macaque orthologs.
“Comparison of the FOXP2 cDNAs from multiple species indicates that the human FOXP2 protein differs at only 3 amino acid residues from the mouse ortholog, and at 2 residues from the chimpanzee, gorilla, and rhesus macaque orthologs (Enard et al., 2002).”
From Genetic Changes Shaping the Human Brain (2015) · cites this paper as Enard et al., 2002
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- Authors
- Enard, W., Przeworski, M., Fisher, S. E., Lai, C. S. L., Wiebe, V., Kitano, T., Monaco, A. P., & Pääbo, S.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pääbo, Svante
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2002-08
- Volume
- 418
- Issue
- 6900
- Pages
- 869-872
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2107934935
- Cited by
- 1,603
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 79
- FWCI
- 1969.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Wellcome Trust
- Tenovus
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- FOXP2, molecular evolution, human language, gene duplication, nucleotide polymorphism, positive selection, articulation disorders, chimpanzees, great apes
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Cloning, Molecular, Humans, Language, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Phylogeny, Primates, Selection, Genetic, Speech, Speech Disorders, Transcription Factors, Genetic Variation, Conserved Sequence, Evolution, Molecular, Amino Acid Substitution, Mice, Forkhead Transcription Factors
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