Ancient gene flow from early modern humans into Eastern Neanderthals
Open accessAbstract
It has been shown that Neanderthals contributed genetically to modern humans outside Africa 47,000-65,000 years ago. Here we analyse the genomes of a Neanderthal and a Denisovan from the Altai Mountains in Siberia together with the sequences of chromosome 21 of two Neanderthals from Spain and Croatia. We find that a population that diverged early from other modern humans in Africa contributed genetically to the ancestors of Neanderthals from the Altai Mountains roughly 100,000 years ago. By contrast, we do not detect such a genetic contribution in the Denisovan or the two European Neanderthals. We conclude that in addition to later interbreeding events, the ancestors of Neanderthals from the Altai Mountains and early modern humans met and interbred, possibly in the Near East, many thousands of years earlier than previously thought.
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Analyses of the genomes of Neandertals and modern humans show that they encountered each other outside Africa and interbred.
“Analyses of the genomes of Neandertals and modern humans show that they encountered each other outside Africa and interbred [6, 15, 16].”
From Neandertal Introgression Sheds Light on Modern Human Endocranial Globularity (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
The modern human-specific single-nucleotide substitution in HAR202 likely occurred after the split of the modern human lineage from archaic humans, estimated around 600,000 years ago.
“This modern human-specific single-nucleotide substitution is likely to have occurred after the split of our lineage from that one leading to archaic humans estimated to have happened around 600,000 years ago (Kuhlwilm et al. 2016).”
From The Human Accelerated Region HAR202 Controls <i>NPAS3</i> Expression in the Developing Forebrain Displaying Differential Enhancer Activity Between Modern and Archaic Human Sequences (2024) · cites this paper as Kuhlwilm et al. 2016
The modern human HAR202 substitution could have been acquired after the split of our lineage from archaic humans estimated to have occurred around 600,000 years ago.
“suggesting that it could have been acquired after the split of our lineage from the archaic humans estimated to have occurred around 600,000 years ago (Kuhlwilm et al. 2016).”
From The Human Accelerated Region HAR202 Controls <i>NPAS3</i> Expression in the Developing Forebrain Displaying Differential Enhancer Activity Between Modern and Archaic Human Sequences (2024) · cites this paper as Kuhlwilm et al. 2016
The split of the lineages leading to modern humans and other archaic forms (Neanderthals and Denisovans) is estimated to around 600,000 years ago.
“The split of the lineages leading to modern humans and other archaic forms (Neanderthals and Denisovans) is estimated to around 600,000 years ago2”
From A catalog of single nucleotide changes distinguishing modern humans from archaic hominins (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
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- Authors
- Kuhlwilm, M., Gronau, I., Hubisz, M. J., de Filippo, C., Prado-Martinez, J., Kircher, M., Fu, Q., Burbano, H. A., Lalueza-Fox, C., de la Rasilla, M., Rosas, A., Rudan, P., Brajkovic, D., Kucan, Ž., Gušic, I., Marques-Bonet, T., Andrés, A. M., Viola, B., Pääbo, S., Meyer, M., Siepel, A., & Castellano, S.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- Reichman University (IL)
- Cornell University (US)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- University of Washington (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology (DE)
- Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (HR)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Siepel, Adam
- Castellano, Sergi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 530
- Issue
- 7591
- Pages
- 429-433
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC4933530
- OpenAlex
- W2280243844
- Cited by
- 577
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 262.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (acceptedVersion)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Institutional Repository (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Consultation of the Doctoral Thesis Database (TESEO) (Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01MH106874)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM102192, GM102192)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- Neanderthal ancestry, early modern humans, gene flow, Denisovans, Neanderthal genome, human evolution
- MeSH terms
- Altitude, Animals, Bayes Theorem, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21, Haplotypes, Heterozygote, Humans, Hybridization, Genetic, Phylogeny, Population Density, Siberia, Spain, Time Factors, Genome, Human, Croatia, Genomics, Gene Flow, Neanderthals
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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