Acute and chronic effects of polystyrene microplastics on juvenile and adult Daphnia magna
Abstract
We investigate the distribution and effects of polystyrene microplastic (MP) particles in exposure experiments with the ecotoxicology model organism Daphnia magna. The aim was to investigate the short and long-term toxicity of MP at different concentrations. To achieve this goal, the effects of 6 μm commercially available polystyrene beads on two different life-stages of D. magna: < 24 h old juveniles and 9 days old adults was assessed. The following end points in test animals were measured: (1) survival, (2) growth, (3) individual and population fecundity, (4) age at maturation and (5) body size of newborn offspring. These response variables were followed in two acute and two chronic experiments. The acute experiments showed that MP is not acutely toxic to D. magna within 48 h, but cause added mortality within 120 h. The juveniles were about 50% more sensitive than the adults tested. In life-cycle experiments testing chronic exposure to MP, again, animals exposed as juveniles at relatively high concentrations, i.e. > 30 μg ml-1 showed higher sensitivity. We observed slightly increased mortality, reduced growth and stimulation of early reproduction at the cost of later reproduction. Animals exposed after reaching adulthood did not show increased mortality and showed a stimulation response with higher reproductive rates than the control group. However, both the growth rate of mother animals and the body size of newborn declined with increasing dose of MP. We conclude that these effects indicate a role of MP in mechanical interaction/interference with the animal on the level of feeding (clogging filtering functions), digestion (gut filled with plastic particles), and/or other animal behavior. The study also illustrates how MP with slow break-down rates may accumulate in the environment and enter the food-chain as obstructing non-food particles in filter-feeding organisms.
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Daphnids are globally abundant in aquatic environments and play a significant role in bridging primary producers and higher trophic level consumers.
“Daphnids are also preferred for these studies because of their global abundance in aquatic environments and their significant role in bridging primary producers and higher trophic level consumers [30].”
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Transgenerational hormesis: What do parents sacrifice for their offspring?
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“It was observed that polystyrene spheres of size 5-7lm are not extremely toxic (mortality below 10%) for daphnids during the first 48 h.([50]) Contrary to this, polyethylene terephthalate microfibers of thickness 1-21.”
BackgroundSłoczyńska, K., Orzeł, J., Murzyn, A., Popiół, J., Gunia‐Krzyżak, A., Koczurkiewicz, P., & Pękala, E. (2023) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106554 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Impact of microplastics and nanoplastics on human Health: Emerging evidence and future directions
Sadique, S. A., Targinovna, K. M., Niu, X., Szilágyi, I., Nirmal, N. P., & Li, L. (2025) · Emerging contaminants · doi:10.1016/j.emcon.2025.100545 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
From plankton to fish: The multifaceted threat of microplastics in freshwater environments
Gao, C., Xu, B., Li, Z., Wang, Z., Huang, S., Jiang, Z., Gong, X., & Yang, H. (2025) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107242 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Ocean plastic pollution: a human and biodiversity loop
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Polystyrene microplastics reduce Cr(VI) and decrease its aquatic toxicity under simulated sunlight
Zhang, J., Wei, J., Hu, T., Du, L., Chen, Z., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, W. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130483 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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Sub-lethal effects of nanoplastics upon chronic exposure to Daphnia magna
Pikuda, O., Dumont, E. R., Matthews, S., Xu, E. G., Berk, D., & Tufenkji, N. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100136 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Acute and Transgenerational Effects of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Daphnia magna
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“magna at concentrations higher than 30 mg/L for neonates and 100 mg/L for adults, as well as during longer exposure periods (>96 h) [45].”
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Surface characteristics and biotoxicity of airborne microplastics
Yuan, Z. H., & Xu, X. (2022) · Comprehensive analytical chemistry · doi:10.1016/bs.coac.2022.07.006 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Unravelling the microplastic menace: Different polymers additively increase bee vulnerability
Ferrante, F., Pasquini, E., Cappa, F., Bellocchio, L., & Baracchi, D. (2024) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124087 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“L and M solutions represented the realistic range of variability found in the natural environment (Chae et al., 2018; Eltemsah and B ø hn, 2019; Wang et al., 2021), while H a higher concentration to assess acute intoxication effects.”
