Waiting and working for rewards: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is associated with steeper delay discounting linked to amygdala activation, but not with steeper effort discounting
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Children and adolescents with ADHD have a relatively strong preference for smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards (steep delay discounting). It is unknown whether such steep discounting of rewards is specific for delayed rewards, i.e., supporting the delay aversion account of ADHD, or whether it is also present for effortful rewards, i.e., representing general reward insensitivity. Therefore, this study examined behavioral and BOLD responses during delay discounting (DD) and effort discounting (ED) in ADHD. METHOD: Thirty adolescents with ADHD and 28 controls (12-17 years) were scanned while performing a DD-ED task (fMRI findings were based on 21 and 25 participants, respectively). During DD, participants were presented with a series of choices between a small reward delivered immediately and a larger reward delivered after 5-25s. During ED, participants were presented with choices between a small reward that was delivered after exerting 15% of their maximal hand grip strength and a larger reward delivered after exerting 30-90% of their strength. RESULTS: Analyses on the subjective values of delayed and effortful rewards and on the Area Under the discounting Curves (AUCs) indicated that adolescents with ADHD showed steeper discounting than controls for DD, but not for ED. This was accompanied by a slightly stronger delay dose-response relationship in the amygdala for adolescents with ADHD who reported to be more delay averse in daily life. CONCLUSION: Together, these results-steeper DD in the ADHD group and a stronger delay dose-response relationship in the amygdala, while no evidence for group differences in ED was found-support the delay aversion account of ADHD.
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Individuals with ADHD experience relatively strong negative emotions during waiting times, resulting in a preference to escape delay.
“it has been shown that individuals with ADHD experience relatively strong negative emotions during waiting times, resulting in a preference to escape delay”
From Behavioral trainings and manipulations to reduce delay discounting: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Mies, Ma, De Water, Buitelaar, & Scheres, 2018
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- Authors
- Mies, G. W., Ma, I., de Water, E., Buitelaar, J. K., & Scheres, A.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Scheres, Anouk
- Venue
- Cortex
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-09
- Volume
- 106
- Pages
- 164-173
- ISSN
- 0010-9452 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2806694944
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 2.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, delay discounting, effort discounting, delay aversion, amygdala, adolescents, reward valuation, impulsivity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Amygdala, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Choice Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Reward, Hand Strength, Delay Discounting
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