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The Resting Human Brain and Motor Learning
Open accessAbstract
Functionally related brain networks are engaged even in the absence of an overt behavior. The role of this resting state activity, evident as low-frequency fluctuations of BOLD (see [1] for review, [2-4]) or electrical [5, 6] signals, is unclear. Two major proposals are that resting state activity supports introspective thought or supports responses to future events [7]. An alternative perspective is that the resting brain actively and selectively processes previous experiences [8]. Here we show that motor learning can modulate subsequent activity within resting networks. BOLD signal was recorded during rest periods before and after an 11 min visuomotor training session. Motor learning but not motor performance modulated a fronto-parietal resting state network (RSN). Along with the fronto-parietal network, a cerebellar network not previously reported as an RSN was also specifically altered by learning. Both of these networks are engaged during learning of similar visuomotor tasks [9-22]. Thus, we provide the first description of the modulation of specific RSNs by prior learning--but not by prior performance--revealing a novel connection between the neuroplastic mechanisms of learning and resting state activity. Our approach may provide a powerful tool for exploration of the systems involved in memory consolidation.
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“Clusters of brain regions involved in motor learning can be recognized, both at rest (Albert, Robertson, & Miall, 2009;Biswal, Yetkin, Haughton, & Hyde, 1995;Wu, Srinivasan, Kaur, & Cramer, 2014) and in-task (Hasan et al., 2013).”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Albert, Robertson, & Miall, 2009
In the citing paper
“Importantly, functional connectivity is related to motor skill learning (Albert et al., 2009;Song, Gotts, Dayan, & Cohen, 2015) and to higher levels of motor skill (Di, Zhu, Jin, Wang, Ye, Zhou et al., 2012;Ito, Matsuda, & Shimojo, 2015;Kim, Han, Kim, & Han, 2015;Milton, Solodkin, Hluštík, & Small, 2007;Li, He, Huang, Zhang, Lu, Lai et al., 2015).”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Albert et al., 2009
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“We identified six previously reported RSNs (see Figures 2A–2E and 2H of [4]).”
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MethodResultGeneral Management of Cerebellar Disorders: An Overview
Timmann, D. (2012) · Cited by 4
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“…second resting scan, enabling us to determine whether participants ’ intrinsic whole-brain networks were modified by adaptation, as seen with some other tasks and network measures (Albert, Robertson, & Miall, 2009; Lewis, Baldassarre, Committeri, Romani, & Corbetta, 2009; McGregor & Gribble, 2015).”
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“Our paradigm was based on the well-accepted assumption that, after learning, a remnant connectivity trace remains among the regions of the brain associated with the performance of a sensorimotor task (Albert et al., 2009; Vahdat et al., 2011; van Vugt et al., 2020).”
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“14,15 For example, fMRI studies have shown that perceptual learning can reorganize the pattern of connections between the primary visual cortex and the prefrontal network.”
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“Furthermore, including healthy controls in longitudinal designs allows researchers to quantify test-retest variability and control for training-induced plasticity (e.g., network modulations driven by motor learning and training rather than pathol-ogy-specific recovery; [1]).”
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The Effect of Different Break Activities on Eye-Hand Coordination in Female Students
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Brain bases of the automaticity via visual search task
Bueichekú, E. (2016) · Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) · doi:10.6035/14023.2016.375602 · Cited by 1
Brain bases of the automaticity via visual search task
Bueichekú, E. (2016) · doi:10.6035/14109.2016.375602
Riahi, N., D’Arcy, R. C. N., & Menon, C. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22249857
“This dynamic change in FC is at play for both task-based and resting state activities of the brain [12].”
BackgroundVoelcker‐Rehage, C., Kutz, D. F., & Julian, R. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-03921-8_4
Interindividual Brain and Behavior Differences in Adaptation to Unexpected Uncertainty
Soussi, C., Berthoz, S., Chirokoff, V., & Chanraud, S. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12101323
“…indexed by intrinsic FC, is modified in the short term after the brain has been engaged in consolidating learned action–outcome contingencies [23,24,27,29–31, 44], the The participants with the highest performance cost (i.e., those who adapted with a greater number of explorative behaviors) due to…”
BackgroundCai, L., Hakuno, Y., Hata, M., Hoshino, E.-I., Arimitsu, T., Shinohara, N., Takahashi, T., Watson, S. K., Townsend, S. W., Mueller, J. L., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.587880
Motor training improves impaired cortico-cerebellar connectivity in cerebellar ataxiaPreprint
Nettekoven, C., Draganova, R., Steiner, K. M., Goericke, S. L., Deistung, A., Konczak, J., & Timmann, D. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.07.05.602300
“In line with this, connectivity increases between task-relevant regions have been demonstrated in the visual cortex 57 , motor cortex 58 and cerebellar cortex 59,60 .”
BackgroundEvidence for a sustained cerebrovascular response following motor practice
Patitucci, E., Censo, D. D., Chiarelli, A. M., Germuska, M. A., Tomassini, V., & Wise, R. G. (2024) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00282
Online functional connectivity analysis of large all-to-all networks in MNE Scan
Esch, L., Dong, J., Hämäläinen, M., Baumgarten, D., Haueisen, J., & Vorwerk, J. (2024) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00296
“…during task execution (Sun et al., 2007), language processing (Mamashli et al., 2019; Maess et al., 2016; Gaudet et al., 2020; Hyder et al., 2021), and even during resting-state (Albert et al., 2009; Brookes et al., 2011; Colclough et al., 2016; De Pasquale et al., 2010; Mackintosh et al., 2021).”
BackgroundSex effects on dynamic structure–function coupling of intrinsic brain network
Zhang, X., Li, D., Yuan, Y., Han, X., Yang, L., Lu, J., Li, T., Li, Z., & Wang, B. (2025) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-025-01036-3
“It has been shown the AN system was activated in motor learning process (Albert et al., 2009), the enhanced coordination and integration between the two systems would facilitate the performance of motor learning.”
Dynamical insights from a heterogeneous whole-brain model of pre vs. post visual-motor task
Wang, T., Liu, Y., Li, B., Xu, R., Xu, Y., Yang, Y., Feng, Y., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-025-10351-w
Chai, W., Bai, Y., Wu, J., Wang, H., Liang, J., Xie, X., Jin, C., & Dong, M. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15121279
“Resting-state activity, reflected in low-frequency spontaneous fluctuations, has been shown to encode prior experiences and support ongoing internal representations [20,21].”
Changes in Human Brain Networks and Spontaneous Activity Caused by Motor and Cognitive Learning
Imamizu, H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-55037-2_18
Investigating the dynamic role of fluctuations in ongoing activity in the human brain
Urner, M. (2015) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Cortese, F., Hruska, P., McLaughlin, K. J., Coderre, S., Protzner, A. B., Krigolson, O. E., & Hecker, K. G. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71153
“Studies have shown that when participants engage in motor (Waites et al. 2005 ), memory (Albert et al. 2009 ; Tambini et al. 2010 ), and attentional (Stevens et al. 2010 ) tasks prior to resting-state, spontaneous activity such as in the DMN, is altered due to these previous cognitive states.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Albert, N. B., Robertson, E. M., & Miall, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Miall, R. Chris
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1023-1027
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2701987
- OpenAlex
- W2117914711
- Cited by
- 510
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 16.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) (acceptedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (069439)
- National Institutes of Health (R01 NS051446)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- resting-state networks, motor learning, visuomotor training, frontoparietal network, cerebellar network, BOLD signal, neuroplasticity, memory consolidation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motor Skills, Psychomotor Performance, Random Allocation, Rest, Young Adult
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