Dampak Pencemaran Mikroplastik di Ekosistem Laut terhadap Zooplankton : Review
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Tse, Y.-T., Lo, H., Tsang, C., Han, J., Fang, J. K., Chan, S. M.-N., & Sze, E. T.-P. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Lipidomic analysis of mussel hemocytes exposed to polystyrene nanoplastics
Leroux, N., Hosseinzadeh, M., Katsumiti, A., Porte, C., & Cajaraville, M. P. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113763 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Microplastics Iceberg: Filling Gaps in Our Understanding
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“When food availability is low, it can also reduce body length and newborns’ size [78], as energy storage in lipid form is limited [98].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialYoo, J.-W., Park, J. S., Lee, Y.-H., Choi, T.-J., Kim, C.-B., Jeong, T., Kim, C. H., Kim, T. H., & Lee, Y. (2024) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134448 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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Adsorption behavior of triclosan on microplastics and their combined acute toxicity to D. magna
Yoon, S., Lee, J., Ko, M., Jang, T., Lim, K. S., Kim, H., Ha, S., & Park, J. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163290 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The effects of microplastic pollution on aquatic organisms
Harmon, S. M., Chen, Q., Ma, C., Ji, M., Yan, X., Ji, R., & Shi, H. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15332-7.00001-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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Plastics in biota: technological readiness level of current methodologies
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“Although they often remain in the gastrointestinal tract and can be excreted via faeces [91], micro-plastics can also accumulate in fat tissue [1, 79] and cause physical damage, chronic and even acute toxicity [29, 88].”
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“Accumulation of MPs in the aquatic environment has been reported to pose adverse health impacts, such as growth retardation, neurotoxicity, gen-otoxicity, and metabolic disorder of aquatic organisms [4,59,60].”
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“In chronic tests, PE and PET MPs exhibited detrimental effects on the growth and reproductive activity of D. magna [39,40], while PS MPs were found to increase mortality and affect growth and reproduction, depending on the initial age of the test organisms [30,41].”
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Adverse Effects of Co-Exposure to Cd and Microplastic in Tigriopus japonicus
Shi, W., Guo, H., Wang, J., Han, X., & Cai, W. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013215 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“magna exposed to 5 mg/L showed no significant difference from the controls [35], indicating that 20 and 200 μg/L PS-microplastic contributed to the marked decrease in hatching number in the present study, through incompletely.”
BackgroundIm, H., Lee, J., Oh, J., Song, J., & Jeong, S. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30071608 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Moreover, other MP studies have reported concomitant reductions in maternal growth along with the reproductive decline observed herein [16,60,61].”
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Microplastics enhance the toxicity and phototoxicity of UV filter avobenzone on Daphnia magna
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Acute and multigenerational toxicity of polylactic acid microplastics on a copepod bioindicator
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Klasios, N., Kim, J. O., & Tseng, M. (2024) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5797 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…decreased fi ltration capacity (Colomer et al., 2019), food intake (Ogonowski et al., 2016; Rist et al., 2017), growth (Castro ‐ Castellon et al., 2022; Eltemsah & Bøhn, 2019), swimming velocity (Magester et al., 2021), and reproductive output (Huang et al., 2022; Jaikumar et al., 2019; Liu et…”
BackgroundQi, H., Zeng, S., Wang, Y., & Dong, X. Z. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114917 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gliaudelytė, U., Persson, M., & Daukantienė, V. (2024) · Textile research journal · doi:10.1177/00405175241260066 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Deng, H., Wang, H., Guo, Z., Li, J., Liao, R., Li, H., Li, Q., & Ma, H. (2023) · Limnology and Oceanography Methods · doi:10.1002/lom3.10580 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“PS is a kind of common plastic particle with a refractive index of 1.6, which is widely used in the study of microplastics (Eltemsah and Bøhn 2019).”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Eltemsah, Y. S., & Bøhn, T.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian Institute of Marine Research (NO)
- ORCID
- Bøhn, Thomas
- Venue
- Environmental Pollution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 254
- Issue
- Pt A
- Pages
- 112919
- ISSN
- 0269-7491 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2963711721
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 14
- FWCI
- 5.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Pollution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- GenØk—Centre for Biosafety
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- polystyrene microplastics, Daphnia magna, microplastic toxicity, juvenile sensitivity, life stage effects, acute toxicity, long-term exposure, fecundity, age at maturity, offspring body size, growth inhibition, trophic transfer, plastic accumulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Daphnia, Plastics, Polystyrenes, Reproduction, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Toxicity Tests, Ecotoxicology
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