The genome sequence of Rickettsia prowazekii and the origin of mitochondria
Open accessAbstract
We describe here the complete genome sequence (1,111,523 base pairs) of the obligate intracellular parasite Rickettsia prowazekii, the causative agent of epidemic typhus. This genome contains 834 protein-coding genes. The functional profiles of these genes show similarities to those of mitochondrial genes: no genes required for anaerobic glycolysis are found in either R. prowazekii or mitochondrial genomes, but a complete set of genes encoding components of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the respiratory-chain complex is found in R. prowazekii. In effect, ATP production in Rickettsia is the same as that in mitochondria. Many genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of biosynthesis of amino acids and nucleosides in free-living bacteria are absent from R. prowazekii and mitochondria. Such genes seem to have been replaced by homologues in the nuclear (host) genome. The R. prowazekii genome contains the highest proportion of non-coding DNA (24%) detected so far in a microbial genome. Such non-coding sequences may be degraded remnants of 'neutralized' genes that await elimination from the genome. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that R. prowazekii is more closely related to mitochondria than is any other microbe studied so far.
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Mitochondria likely originated from endosymbiosis between an α-proteobacterium and a primitive eukaryotic cell, based on N-formylated peptides, cardiolipin, and genetic similarity to Rickettsia prowazekii.
“The presence of N-formylated peptides and cardiolipin in mitochondria, and the genetic similarity of the genomes of the mitochondrion and Rickettsia prowazekii (a pathogen responsible for epidemic typhus) suggest that mitochondria originate from a symbiotic relationship (endosymbiosis) between an α-proteobacterium and a primitive eukaryotic cell10.”
From The role of mitochondria in rheumatic diseases (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
The Abstract and ‘Mitochondrial affinities’ section (pages not provided) support an α-proteobacterial endosymbiotic origin and a close genetic relationship between mitochondria and R. prowazekii. Our copy does not identify mitochondrial N-formylated peptides or cardiolipin as evidence for that origin; searches for those terms found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMitochondria are believed to have arisen through endosymbiosis between an ancestral eukaryotic cell and an α-proteobacterium.
“Mitochondria are thought to derive from a bacterial ancestor10,11 (according to the endosymbiotic hypothesis)”
From The role of mitochondria in rheumatic diseases (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
Mitochondria are considered to derive from endosymbiosis of an α-proteobacterium, providing the organelles many bacterial features.
“Mitochondria are considered as deriving from the endosymbiosis of an α-synfular; proteobacterium (3, 4), providing the organelles many bacterial features (3, 5–9).”
From Autoantibodies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Target Mitochondrial RNA (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
SLE patients met ACR classification criteria and each of the 11 categories was documented.
“SLE patients met ACR classification criteria and each of the 11 categories was documented (1,2).”
From Identification of Mitofusin 1 and Complement Component 1q Subcomponent Binding Protein as Mitochondrial Targets in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
The Genome sequencing and Biosynthetic pathways passages concern Rickettsia prowazekii genes, not SLE patients. Searches for SLE, ACR classification criteria, and the 11 categories found no passage addressing how those patient data were documented. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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- Authors
- Andersson, S. G. E., Zomorodipour, A., Andersson, J. O., Sicheritz-Pontén, T., Alsmark, U. C. M., Podowski, R. M., Näslund, A. K., Eriksson, A.-S., Winkler, H. H., & Kurland, C. G.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- University of South Alabama (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kurland, Charles G.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1998-11
- Volume
- 396
- Issue
- 6707
- Pages
- 133-140
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1569904835
- Cited by
- 1,697
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 40.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Hochschule Luzern
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect symbiosis and bacterial influences
- Keywords
- Rickettsia prowazekii, mitochondrial origin, genome sequence, epidemic typhus, obligate intracellular parasites, TCA cycle, electron transport chain, non-coding DNA, gene loss, phylogenetic relationships, mitochondrial genes
- MeSH terms
- DNA Replication, DNA, Bacterial, DNA, Mitochondrial, Membrane Proteins, Mitochondria, Recombination, Genetic, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Rickettsia prowazekii, Transcription, Genetic, Protein Biosynthesis, Virulence, Genome, Bacterial, Replication Origin, Evolution, Molecular
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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