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The Origin and Diversification of Mitochondria
Open accessAbstract
Mitochondria are best known for their role in the generation of ATP by aerobic respiration. Yet, research in the past half century has shown that they perform a much larger suite of functions and that these functions can vary substantially among diverse eukaryotic lineages. Despite this diversity, all mitochondria derive from a common ancestral organelle that originated from the integration of an endosymbiotic alphaproteobacterium into a host cell related to Asgard Archaea. The transition from endosymbiotic bacterium to permanent organelle entailed a massive number of evolutionary changes including the origins of hundreds of new genes and a protein import system, insertion of membrane transporters, integration of metabolism and reproduction, genome reduction, endosymbiotic gene transfer, lateral gene transfer and the retargeting of proteins. These changes occurred incrementally as the endosymbiont and the host became integrated. Although many insights into this transition have been gained, controversy persists regarding the nature of the original endosymbiont, its initial interactions with the host and the timing of its integration relative to the origin of other features of eukaryote cells. Since the establishment of the organelle, proteins have been gained, lost, transferred and retargeted as mitochondria have specialized into the spectrum of functional types seen across the eukaryotic tree of life.
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O’Malley, M. A., Leger, M. M., Wideman, J. G., & Ruiz‐Trillo, I. (2019) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0796-3 · Cited by 98
Origins of eukaryotic excitability
Wan, K. Y., & Jékely, G. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0758 · Cited by 106
“tability. One important structural innovation was the compartmentalisation of chemiosmotic ATP production. In eukaryotes, ATP synthesis occurs in the mitochondria, commonly during aerobic respiration [251]. In contrast, prokaryotes use their plasma membrane for ATP synthesis where ATP synthase complexes utilize the tr…”
BackgroundConstructive Neutral Evolution 20 Years Later
Muñoz-Gómez, S. A., Bilolikar, G., Wideman, J. G., & Geiler‐Samerotte, K. (2021) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-021-09996-y · Cited by 92
“, roundworms, kinetoplastids, and dinoflagellates) (Van Leuven et al. 2014; Gray et al. 2010; Britton et al. 2020; Sorrells and Johnson 2015; Roger et al. 2017; Lukeš et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMitochondrial functions in plant immunity
Wang, J., Xu, G., Ning, Y., Wang, X., & Wang, G. (2022) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2022.04.007 · Cited by 93
Oxidized mitochondrial DNA: a protective signal gone awry
Xian, H., & Karin, M. (2023) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2023.01.006 · Cited by 97
When cell death goes wrong: inflammatory outcomes of failed apoptosis and mitotic cell death
Bock, F. J., & Riley, J. S. (2022) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-022-01082-0 · Cited by 94
“One of the major drivers of this is due to the origins of mitochondria, which arrived into a host cell related to Asgard archaea as an endosymbiotic alphaproteobacterium, and over time have become adapted to the host through significant proteome rewiring [63, 64].”
BackgroundThe assembly pathway of complex I in Arabidopsis thaliana
Ligas, J., Pineau, E., Bock, R., Huynen, M. A., & Meyer, E. H. (2018) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.14133 · Cited by 90
Mitochondrial Dysfunction at the Center of Cancer Therapy
Chiu, H. Y., Tay, E. X. Y., Ong, D. S. T., & Taneja, R. (2019) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2019.7898 · Cited by 91
A robustly rooted tree of eukaryotes reveals their excavate ancestry
Williamson, K., Eme, L., Baños, H., McCarthy, C. G. P., Susko, E., Kamikawa, R., Orr, R. J. S., Muñoz-Gómez, S. A., Minh, B. Q., Simpson, A. G. B., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08709-5 · Cited by 103
“It possessed mitochondria capable of oxidative phosphorylation 16 and had a defined cell shape crucial to its motility and feeding.”
Self-citationEvolution of bacterial steroid biosynthesis and its impact on eukaryogenesis
Hoshino, Y., & Gaucher, E. A. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2101276118 · Cited by 87
“The acquisition of mitochondria by early eukaryotes before the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) would have been a key step to exploit new resources within an aerobic environment (1).”
