Evidence of episodic-like memory in cuttlefish
Open accessAbstract
The recollection of past experiences allows us to recall what happened during a particular event, and where and when it occurred [1]. Since the first study on episodic-like memory in scrub-jays [2], there has been widespread acceptance of the idea that tests in animals should integrate the 'what', 'where' and 'when' components of a unique event that occurred in the past [3,4]. This is referred to as episodic-like memory rather than episodic memory per se, in acknowledgement of the lack of evidence for, or against, the phenomenological aspects that accompany episodic recollection in humans. So far, evidence for episodic-like memory has only been found in some birds and mammals. We show here that cuttlefish, cephalopod mollusks, keep track of what they have eaten, and where and how long ago they ate, in order to match their foraging behavior with the time of replenishing of different foods. Foraging in cuttlefish fulfils the criteria of 'what', 'where' and 'when' of unique events and thus provides behavioral evidence of episodic-like memory in an invertebrate.
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Some studies use non-natural methodological elements to test for episodic-like memory, such as pecking or approaching shapes or coloured panels, or requiring subjects to recall their own or others' previous actions out of an array of behaviours.
“Some studies, however, use non-natural methodological elements to test for episodic-like memory [75], such as pecking or approaching certain shapes or coloured panels that are presented in front of the subjects [56,78–81], or requiring subjects to recall their own or others’ previous actions out of an array of behaviours [95,96].”
From Is episodic-like memory <i>like</i> episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
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Schnell, A. K., & Clayton, N. S. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768450.022 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationBillard, P., Clayton, N. S., & Jozet‐Alves, C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1770-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationChromosome-scale genome assembly of the European common cuttlefish Sepia officinalisPreprint
Rencken, S. D., Tushev, G., Hain, D., Ciirdaeva, E., Simakov, O., & Laurent, G. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.107393 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jozet-Alves, C., Bertin, M., & Clayton, N. S.
- Affiliations
- Normandie Université (FR)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- ORCID
- Clayton, Nicola S.
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- R1033-R1035
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2010074622
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 4.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Cephalopods and Marine Biology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- episodic-like memory, cuttlefish, cephalopods, foraging behavior, invertebrate cognition
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Feeding Behavior, Learning, Mental Recall, Sepia, Memory, Episodic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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