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The Genetic Basis of White Tigers
Open accessAbstract
The white tiger, an elusive Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) variant with white fur and dark stripes, has fascinated humans for centuries ever since its discovery in the jungles of India. Many white tigers in captivity are inbred in order to maintain this autosomal recessive trait and consequently suffer some health problems, leading to the controversial speculation that the white tiger mutation is perhaps a genetic defect. However, the genetic basis of this phenotype remains unknown. Here, we conducted genome-wide association mapping with restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) in a pedigree of 16 captive tigers segregating at the putative white locus, followed by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of the three parents. Validation in 130 unrelated tigers identified the causative mutation to be an amino acid change (A477V) in the transporter protein SLC45A2. Three-dimensional homology modeling suggests that the substitution may partially block the transporter channel cavity and thus affect melanogenesis. We demonstrate the feasibility of combining RAD-seq and WGS to rapidly map exotic variants in nonmodel organisms. Our results identify the basis of the longstanding white tiger mystery as the same gene underlying color variation in human, horse, and chicken and highlight its significance as part of the species' natural polymorphism that is viable in the wild.
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“Though white, this is not albinism but partial leucism, a defect in a pigment cell [28,30].”
From Tiger colour morphs in zoos raise conservation and welfare concerns (2026) · cites this paper as [28]
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“Recessive genes or alleles cause these changes in fur pigmentation [28,29].”
From Tiger colour morphs in zoos raise conservation and welfare concerns (2026) · cites this paper as [28]
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“White tigers are the result of a recessive gene that suppresses the production of pheomelanin, the pigment responsible for orange fur, causing the brown stripes and white coat colouration [28].”
From Tiger colour morphs in zoos raise conservation and welfare concerns (2026) · cites this paper as [28]
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Hybrid origin of a primate, the gray snub-nosed monkey
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“Previous studies in mammals (including humans) have reported that reduced expression of the SLC45A2 gene (parent A–derived) results in lower melanosomal pH and promotes the synthesis of pheomelanin in melanocytes (16, 19), leading to light or blonde skin or coat colors (20, 21).”
BackgroundPlee, T., & Pomory, C. M. (2020) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111437 · Cited by 65
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Self-citationLinking plastic ingestion research with marine wildlife conservation
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Plastic ingestion by Scyliorhinus canicula trawl captured in the North Sea
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The genetics of tiger pelage color variations
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Self-citationExploration of SNP variants affecting hair colour prediction in Europeans
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“SLC45A2 encodes a transporter protein that mediates melanin synthesis, and rs28777 is amongst the SNPsmost strongly associated with pigmentation in humans [24], and other mammals [49].”
BackgroundHigh frequency of an otherwise rare phenotype in a small and isolated tiger population
Sagar, V., Kaelin, C. B., Natesh, M., Reddy, P. A., Mohapatra, R. K., Chhattani, H., Thatte, P., Vaidyanathan, S., Biswas, S., Bhatt, S., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2025273118 · Cited by 41
“Segregation of these color variants in captive tiger populations has permitted their genetic and molecular characterization (32, 33).”
The genetics of brown coat color and white spotting in domestic yaks (Bos grunniens)
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“All PCR and sequencing reactions for candidate genes’ exons were conducted following procedures described previously (Xu et al. 2013).”
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“Correspondingly, SLC45A2 gene has been identified to be responsible for the dilute phenotype in the cream horse [30], silver chicken [32] and white tiger [7], as well as the pale orange skin of medaka mutant strain [45].”
BackgroundSelf-citationA Partial Gene Deletion of SLC45A2 Causes Oculocutaneous Albinism in Doberman Pinscher Dogs
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“The red arrow indicates the location of the albino tiger mutation (A477V) [37].”
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Analysis of the genetic loci of pigment pattern evolution in vertebrates
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“melanogaster [46] and silkworm [47]; shell color in pacific oyster [48]; and coat color in horse [49], tiger [50], and chicken [51].”
Genetic Ancestry of the Extinct Javan and Bali Tigers
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“2008), discern the basis of adaptive traits from a genomic perspective (Cho et al. 2013; Xu et al. 2013), and inform restoration proposals (Driscoll et al.”
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Xu, X., Dong, G.-X., Hu, X.-S., Miao, L., Zhang, X.-L., Zhang, D.-L., Yang, H.-D., Zhang, T.-Y., Zou, Z.-T., Zhang, T.-T., Zhuang, Y., Bhak, J., Cho, Y. S., Dai, W.-T., Jiang, T.-J., Xie, C., Li, R., & Luo, S.-J.
- Affiliations
- Peking University (CN)
- Genome Research Foundation (KR)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Ruiqiang
- Luo, Shu-Jin
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1031-1035
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2066422189
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 9.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scholarworks@UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Keywords
- white tiger, Bengal tiger, Panthera tigris tigris, SLC45A2, melanogenesis, coat color, autosomal recessive inheritance, inbreeding, color polymorphism, restriction site-associated DNA sequencing, whole genome sequencing
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Female, Hair, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Pigmentation, Polymorphism, Genetic, Amino Acid Substitution, Membrane Transport Proteins, Tigers, Genome-Wide Association Study
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