Specific changes of gut commensal microbiota and TLRs during indomethacin-induced acute intestinal inflammation in rats
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Gut microbiota is a contributing factor in the development and maintenance of intestinal inflammation, although precise cause-effect relationships have not been established. We assessed spontaneous changes of gut commensal microbiota and toll-like receptors (TLRs)-mediated host-bacterial interactions in a model of indomethacin-induced acute enteritis in rats. METHODS: Male Spague-Dawley rats, maintained under conventional conditions, were used. Enteritis was induced by systemic indomethacin administration. During the acute phase of inflammation, animals were euthanized and ileal and ceco-colonic changes evaluated. Inflammation was assessed through disease activity parameters (clinical signs, macroscopic/microscopic scores and tissue levels of inflammatory markers). Microbiota (ileal and ceco-colonic) was characterized using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and analysis of 16s rDNA polymorphism. Host-bacterial interactions were assessed evaluating the ratio of bacterial adherence to the intestinal wall (FISH) and expression of TLRs 2 and 4 (RT-PCR). RESULTS: After indomethacin, disease activity parameters increased, suggesting an active inflammation. Total bacterial counts were similar in vehicle- or indomethacin-treated animals. However, during inflammation the relative composition of the microbiota was altered. This dysbiotic state was characterized by an increase in the counts of Bacteroides spp., Enterobacteriaceae (in ileum and cecum-colon) and Clostridium spp. (in ileum). Bacterial wall adherence significantly increased during inflammation. In animals with enteritis, TLR-2 and -4 were up-regulated both in the ileum and the ceco-colonic region. CONCLUSIONS: Gut inflammation implies qualitative changes in GCM, with simultaneous alterations in host-bacterial interactions. These observations further support a potential role for gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of intestinal inflammation.
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In intestinal biopsies from patients with Parkinson's disease, the immune response of TLR4, cytokines and chemokines, as well as the number of CD3+ T cells, increased in the lamina propria of colonic tissue.
“intestinal biopsies from patients with Parkinson's disease, it was reported that the immune response of TLR4, cytokines and chemokines, as well as the number of CD3 + T cells, increased in the lamina propria of colonic tissue.120”
From The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease: mechanistic insights and therapeutic options (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
Section 3.7 reports increased TLR-4 expression in the ceco-colonic tissue of rats with indomethacin-induced inflammation. It does not establish this finding in biopsies from patients with Parkinson’s disease, and our copy does not report increased cytokines, chemokines, or CD3+ T cells in the colonic lamina propria. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncreased expression of TLRs can increase the permeability of the intestinal epithelial barrier and increase the susceptibility of host colonic inflammation.
“The increased expression of TLRs can increase the permeability of the intestinal epithelial barrier and increase the susceptibility of host colonic inflammation, indicating that they play a crucial role in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis.119,120”
From The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease: mechanistic insights and therapeutic options (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
Section 3.7 reports increased TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression in inflamed ileal and ceco-colonic tissue. The Discussion suggests this up-regulation might help aggravate or perpetuate inflammation, but it does not say that increased TLR expression raises epithelial barrier permeability or establish that it increases susceptibility to colonic inflammation. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMicroarray analysis of sigmoid mucosa samples illustrated that the expression of TLR4 mRNA was significantly higher compared with that in controls.
“Microarray analysis of sigmoid mucosa samples illustrated that the expression of TLR4 mRNA was significantly higher compared with that in controls.”
From The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease: mechanistic insights and therapeutic options (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
Section 3.7 (page unavailable) reports increased TLR-4 expression in inflamed rat ileal and ceco-colonic tissue compared with controls. But the Methods (section 2.10, page unavailable) describe semi-quantitative RT-PCR, not microarray analysis, and the samples were not sigmoid mucosa. The text does not establish that the specific TLR-4 comparison claimed was statistically significant. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGut microbiota may trigger immune activation of the colonic mucosa through the TLR4 signalling pathway, leading to neuroinflammation and subsequent neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
“These findings suggest that gut microbiota may trigger immune activation of the colonic mucosa through the TLR4 signalling pathway, leading to neuroinflammation and subsequent neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.”
From The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease: mechanistic insights and therapeutic options (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
The Discussion reports altered gut microbiota and increased ileal and ceco-colonic TLR-4 expression during indomethacin-induced inflammation in rats, and suggests that altered host–bacterial interactions may perpetuate intestinal inflammation. It does not connect this pathway to neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, or Parkinson’s disease; it also does not establish that microbiota triggered the observed inflammation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe increase in Bacteroides spp., Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium in rats with acute colitis mediates the occurrence of intestinal inflammation by upregulating TLR2 and TLR4.
“In addition, the increase in Bacteroides spp., Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium in rats with acute colitis mediates the occurrence of intestinal inflammation by upregulating TLR2 and TLR4.120”
From The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease: mechanistic insights and therapeutic options (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
The Results (section 3.7) report increased TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression during inflammation, and the Discussion reports increases in the named bacterial groups. But the Discussion describes TLR upregulation as possibly associated with dysbiosis and says these changes coincide during indomethacin-induced acute enteritis; it does not establish that the bacteria cause inflammation by upregulating TLRs. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
TLR4 gene knockout significantly alleviated the effects of rotenone on intestinal barrier destruction, reduced the expression of GFAP in the myenteric plexus and colonic alpha-synuclein aggregation, decreased microglial activation in the substantia nigra and the loss of dopaminergic cells and alleviated the impairment of motor function.
“Intriguingly, TLR4 gene knockout significantly alleviated the effects of rotenone on intestinal barrier destruction, reduced the expression of GFAP in the myenteric plexus and colonic a-synuclein aggregation, decreased microglial activation in the substantia nigra and the loss of dopaminergic cells and alleviated the impairment of motor function.120”
From The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease: mechanistic insights and therapeutic options (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
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- Authors
- Terán-Ventura, E., Aguilera, M., Vergara, P., & Martínez, V.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Venue
- Journal of Crohn's and Colitis
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-09-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1043-1054
- ISSN
- 1873-9946 (ISSN-L)
- 1876-4479
- OpenAlex
- W2021451372
- Semantic Scholar
- 0a65373149300868e585691ddae8abde2243ae3c
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 1.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Crohn s and Colitis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Generalitat de Catalunya (2009SGR708)
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (BFU2009-08229, BFU2010-15401, BES-2010-037699)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, intestinal inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacterial Adhesion, Disease Models, Animal, Indomethacin, Intestinal Mucosa, Male, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Toll-Like Receptors, Rats, Microbiota
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