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The Origin and Diversification of Mitochondria
Open accessAbstract
Mitochondria are best known for their role in the generation of ATP by aerobic respiration. Yet, research in the past half century has shown that they perform a much larger suite of functions and that these functions can vary substantially among diverse eukaryotic lineages. Despite this diversity, all mitochondria derive from a common ancestral organelle that originated from the integration of an endosymbiotic alphaproteobacterium into a host cell related to Asgard Archaea. The transition from endosymbiotic bacterium to permanent organelle entailed a massive number of evolutionary changes including the origins of hundreds of new genes and a protein import system, insertion of membrane transporters, integration of metabolism and reproduction, genome reduction, endosymbiotic gene transfer, lateral gene transfer and the retargeting of proteins. These changes occurred incrementally as the endosymbiont and the host became integrated. Although many insights into this transition have been gained, controversy persists regarding the nature of the original endosymbiont, its initial interactions with the host and the timing of its integration relative to the origin of other features of eukaryote cells. Since the establishment of the organelle, proteins have been gained, lost, transferred and retargeted as mitochondria have specialized into the spectrum of functional types seen across the eukaryotic tree of life.
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BackgroundResultInfluentialControl of host mitochondria by bacterial pathogens
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BackgroundZhou, H., Wu, C., Jin, Y., Wu, O., Chen, L., Guo, Z., Xinzhou, W., Chen, Q., Kwan, K. Y.-H., Li, Y. M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Orthopaedic Translation · doi:10.1016/j.jot.2024.08.016 · Cited by 60
“Nonetheless, the production of energy by mitochondria is accompanied by a process known as oxidative stress [17, 18].”
BackgroundMolecular basis for t6A modification in human mitochondria
Zhou, J.-B., Wang, Y., Zeng, Q., Meng, S.-X., Wang, E., & Zhou, X.-L. (2020) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa093 · Cited by 51
“One of the main functions of mitochondria is to provide ATP via oxidative phosphorylation, carried out by proteins of five respiratory chain complexes, of which four contain a unique combination of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded protein subunits (2,3).”
BackgroundMitochondrial dysfunction and pancreatic islet β‑cell failure (Review)
Sha, W., Hu, F., & Bu, S. (2020) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2020.9396 · Cited by 53
“The mitochon‐ drial genome is most probably a remnant of an archaeon, α‐proteobacterium (33).”
BackgroundFang, B., Li, J., Zhao, Q., Liang, Y.-P., & Yu, J. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12121970 · Cited by 50
“Mitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles that contain a genetic system independent of the nuclear genome [14], which are called mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes), although many functions need to be regulated by genes encoded by the nucleus [15,16].”
BackgroundCommon methods in mitochondrial research (Review)
Yin, Y., & Shen, H. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2022.5182 · Cited by 52
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TAZ as a novel regulator of oxidative damage in decidualization via Nrf2/ARE/Foxo1 pathway
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“According to the endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria originate from endosymbiotic alpha-bacteria within archaea-derived host cells, eventually evolving into organelles of eukaryotic cells (Roger et al., 2017).”
BackgroundEvidence supporting a viral origin of the eukaryotic nucleus
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Transporters at the Interface between Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Amino Acid Metabolism
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“Many changes to proto-mitochondrial functions have evolved since the initial endosymbiosis occurred [3], complicating our understanding of the metabolic reasoning behind the symbiotic relationship; however, present day mitochondria are complex organelles that participate in broad and critical cellular and biochemical…”
BackgroundHeyn, J., Heuschkel, M. A., & Goettsch, C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24032637 · Cited by 51
“The capacity to form vesicles is another mechanism that has been retained from their bacterial ancestors [30,31].”
BackgroundInvestigating the Origins of Membrane Phospholipid Biosynthesis Genes Using Outgroup-Free Rooting
Coleman, G. A., Pancost, R. D., & Williams, T. A. (2019) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evz034 · Cited by 47
“…glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetra-ether lipids found in the environment have bacterial stereochemistry and branched rather than isoprenoidal alkyl chains, but they also contain ether bonds and span the membrane, as observed for canonical archaeal lipids (Schouten et al. 2000; Weijers et al. 2006).”
BackgroundMitochondrial unfolded protein response: A novel pathway in metabolism and immunity
Zhu, L., Luo, X., Fu, N., & Chen, L. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105603 · Cited by 48
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“Endocellular symbiotic evolution of mitochondria from proteobacteria led to well-established metabolic alterations in the cell, while also modifying the genome of the aerobic prokaryote (1, 2).”
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Fungal Mitogenomes: Relevant Features to Planning Plant Disease Management
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Pyrihová, E., Motyčková, A., Voleman, L., Wandyszewska, N., Fišer, R., Seydlová, G., Roger, A. J., Kolísko, M., & Doležal, P. (2018) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evy215 · Cited by 42
“However, of the three molecular machines, only a minimal TOM complex is known from Giardia (Dagley et al. 2009), even though its genome has been fully sequenced (Morrison et al. 2007) and proteomic data from mitosomes are available (Jedelsk y et al. 2011; Martincov a et al. 2015; Rout et al. 2016).”
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Mnatsakanyan, N., & Jonas, E. A. (2020) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113400 · Cited by 44
“Mitochondria originated from endosymbiotic alphaproteobacteria more than one billion years ago (Roger et al., 2017).”
The role of vitamin D on redox regulation and cellular senescence
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Origine symbiotique de la cellule eucaryote
López‐García, P., & Moreira, D. (2023) · Comptes Rendus Biologies · doi:10.5802/crbiol.118 · Cited by 47
Docosahexaenoic Acid Alleviates Brain Damage by Promoting Mitophagy in Mice with Ischaemic Stroke
Sun, E., Zhang, J., Deng, Y., Wang, J., Wu, Q., Chen, W., Ma, X., Chen, S., Xiang, X., Chen, Y., et al. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/3119649 · Cited by 45
“Mitochondria are the energy centres of eukaryotic cells and are abundant in metabolically active tissues, including the brain [6].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Roger, A. J., Muñoz-Gómez, S. A., & Kamikawa, R.
- Affiliations
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Roger, Andrew J.
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-11
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- R1177-R1192
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2767078779
- Semantic Scholar
- 7bb03e08dc50f88f426d6ec3ad173e496c036fb5
- Cited by
- 1,142
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 124 · 2025: 141 · 2024: 164 · 2023: 172 · 2022: 165 · 2021: 162 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 5.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (15H05606, 15K14591)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Protist diversity and phylogeny
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Keywords
- mitochondrial origin, endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria, Alphaproteobacteria, Asgard archaea, endosymbiotic gene transfer, horizontal gene transfer, membrane transporters, eukaryotic evolution, aerobic respiration
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Triphosphate, Eukaryotic Cells, Biological Evolution, Mitochondria, Symbiosis, Alphaproteobacteria, Protein Transport, Membrane Transport Proteins, Genome, Mitochondrial
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