BackgroundOrigin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell
Gabaldón, T. (2021) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213 · Cited by 121
Advances in bacterial pathways for the biosynthesis of ubiquinone
Abby, S. S., Kazemzadeh, K., Vragniau, C., Pélosi, L., & Pierrel, F. (2020) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148259 · Cited by 83
The Genomics and Cell Biology of Host-Beneficial Intracellular Infections
McCutcheon, J. P. (2021) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024122 · Cited by 79
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia
Hu, X., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-022-01184-7 · Cited by 86
Shi, L., Zhang, P., He, Y., Zeng, F., Xu, J., & He, L. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144831 · Cited by 77
Jubaidi, F. F., Zainalabidin, S., Mariappan, V., & Budin, S. B. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21176043 · Cited by 81
Interchangeable parts: The evolutionarily dynamic tRNA population in plant mitochondria
Warren, J. M., & Sloan, D. B. (2020) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2020.03.007 · Cited by 77
Cai, M., Wang, H., Song, H., Yang, R., Wang, L., Xue, X., Sun, W., & Hu, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.800901 · Cited by 87
“L-Lactate Influences Brain Energy Metabolism Mitochondria are best known for their role in the generation of ATP that supplies eukaryotes with energy to serve their cellular needs (104).”
BackgroundMitochondrial Epigenetics: Non-Coding RNAs as a Novel Layer of Complexity
Cavalcante, G. C., de Magalhães, L. L., Ribeiro‐dos‐Santos, Â., & Vidal, A. F. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21051838 · Cited by 77
“reduced in terms of gene count when compared to other Alphaproteobacteria (α-proteobacteria) [4].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWarning SINEs: Alu elements, evolution of the human brain, and the spectrum of neurological disease
Larsen, P. A., Hunnicutt, K. E., Larsen, R. J., Yoder, A. D., & Saunders, A. M. (2018) · Chromosome Research · doi:10.1007/s10577-018-9573-4 · Cited by 79
“Eukaryotic mitochondria are hypothesized to have originated from an endosymbiotic alphaproteobacterium which, over expansive evolutionary time, evolved in parallel with host genomes into the mitochondrial organelles that we observe today (Roger et al. 2017).”
BackgroundThe origin of phagocytosis in Earth history
Mills, D. B. (2020) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2020.0019 · Cited by 78
“In this sense, PhAT represents both a fusion model [94] and a mitochondria-late model [79], involving a bona fide archaeon autogenously evolving phagocytic abilities prior to the origin of mitochondria.”
BackgroundMitochondrial compartmentalization: emerging themes in structure and function
Iovine, J. C., Claypool, S. M., & Alder, N. N. (2021) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2021.06.003 · Cited by 82
Mitochondrial genomes revisited: why do different lineages retain different genes?
Butenko, A., Lukeš, J., Speijer, D., & Wideman, J. G. (2024) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-024-01824-1 · Cited by 77
Metadata
- Authors
- Roger, A. J., Muñoz-Gómez, S. A., & Kamikawa, R.
- Affiliations
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Roger, Andrew J.
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-11
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- R1177-R1192
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2767078779
- Semantic Scholar
- 7bb03e08dc50f88f426d6ec3ad173e496c036fb5
- Cited by
- 1,142
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 124 · 2025: 141 · 2024: 164 · 2023: 172 · 2022: 165 · 2021: 162 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 5.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (15H05606, 15K14591)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Protist diversity and phylogeny
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Keywords
- mitochondrial origin, endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria, Alphaproteobacteria, Asgard archaea, endosymbiotic gene transfer, horizontal gene transfer, membrane transporters, eukaryotic evolution, aerobic respiration
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Triphosphate, Eukaryotic Cells, Biological Evolution, Mitochondria, Symbiosis, Alphaproteobacteria, Protein Transport, Membrane Transport Proteins, Genome, Mitochondrial
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